Ball Burst Research Articles

Determination of in-use properties of paper towels

For a hygiene paper such as tissue and towel, strength, softness, and absorbency are known as attributes that a user is looking for. It is proposed here that purchasing decisions are likely to be influenced by in-use experiences, which may be quite different from the physical properties measured with current standardized tests. There have been continuous efforts on developing physical test methods to replace subjective in-use tests because the benefits of the former are too significant to be overlooked. This paper considered some in-use test methods for paper towel products that can be carried out by panel members quickly in the course of sensory panel testing. In addition, laboratory tests were developed in an attempt to quantify such input. The sensory panel testing showed that (wet) strength and absorbency were the key contributions to the performance of paper towels. Softness did not show any significant contribution to it. Wet strength showed a high correlation with absorbency. The (wet) ball burst strength had the highest correlation with the in-use strength. Although both the tensile strength and the ball burst strength had a high correlation with preference, the ball burst tester is preferred because more reproducible and simpler to operate.

Cleansing the molten steel due to the dispersed in-situ phase induced by the composite sphere burst reaction I. Composite sphere design

In the present investigation, a novel fine inclusion removal technology due to the dispersed in-situ phase induced by composite ball burst reaction was put forward. A composite sphere with this function was designed and the composite sphere burst process at steelmaking temperature was analysed. The results indicate that the compact strength of the composite ball is so high that it will not break up as it intrudes into the molten steel. The composite sphere has a high thermal stability at steelmaking temperature. Usually, the composite sphere burst reaction takes place after it has intruded into the molten steel for a few seconds. The fine bubbles and slag droplets can be released due to the composite sphere burst reaction. Compared with the conventional technology, the bubbles and slag droplets induced by this novel technology are much finer. The size distribution of the bubble and the slag droplet is between 20 and 200 μm. The dispersion of these fine bubbles and slag droplets contributes to collision with inclusion.

Comparative evaluation of tannin from banana bunch and stem syrup for leather processing

Utilization of vegetable tannins in leather processing is one of the convenient solutions to protect the environment pollution. Herein, the banana bunch and syrup of banana stem are utilized to prepare an ecofriendly tanning agent. The yield of banana bunch extraction efficiency is found 69.80 %. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of condensed type tanning component owing to the bearing of different polyphenolic groups. The content of tannins in extracted banana bunch and stem syrup is 3.13 % and 2.6 %, respectively. The phenolic content in the banana bunch extract is determined to be 1332.37 mg GAE/100g of dried weight and in syrup was 873.92 mg GAE/100g of dried weight. This makes it possible to be used as vegetable tanners. The extracted bunch and syrup are applied to re-tan leather and compared with conventionally used vegetable tanning agent (quebracho) in parallel. Tensile strength, tear strength and elongation percentage for the extracted banana bunch and syrup are obtained at 23.84 N/mm2, 68.26 N/mm, 47.07 %, and 22.97 N/mm2, 68.38 N/mm, 40.70 %, respectively. The softness is found 1.41 for the extracted bunch and 2.01 for the syrup. The grain crack load, distension at grain crack, strength at ball burst, distension at ball burst are 246.86 N, 13.24 mm, 530.77 N, 24.54 mm for banana stem syrup and 338.77 N, 13.42 mm, 460.65 N, 29.08 mm for bunch extract, respectively. The shrinkage temperatures recorded for banana bunch extract, syrup and Quebracho (control trial) tannins tanned leather samples are 76.5 °C, 75 °C and 84 °C subsequently. The flexing endurance of the bunch extract and syrup revealed acceptable values that are less than 4. Moreover, the bunch extract tanned leather shows greater thermal stability and for syrup it is similar with the quebracho tanned leather. All the results are satisfactory compared to the control trial. Finally, tanned leather is evaluated to assess the possibility of the newly developed tannin which proves its efficiency as a potential source of tanning material for the leather industry.

Influence of Electrospinning Parameters on the Morphology of Electrospun Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Fibrous Membranes and Their Application as Potential Air Filtration Materials.

