Balance Point Research Articles

3D Dirac semimetal supported thermal tunable terahertz hybrid plasmonic waveguides.

By depositing the trapezoidal dielectric stripe on top of the 3D Dirac semimetal (DSM) hybrid plasmonic waveguide, the thermal tunable propagation properties have been systematically investigated in the terahertz regime, taking into account the influences of the structure of the dielectric stripe, temperature and frequency. The results manifest that as the upper side width of the trapezoidal stripe increases, the propagation length and figure of merit (FOM) both decrease. The propagation properties of hybrid modes are closely associated with temperature, in that when the temperature changes in the scope of 3-600 K, the modulation depth of propagation length is more than 96%. Additionally, at the balance point of plasmonic and dielectric modes, the propagation length and FOM manifest strong peaks and indicate an obvious blue shift with the increase of temperature. Furthermore, the propagation properties can be improved significantly with a Si-SiO2 hybrid dielectric stripe structure, e.g., on the condition that the Si layer width is 5 µm, the maximum value of the propagation length reaches more than 6.46 × 105 µm, which is tens of times larger than those pure SiO2 (4.67 × 104 µm) and Si (1.15 × 104 µm) stripe. The results are very helpful for the design of novel plasmonic devices, such as cutting-edge modulator, lasers and filters.

Control strategy for dynamic operation of multiple chillers under random load constraints

Under the influence of building load stochasticity and thermal inertia of central air conditioning system, the lag of control strategy makes it difficult for the cooling source system to meet the cooling demand of users in real time, which affects the operational energy efficiency ratio of the cooling source system. In this regard, this paper proposes a chiller dynamic optimization method based on Markov chain model predictive control algorithm, which studies the optimization of parallel operation characteristics of multiple chillers on the basis of correcting the occurrence of small probability events and avoiding frequent chiller starts and stops, reveals the prediction law of hourly load distribution of the future air conditioning system, explores the balance point between the prediction time of building load and the calculation time of chiller control strategy, provides a theoretical basis and reference for determining the time limit of the optimal calculation and the output of the optimal control strategy. The study provides a theoretical basis and reference for determining the time limit of the optimal calculation and the output of the optimal control strategy. It is found that the optimal control strategy not only has good optimization effect, but also the confidence is significantly increased by 56.7%.

북한 핵 사용의 공세적 법제화를 통해 본 대(對)미 접근

This study analyzed North Korea's diplomatic behavior toward the United States through aggressive legislation using nuclear weapons from the perspective of internal balancing. It was analyzed focusing on the starting point and process of internal balancing and what political implications it has. From the perspective of balancing, it was confirmed that North Korea was completing its internal balancing through anti-nuclear to nuclear possession, offensive legislation of nuclear possession and use, and advancement of nuclear weapons technology. After declaring the economic and nuclear parallel as a state-run doctrine in 2013, North Korea enacted a self-defense nuclear state status law to formalize a legal system for nuclear tests and intercontinental ballistic missile tests.
 In addition, in 2022, the Nuclear Weapons Act was enacted to establish a legal system for the use of nuclear weapons. It was confirmed that nuclear force was completed, that is, internal balancing was strengthened and deterrence power was secured for system security.Through aggressive legislation for the possession and use of nuclear weapons, North Korea has become able to have technology that can complete both the quantity and mass of nuclear weapons. It can be seen that not only strategic nuclear weapons aimed at the U.S., but also tactical nuclear weapons capable of attacking South Korea, Japan, and Guam have been secured.
 It is predicted that North Korea's aggressive legislation of nuclear use will go beyond the paradigm of exchanging existing denuclearization and peace systems in its approach to the U.S. and present a new agenda of permanentization of nuclear possession and peace regime and disarmament. However, it was also confirmed that the use of nuclear weapons shows flexibility in negotiations by specifying the condition of “when it is judged that an attack by external forces is imminent.”