A large number of non-degradable materials have severely damaged the ecological environment. Now, people are increasingly pursuing the use of environmentally friendly materials to replace traditional chemical materials. Polyhydroxyalkonates (PHAs) are receiving increasing attention because of the unique biodegradability and biocompatibility they offer. However, the applications of PHAs are still limited due to high production costs and insufficient study. This project examines the optimal electrospinning parameters for the production of PHA-based fibrous membranes for air filtration. A common biodegradable polyester, Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), was electrospun into a nanofibrous membrane with a well-controlled surface microstructure. In order to produce smooth, bead-free fibers with micron-scale diameters, the effect of the process parameters (applied electric field, solution flow rate, inner diameter of hollow needle, and polymer concentration) on the electrospun fiber microstructure was optimized. The well-defined fibrous structure was optimized at an applied electric field of 20 kV, flow rate of 0.5 mL/h, solution concentration of 12 wt.%, and needle inner diameter of 0.21 mm. The morphology of the electrospun PHBV fibrous membrane was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to explore the chemical signatures and phases of the electrospun PHBV nanofiber. The ball burst strength (BBS) was measured to assess the mechanical strength of the membrane. The small pore size of the nanofiber membranes ensured they had good application prospects in the field of air filtration. The particle filtration efficiency (PFE) of the optimized electrospun PHBV fibrous membrane was above 98% at standard atmospheric pressure.

Nonlocal damage evaluation of a sigmoid-based damage model for fibrous biological soft tissues.

The comprehension and modeling of the mechanical behavior of soft biological tissues are essential due to their clinical applications. This knowledge is essential for predicting tissue responses accurately and enhancing our ability to compute the behavior of biological structures and bio-prosthetic devices under specific loading conditions. The current research is centered on modeling the initiation and progression of soft tissues damage, which typically exhibit intricate anisotropic and nonlinear elastic characteristics. For this purpose, the following study presents a comparative analysis of the computational performance of two distinct damage modeling techniques. The first technique employs a well-established damage model, based on a piece-wise exponential damage function as proposed by Calvo et al. (Int J Numer Methods Eng 69:2036-2057, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1825 ). The second approach adopts a sigmoid function, as proposed by López-Campos et al. (Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 23(6):213-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2019.1710742 ). The aim of this study is to verify the validity of the López-Campos sigmoid-based damage model to be used in finite element simulation, the implementation of which is unknown. For this proposal, both models were implemented within a commercial Finite Element software package, and their responses to local and non-local damage algorithms were assessed in depth through two standard benchmark tests: a plate with a hole and a ball burst. The results of this study indicate that, for a wide range of cases, such as in-plane stresses, out-plane stresses, stress concentration and contact, all over large displacement conditions, the López-Campos damage model shows a good response to non-local algorithms achieving mesh independence and convergence in all these cases. The results obtained are in line with those obtained for the Calvo's damage model, showing, in addition, larger deformations under in-plane stress and stress concentration conditions and a lower number of iterations under out-plane stress and contact conditions. Consequently, the López-Campos' damage model emerges as a valuable and useful tool in the field of mechanical damage research in biological systems.

Influence of Epoxidized Natural Rubber of the thermoformability of Poly(Lactic Acid) biopolymer films using elevated temperature ball burst tests

In this paper, we investigated the thermoformability of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)-filled Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) films using elevated temperature tensile and ball burst tests. Three different d-Lactide contents of PLA were used to be able to analyze the effect of crystallization and crystallinity. We observed that the ENR acted as a nucleating agent in PLA when the blend was cooled from melt or cold crystallized, but it retarded the drawing-induced crystallization of PLA at elevated temperature tensile testing since ENR droplets acted as obstacles. The effect of NR on PLA crystallization was also found to be dependent on d-Lactide content. In the ball burst test, different behaviors were observed for PLA with the lowest d-Lactide content, which was caused by the complex stress state that even more induced crystallization of PLA and then a single-axis tensile test.

A reliable and replicable test protocol for the mechanical evaluation of synthetic meshes

Despite the worldwide spread of surgical meshes in abdominal and inguinal surgery repair, the lack of specific standards for mechanical characterization of synthetic meshes, used in hernia repair and urogynecologic surgery, makes performance comparison between prostheses undoubtedly difficult. This consequently leads to the absence of acknowledged specifications about the mechanical requirements that synthetic meshes should achieve in order to avoid patient discomfort or hernia recurrences.The aim of this study is to provide a rigorous test protocol for the mechanical comparison between surgical meshes having the same intended use. The test protocol is composed of three quasi-static test methods: (1) ball burst test, (2) uniaxial tensile test, and (3) suture retention test. For each test, post-processing procedures are proposed to compute relevant mechanical parameters from the raw data. Some of the computed parameters, indeed, could be more suitable for comparison with physiological conditions (e.g., membrane strain and anisotropy), while others (e.g., uniaxial tension at rupture and suture retention strength) are reported as they provide useful mechanical information and could be convenient for comparisons between devices. The proposed test protocol was applied on 14 polypropylene meshes, 3 composite meshes, and 6 urogynecologic devices to verify its universal applicability towards meshes of different types and produced by various manufacturers, and its repeatability in terms of coefficient of variation.The test protocol resulted easily applicable to all the tested surgical meshes with intra-subject variability characterized by coefficient of variations settled around 0.05. Its use within other laboratories could allow the determination of the inter-subject variability assessing its repeatability among users of alternative universal testing machines.

Assessment of biological properties for decellularized human umbilical cord tissue: Biomaterials in regenerative medicine

Human placental tissues are used as raw materials for applications in regenerative medicine. The extracellular matrix scaffolds which are abundant in collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, growth factors and cytokines are effective in accelerating the healing process. In this study, the processed umbilical cord was assessed for morphological and functional characteristics to assess its competence for regenerative properties in wound healing. The histological analysis of the umbilical cord was assessed with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry for type-IV collagen. Physical properties such as ball burst, thickness and moisture were examined. ELISA and multiplex assays were performed to estimate the growth factors and cytokines. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed using RAW 264.7 cell line. Further, functional aspects were determined through cell proliferation, cell migration and tube formation studies. Histological results revealed the scaffold had retained its structural features like an amnion layer with epithelial cells and sparsely distributed stromal cells in Wharton jelly. Physical properties were consistently maintained across the tissues. Functional analysis showed reduced macrophage proliferation, increased cell proliferation and cell migration validating its efficacy towards wound healing. Altogether data suggest that the umbilical cord is an effective remedial biological cover for wound healing applications with therapeutic potential for tissue repair and regeneration.

Prophylactic onlay mesh placement techniques for optimal abdominal wall closure: randomized controlled trial in an ex vivo biomechanical model.

Incisional hernias occur after up to 40 per cent of laparotomies. Recent RCTs have demonstrated the role of prophylactic mesh placement in reducing the risk of developing an incisional hernia. An onlay approach is relatively straightforward; however, a variety of techniques have been described for mesh fixation. The biomechanical properties have not been interrogated extensively to date. This ex vivo randomized controlled trial using porcine abdominal wall investigated the biomechanical properties of three techniques for prophylactic onlay mesh placement at laparotomy closure. A classical onlay, anchoring onlay, and novel bifid onlay approach were compared with small-bite primary closure. A biomechanical abdominal wall model and ball burst test were used to assess transverse stretch, bursting force, and loading characteristics. Mesh placement took an additional 7-15 min compared with standard primary closure. All techniques performed similarly, with no clearly superior approach. The minimum burst force was 493 N, and the maximum 1053 N. The classical approach had the highest mean burst force (mean(s.d.) 853(152) N). Failure patterns fell into either suture-line or tissue failures. Classical and anchoring techniques provided a second line of defence in the event of primary suture failure, whereas the bifid method demonstrated a more compliant loading curve. All mesh approaches held up at extreme quasistatic loads. Subtle differences in biomechanical properties highlight the strengths of each closure type and suggest possible uses. The failure mechanisms seen here support the known hypotheses for early fascial dehiscence. The influence of dynamic loading needs to be investigated further in future studies.