Intelligent option portfolio model with perspective of shadow price and risk-free profit

Since Markowitz proposed modern portfolio theory, portfolio optimization has been being a classic topic in financial engineering. Although it is generally accepted that options help to improve the market, there is still an improvement for the portrayal of their unique properties in portfolio problems. In this paper, an intelligent option portfolio model is developed that allows selling options contracts to earn option fees and considers the high leverage of options in the market. Deep learning methods are used to predict the forward price of the underlying asset, making the model smarter. It can find an optimal option portfolio that maximizes the final wealth among the call and put options with multiple strike prices. We use the duality theory to analyze the marginal contribution of initial assets, risk tolerance limit, and portfolio leverage limit for the final wealth. The leverage limit of the option portfolio has a significant impact on the return. To satisfy the investors with different risk preferences, we also give the conditions for the option portfolio to gain a risk-free return and replace the Conditional Value-at-Risk. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the intelligent option portfolio model obtains a satisfactory out-of-sample return, which is significantly positively correlated with the volatility of the underlying asset and negatively correlated with the forecast error of the forward price. The risk- free option model is effective in achieving the goal of no drawdown and gaining satisfactory returns. Investors can adjust the balance point between returns and risks according to their risk preference.

Quantitative evaluation of anisometropic amblyopia treatment efficacy by coupling multiple visual functions via CRITIC algorithm

BackgroundThe evaluation of amblyopia treatment efficacy is essential for amblyopia prevention, control, and rehabilitation.MethodsTo evaluate the amblyopia treatment efficacy more precisely and quantitatively, this study recorded four visual function examination results, i.e., visual acuity, binocular rivalry balance point, perceptual eye position, and stereopsis before and after amblyopia treatment.ResultsWe found that all these four results had a significant difference between before and after treatment, and the relationship between visual acuity improvement and the difference of BRBP, PEP, and stereoacuity cannot show a fitting correlation regarding the widely used index of visual acuity as the standard of treatment efficacy. By using the Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) method, a more comprehensive and quantitative index by coupling the selected four indexes with objective weights was obtained for further training efficacy representation, and the validation dataset also showed a good performance.ConclusionsThis study proved that our proposed coupling method based on different visual function examination results via the CRITIC algorithm is a potential means to quantify the amblyopia treatment efficacy.

ТЕХНИКО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ФОТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ОБЪЕКТА АПК

The studies were carried out in order to propose a criterion for the technical and economic assessment of photovoltaic systems layout options, which allows providing consumers with electric energy at a cost lower than the current tariff in the Unified Electric System, and meeting the requirements for the payback of projects in the energy sector. The theoretical basis for the search for an economically viable option for the layout of the modules of the photovoltaic system was the mathematical formulation of the optimization problem using the following criterion: the cost of generated electrical energy is lower than or equal to the current tariff of the power system for consumed electrical energy. At the same time, the requirement that the payback period of the project does not exceed the standard value of 8 years was taken into account. On the example of a processing agricultural enterprise located in Rostov region, taking into account the peculiarities of its development and the regime of insolation of the territory, consumers were identified, on whose roofs it is possible to install photovoltaic systems. The mode of operation involves generation within the power supply system of the enterprise without generation beyond the point of balance. The analyzed changes in the technical and economic indicators of a photovoltaic system with an increase in its power, if the latter operates with the accumulation of electric energy and taking into account the load schedule, made it possible to identify that 5 photovoltaic systems with a maximum power of 0.4 kW to 71 kW of total installed power can be installed on the territory of the enterprise. with a power of 77.4 kW. But only for four of them the proposed criterion is met: the payback period is not more than 8 years (5.7 ... 7.4 years), and the cost of generated electrical energy (4.0 ... 5.5 rubles / kWh) is lower than the current tariff (8.3 rubles/kWh). The excess of electricity generation by photovoltaic systems, compared to the load of consumers on the roof of which they are located, is directed to the power supply system of the agro-industrial complex for the power supply of other consumers, which makes it possible to realize the solar energy resource to a greater extent at the geographic location of the object.