Cog Threads for Transvaginal Prolapse Repair: Ex-Vivo Studies of a Novel Concept

The diagnosis and treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) remain a relevant and scientifically challenging topic. The number of cases of genital prolapse increases each year, one in ten women need at least one surgical procedure and one in four women in midlife have asymptomatic prolapse. Using mesh implants to correct POP presents unsatisfactory clinical outcomes, requiring hospital readmission and further surgery. We hypothesize using an alternative surgical intervention technique, applying injectable biodegradable cog threads, currently used for face lifting procedures, to reinforce and correct vaginal wall defects. The threads used in this investigation are commercially available 360° 4D barb threads (PCL-19G-100), made of polycaprolactone (PCL), supplied in sterile packs (Yastrid, Shanghai, China). Eleven sows’ vaginal walls were used to analyze the immediate reinforcement effect of the threads. Uniaxial tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed for the initial characterization of the threads. Threads were inserted into the vaginal wall (control n = 5, cog n = 5) and were characterized by ball burst testing; a pull-out test was performed (n = 6). With SEM images, dimensions, such as thread diameter (≈630 µm), cut angle (≈135°), cut depth (≈200 µm) and cog distance (≈1600 µm) were measured. The mechanical behavior during uniaxial tensile testing was nonlinear. Threads could sustain 17–18 N at 18–22% of deformation. During the ball burst test, vaginal tissue reinforced with threads could support 68 N more load than normal tissue (p < 0.05), indicating its strengthening effect. Comfort and stress zones were significantly stiffer in the tissues reinforced with threads (p < 0.05; p < 0.05). Both groups showed identical deformation (elongation); no significant differences in the comfort zone length were observed, showing that threads do not affect tissue compliance. The pull-out test showed that the threads could sustain 3.827 ± 0.1891 N force when the first cog slip occurs, at 11.93 ± 0.8291 mm. This preliminary research on using PCL cog threads for POP treatment showed promising results in increased vaginal wall resistance to pressure load and, at the same time, not affecting its compliance. Nevertheless, to obtain long term host response in vivo, further investigation will be carried out.

Cardioprotective effect of silicon-built restraint device (ASD), for left ventricular remodeling in rat heart failure model

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and cardio-protective effects of biocompatible silicon-built restraint device (ASD) in the rat’s heart failure (HF) model. The performance and compliance characteristics of the ASD device were assessed in vitro by adopting a pneumatic drive and ball burst test. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups (n = 6); control, HF, HF + CSD, and HF + ASD groups, respectively. Heart failure was developed by left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation in all groups except the control group. The ASD and CSD devices were implanted in the heart of HF + ASD and HF + CSD groups, respectively. The ASD’s functional and expansion ability was found to be safe and suitable for attenuating ventricular remodeling. ASD-treated rats showed normal heart rhythm, demonstrated by smooth -ST and asymmetrical T-wave. At the same time, hemodynamic parameters of the HF + ASD group improved systolic and diastolic functions, reducing ventricular wall stress, which indicated reverse remodeling. The BNP values were reduced in the HF + ASD group, which confirmed ASD feasibility and reversed remodeling at a molecular level. Furthermore, the HF + ASD group with no fibrosis suggests that ASD has significant curative effects on the heart muscles. In conclusion, ASD was found to be a promising restraint therapy than the previously standard restraint therapies.Stepwise ASD fabrication process (a) 3D computer model of ASD was generated by using Rhinoceros 5.0 software (b) 3D blue wax model of ASD (c) Silicon was prepared by mixing the solutions (as per manufacturer instruction) (d) Blue wax model of ASD was immersed into liquid Silicon (e) ASD model was put into the oven for 3 hours at 50 °C. (f) Blue wax started melting from the ASD model (g) ASD model was built from pure silicon (h) Two access lines were linked to the ASD device, which was connected with an implantable catheter (Port-a-cath), scale bar 100 µm. (Nikon Ldx 2.0).

Manufacture of Exotic Leather and Small Leather Goods from Ovine Stomach

Leathers made from exotic skins or rare parts of animals have very good market value. The exotic leathers are usually preferred because of their patterns, naturally occurring marks and their unique structures. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of tanning the ovine stomach into novelty leather and leather products. The ovine stomach was converted into an exotic leather using oil tanning methodology, with goat oil as a tanning agent. The rumen and reticulum parts of the stomach were taken through pre-tanning, tanning and post-tanning operation. The resultant leather had a different grain from the ordinary leather. Then mechanical operations like drying, toggling and staking were done. Physical properties of the leathers were analyzed by determining their thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, flex endurance and ball burst extension test. The grain structure of the leathers was analyzed using a light microscope. The results of physical tests were poor compared to the grains of conventional leathers since the composition of raw outer coverings of animals and those of the stomach are different. The leather processed from this non-conventional source has been found suitable for manufacturing fancy small leather goods like coin purse, key holders, purses and wallets.

Optimizing Anisotropic Polyurethane Scaffolds to Mechanically Match with Native Myocardium.

Biodegradable cardiac patch is desirable to possess mechanical properties mimicking native myocardium for heart infarction treatment. We fabricated a series of anisotropic and biodegradable polyurethane porous scaffolds via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) and tailored their mechanical properties by using various polyurethanes with different soft segments and varying polymer concentrations. The uniaxial mechanical properties, suture retention strength, ball-burst strength, and biaxial mechanical properties of the anisotropic porous scaffolds were optimized to mechanically match native myocardium. The optimal anisotropic scaffold had a ball burst strength (20.7 ± 1.5 N) comparable to that of native porcine myocardium (20.4 ± 6.0 N) and showed anisotropic behavior close to biaxial stretching behavior of the native porcine myocardium. Furthermore, the optimized porous scaffold was combined with a porcine myocardium-derived hydrogel to form a biohybrid scaffold. The biohybrid scaffold showed morphologies similar to the decellularized porcine myocardial matrix. This combination did not affect the mechanical properties of the synthetic scaffold alone. After in vivo rat subcutaneous implantation, the biohybrid scaffolds showed minimal immune response and exhibited higher cell penetration than the polyurethane scaffold alone. This biohybrid scaffold with biomimetic mechanics and good tissue compatibility would have great potential to be applied as a biodegradable acellular cardiac patch for myocardial infarction treatment.

Investigation of the thermoformability of various D‐Lactide content poly(lactic acid) films by ball burst test

AbstractIn this article, we investigated the thermoformability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films with various D‐Lactide contents and therefore different crystallization properties, performing tensile and ball burst tests at various temperatures and testing rates. We found that the behavior of the PLA films tested above the glass transition temperature significantly differs due to the difference in D‐Lactide content, and thus crystallinity. During tensile testing, elevated temperatures and mechanical stress caused the crystallization temperature to decrease and thus highly induced crystallization. At the same time, as testing speed was increased, the ability of the polymer to crystallize decreased. In ball burst tests, the PLA films crystallized more than during tensile testing. We described the differences found between tensile testing and ball burst testing, which latter better represents the conditions of thermoforming through inducing biaxial deformation.

Predicting the mechanical response of the vaginal wall in ball burst tests based on histology.

A histologically motivated (HM) coefficient that establishes a link between tissue's microstructure and material model through histological data is used in the prediction of the mechanical properties of vaginal tissue that is subjected to multiaxial loading conditions. Therefore, the material parameters were based on an HM coefficient obtained from tensile testing and histological data of comparable tissues. Uniaxial tensile test data and histological data were collected from three groups of sheep at different time points in their life cycle, including virgins, pregnant, and parous ewes. From this data, a correlation between material parameters and histological data was obtained. Spherical indentation (ball burst [BB]) tests were then performed in specimens with similar tissue structure. The histological data of these samples were used in conjunction with the correlations already established for the uniaxial samples data, to define the material parameters of the BB samples. Mechanical properties of the BB specimens were predicted through basic histology and using finite element modeling (FEM) simulations, without direct mechanical measurements. The predicted force and displacement values of the FEM simulation displayed a good correlation with the experimental (BB) testing results. No fitting of the BB results was performed. In this way, the use of uniaxial tests coupled with useful histological information offers a promising approach to predicting macroscopic material behavior under multiaxial loading conditions in biomechanics.

Effect of pulp properties, drying technology, and sustainability on bath tissue performance and shelf price

The relationship between the types of pulp, the tissue making technologies, and shelf price of bath tissue was evaluated for the North American market. Twenty-four market tissue samples (representing approximately 80% of the current market offering) were sourced and analyzed along with their nationwide price information. Pulp composition, drying technologies, market share, sustainability advertising, and tissue properties were evaluated. Tissue properties, including softness, ball burst strength, water absorbency, density, tensile strength, and tensile modulus were measured. Among all the drying technologies, creped through-air dry (CTAD) and creped through-air dry belt (CTADB) seemed to improve tissue softness most. The UCTAD maximized tissue bulk by drying the tissue web solely using a through-air (TAD) cylinder. Tissue samples with freeness between 575 to 650 mL seemed to have their properties improved more significantly through advanced drying technologies. It was found that the retail prices of these bath tissues were directly related to softness, bulkiness, water absorbency, and basis weight. A mathematical model was conducted to predict the retail price of bath tissue (based on product performance and attributes). This paper also identified the effect of “sustainability” on the retail price.