Risk Propagation Model and Simulation of an Assembled Building Supply Chain Network

In recent years, the prefabricated building supply chain has received strong support from the government and has developed rapidly, but there are various risks in the operation process. In this paper, on the basis of considering asymptomatic infections and relapse, this paper establishes a risk transmission model that considers a recurrent Susceptible–Exposed–Asymptomatic–Infectious–Recovered (abbr. SEAIR) model, systematically analyses the risks in the supply chain, and calculates the risk balance point to conclude that the risks can exist in the supply chain for a long time. By drawing a causal circuit diagram, the relationship between the influencing factors in the process of risk transmission is found, establishing a stock flow map to explore the law of risk propagation. The simulation results using Vensim PLE software show that the five influencing factors of infection rate, transmission rate, government financial support, government policy supervision, and immunity loss ratio have an important impact on the number of risk-unknown enterprises, risk-latent enterprises, risk transmission enterprises, and infection rehabilitation enterprises in risk transmission, and relevant countermeasures to deal with risk transmission in the supply chain are proposed. Theoretically, this paper broadens the ideas for improving infectious disease models. From the management point of view, it reveals how the prefabricated building supply chain enables enterprises to improve their ability to deal with risks through the risk propagation model, providing reference and helping to manage the risks faced by the prefabricated building supply chain.

Development scheme screening considering reservoir damage based on the AHP model

The development process of oil and gas fields is affected by engineering and geology. Reservoir damage is significant as a bridge connecting these two disciplines. The life cycle of oil and gas fields can be prolonged by making development plans that consider reservoir damage. Therefore, this study performed experiments and discusses a Cretaceous reservoir development in the Chun17 block of the Chunguang Oilfield. We have carried out five sensitivity experiments on typical cores from the block, and analyzed lithology, physical properties, and crude oil. A mathematical model based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was then established based on the core data.Overall, the reservoir in the study area has ultra-high porosity and high permeability. The reservoir has moderately strong water sensitivity (damage rate is 38 ~ 90%) and moderately strong alkali sensitivity (damage rate is 22 ~ 75%). The crude oil belongs to extra-heavy oil reservoirs (containing 2.43% wax, 0.96% sulfur, 20.25 m% gum, 7.35 m% asphalt, 38.26 m% saturated hydrocarbon, and 27.51 m%). The crude oil is sensitive to temperature changes. Based on the AHP model analysis, the development scheme chooses the third (weight 0.1757) of the conventional analytic results of AHP; the Thermal oil production C1 scheme has the most stable future trend and appears to be the best option. In the next step, using fire flooding technology to develop the reservoir will benefit the most economically. The workflow consisting of "conclusion of reservoir experiment → AHP mathematical modeling → verification of relative permeability of high-temperature oil and water → verification of trial production" is simple and effective. The findings of this study can help to better understand the idea and process of making development plans for sensitive oil and gas fields through reservoir evaluation. Combining experimental data with mathematical modeling can find a balanced combination point in qualitative and quantitative analysis. Whether this combination point is correct can be verified by field engineering practice.

Radiation-balanced lasing in Yb3+:YAG and Yb3+:KYW.

Radiation-balanced lasing and thermal profiling is reported in two Yb-doped laser crystals at room temperature. In 3% Yb3+:YAG a record efficiency of 30.5% was achieved by frequency-locking the laser cavity to the input light. Both the average excursion and axial temperature gradient of the gain medium were maintained within 0.1 K of room temperature at the radiation balance point. By including saturation of background impurity absorption in the analysis, quantitative agreement was obtained between theory and the experimentally measured laser threshold, radiation balance condition, output wavelength, and laser efficiency with only one free parameter. Radiation-balanced lasing was also achieved in 2% Yb3+:KYW with an efficiency of 2.2% despite high background impurity absorption, losses from Brewster end faces that were not parallel, and non-optimal output coupling. Our results confirm that relatively impure gain media can be operated as radiation-balanced lasers, contrary to earlier predictions which ignored background impurity properties.

Do monocular myopia children need to wear glasses? Effects of monocular myopia on visual function and binocular balance.