Suturable Mesh Better Resists Early Laparotomy Failure in a Repetitive Stress Ball Burst Model

Suturable Mesh Better Resists Early Laparotomy Failure in a Repetitive Stress Ball Burst Model

Compression resilience and impact resistance of fiber‐reinforced sandwich composites

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the compression behavior of fiber‐reinforced sandwich composites. In this study, five different types of sandwich composites were prepared with warp knitted spacer fabric as middle layer. Four different types of woven Kevlar fabric structures were used as outer layers (skin) along with one sample of woven basalt fabric. The middle layer used is 100% polyester spacer fabric. Sandwich composites were fabricated using epoxy resin by wet lay‐up method under vacuum bagging technique. Compression behavior, ball burst, and knife penetration were tested for all samples. The effect of outer layer of these composites on the mechanical performance was studied using the compression stress‐strain curves. It is known that spacers have excellent compression elasticity and cushioning. Maximum knife penetration resistance is obtained with twill weave on surface because of maximum yarn cohesion and resin impregnation. Higher amount of cohesive friction results in higher resistance against penetration of sharp objects like the knife edge. Plain and twill fabrics offer sufficient resistance again ball burst. The yarn deformation allows formation of dome shape after ball impact. Maximum impact resistance in ball burst is obtained for plain weave because of highest level of interyarn binding. The results provide new understanding of knitted spacer fabric‐based sandwich composites under compression and impact loading condition.

Physico-Mechanical Performance Evaluation of Large Pore Synthetic Meshes with Different Textile Structures for Hernia Repair Applications

This paper studied the relationship between the textile structure of warp knitted hernia repair meshes and their physico-mechanical properties to solve the problem of hernia patch application evaluation and clear the mechanism of hernia patch structure-performance for clinical application. Six different prototypes of large pore meshes were fabricated, including four kinds of meshes with different pore shapes: H (hexagonal), D (diamond), R (round) and P (pentagonal); and two kinds of meshes with inlays: HL (hexagonal with inlays) and DL (diamond with inlays), using the same medical grade polypropylene monofilament. All meshes were designed with the same walewise density and coursewise density. Then the influence of other structural parameters on the physico-mechanical properties of the meshes was analysed. The physico-mechanical properties of these meshes tested meet the requirements of hernia repair, except mesh DL, whose tear resistance strength (12.93 ± 2.44 N in the transverse direction) was not enough. Mesh R and P demonstrated less anisotropy, and they exhibited similar physico-mechanical properties. These four kinds of meshes without inlays demonstrated similar ball burst strength properties, but mesh HL and DL exhibited better ball burst strength than the others. All in all, uniform structures are expected to result in less anisotropy, and meshes with inlays, to some extent, possess higher mechanical properties. And the ratio of open loop number to closed loop number in a repetition of weave of fabric has marked effect on the physico-mechanical properties. Thus we can meet the demands of specific patients and particular repair sites by designing various meshes with appropriate textile structures.

Bladder wall biomechanics: A comprehensive study on fresh porcine urinary bladder.

Regenerative medicine for reconstructive urogenital surgery has been widely studied during the last two decades. One of the key factors affecting the quality of bladder regeneration is the mechanical properties of the bladder scaffold. Insight into the biomechanics of this organ is expected to assist researchers with functional regeneration of the bladder wall. Due to extensive similarities between human bladder and porcine bladder, and with regard to lack of comprehensive biomechanical data from the porcine bladder wall (BW), our main goal here was to provide a thorough evaluation on viscoelastic properties of fresh porcine urinary BW. Three testing modes including Uniaxial tensile, ball-burst (BB) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were applied in parallel. Uniaxial tests were applied to study how different circumferential and longitudinal cut-outs of lateral region of BW behave under load. DMA was used to measure the viscoelastic properties of the bladder tissue (storage and loss modulus) in a frequency range of 0.1-3Hz. BB was selected as a different technique, replicating normal physiological conditions where the BW is studied in whole. According to uniaxial tests, the anisotropic behavior of bladder is evident at strain loads higher than 200%. According to DMA, storage modulus is consistently higher than loss modulus in both directions, revealing the elasticity of the BW. The stress-strain curves of both uniaxial and BB tests showed similar trends. However, the ultimate stress measured from BB was found to be around 5 times of the relevant stress from uniaxial loading. The ultimate strain in BB (389.9 ± 59.8) was interestingly an approximate average of rupture strains in longitudinal (358 ± 21) and circumferential (435 ± 69) directions. Considering that each testing mode applied here reveals distinct information, outcomes from the combination of the three can be considered as a helpful data-base to refer to for researchers aiming to regenerate the bladder.