This study aims to compare the binocular visual functions and balance among monocular myopic adolescents and adults and binocular low myopic adolescents and explore whether monocular myopia requires glasses. A total of 106 patients participated in this study. All patients were divided into three groups: the monocular myopia children group (Group 1 = 41 patients), the monocular myopia adult group (Group 2 = 26 patients) and the binocular low myopia children group (Group 3 = 39 patients). The refractive parameters, accommodation, stereopsis, and binocular balance were compared. The binocular refractive difference in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 was -1.37 ± 0.93, -1.94 ± 0.91, and -0.32 ± 0.27 D, respectively. Moreover, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), spherical equivalent (SE) and monocular accommodative amplitude (AA) between myopic and emmetropic eyes in Group 1 and Group 2 were significantly different (all P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the accommodative facility (AF) between myopic and emmetropic eyes in Group 2 (t = 2.131, P = 0.043). Furthermore, significant differences were found in monocular AA (t = 6.879, P < 0.001), binocular AA (t = 5.043, P < 0.001) and binocular AF (t = -3.074, P = 0.003) between Group 1 and Group 2. The normal ratio of stereopsis according to the random dots test in Group 1 was higher than in Group 2 (χ2 = 14.596, P < 0.001). The normal ratio of dynamic stereopsis in Group 1 was lower than in Group 3 (χ2 = 13.281, P < 0.001). The normal signal-to-noise ratio of the binocular balance point in Group 1 was lower than Group 3 (χ2 = 4.755, P = 0.029). First, monocular myopia could lead to accommodative dysfunction and unbalanced input of binocular visual signals, resulting in myopia progression. Second, monocular myopia may also be accompanied by stereopsis dysfunction, and long-term uncorrected monocular myopia may worsen stereopsis acuity in adulthood. In addition, patients with monocular myopia could exhibit stereopsis dysfunction at an early stage. Therefore, children with monocular myopia must wear glasses to restore binocular balance and visual functions, thereby delaying myopia progression.

Fundamental abrasive contact at high speeds: Scratch testing in experiment and simulation

The understanding and experimentation of abrasive wear mechanisms at high speeds is still poorly investigated in literature. This is mainly due to a lack of suitable, well-instrumented test rigs for fundamental, single abrasive wear events. Standard scratch tests, which are often utilized for studies of abrasion phenomena, operate in the low-speed range up to some mm/s, while applications suffering from abrasive wear often operate at speeds exceeding 1 m/s (e.g., rolling, grinding, machining).Numerical approaches, especially particle-based methods, allow the simulation of such fast deformation processes, but rely on hardening models that require a precise knowledge of material parameters. Thus, the Johnson-Cook material model was parametrized using data from high-speed compression tests of pure aluminum. A series of scratch tests with increasing depths were then simulated using the particle-based Material Point Method (MPM). Experimentation was done on a pendulum scratch test rig equipped with a Rockwell C diamond cone. By adjusting the balance point of the swing arm of ∼1 m length, a velocity of 6.8 m/s was achieved at its tip as measured with a high-speed camera. Scratches of several depths were performed, and their force signals acquired. Post-test analyses comprised topography measurements and EBSD on cross-sections of the scratches to investigate the microstructural changes due to the high-speed wear event.Scratch topographies and abrasive mechanisms compared favorably between experiment and simulation for the aluminum. The extent of strain hardening was significantly reduced compared to low-speed experiments. The calibration of the high-speed force sensor was successful and now allows the investigation of new alloys and determination of material parameters under high-speed abrasive conditions.

Sustainable debt and gas markets: A new look using the time-varying wavelet-windowed cross-correlation approach

This paper examines the time-varying interactive linkages between the sustainable debt market and gas markets, applying unique estimation techniques, specifically the empirical mode decomposition (EMD)-windowed-cross-correlation (EMD-WCC) and wavelet-windowed-cross-correlations. To this end, we use the S&P Green Bond Index as a representative of a sustainable debt market while for the gas market, we use natural gas price indices of UK NBP (National Balancing Point), NYMEX HH (Henry Hub) and US shale gas prices. The lead/lag behavior amid green-bonds along with shale gas, also with natural gas markets has equal forces across all time scales. There exists weak cross-correlation across green bonds and shale gas markets and additionally, green bonds and natural gas markets in the short-run. Such findings imply that, from the perspective of the investors, in the short-run, green bonds have ample diversification benefits. The highest intensity of cross-correlations is observed in the longer time horizons. This evidence suggests that in the long-run the behavior of the markets is driven by its own peculiarities. Overall, our findings support the argument that green bonds with their climate-friendly properties add to the diversification benefits for investors, as a newer class of asset for portfolio investments.

Practical Significance of Distinguishment between Systematic/Non-systematic Risks

This essay illustrates the help in distinguishing the systematic and non-systematic risks, through the detailed analysis on the key factors, characteristics of both systematic and non-systematic risks in the context of financial investment, based on the detailed clarification and analysis on these two risks, plus the actual cases to elaborate the typical cases concerning the two kinds of risks. It is concluded that the systematic risk has the features of inevitability, unpredictability and non-diversifiability, while the non-systematic risk has the opposite features of evitability, predictability, and most importantly the diversificability. Therefore, it is of great help for investors to distinguish these two risks, so that the investors could better hedge the risks by taking suitable countermeasures in constructing the investment portfolio, and ultimately achieve the balance point of risk and return. Last, by discussing the other approaches in understanding risks, it is concluded that although these perspectives are helpful for quantifying the risks, or for academic research, yet in the field of investment, the distinguish between systematic and non-systematic risk is still the basis of reasonable risk management.

세조, 초월적 절대군주를 꿈꾸다 (김순남, 2022, 『세조, 폭군과 명군 사이』, 푸른역사)

This book, King Se-jo, Between the Tyrant and the Sage King (_세조, 폭군과 명군 사이_) conducts a study on the political life of King Se-jo Lee Yu, who was born as the second son of King Se-jong of the Joseon Dynasty. The main contents are as follows: Part 1 Seizing power, Part 2 Coercing with power, Part 3 Pretending to be authority, Part 4 Crash of power and authority. Ph.D Professor Kim, Soon-Nam(김순남), the author of this book, graduated from Department of Korean History at Korea University. She tried to evaluate King Se-jo from a balanced point of view in the book.BR The author embraced the existing unilateral evaluations of King Se-jo as two sides of the same coin. So the political life of King Se-jo, who tried to exercise usurped power and embody manipulated authority, are fully described in this book. Professor Kim restored King Se-jo’s politics with precise historical facts and landscapes of the times. Through this book, readers will be able to meet King Se-jo, a politician who struggled to realize the dream of a Transcendent Absolute Monarch.

Interocular Contrast Balancing Partially Improves Stereoacuity in Keratoconus.

Partial improvement in stereoacuity may be achieved by balancing the contrast input to the two eyes of patients with bilaterally asymmetric keratoconus. Interocular differences in image quality, characterized by dissimilar contrast loss and phase shifts, are implicated in stereoacuity loss in keratoconus. This study determined whether contrast balancing improves stereoacuity in this disease condition and, if so, whether it is dependent on the baseline interocular contrast imbalance. Interocular contrast imbalance and stereoacuity of 43 subjects (16 to 33 years) with bilaterally asymmetric keratoconus were tested with spectacle correction as baseline using a binocular rivalry paradigm and random-dot stereograms, respectively. Stereoacuity measurements were repeated in a subset of 33 subjects at their contrast balance point (i.e., contrast level in stronger eye allowing balanced rivalry with 100% contrast in weaker eye) and with contrast levels biased in favor of stronger or weaker eye, all conditions in randomized order. Contrast imbalance level was significantly correlated with the subject's stereoacuity at baseline ( r = -0.47, P = .002). The median (25th to 75th interquartile range) stereoacuity improved by 34.6% (19.0 to 65.1%) from baseline (748.8 arc sec [261.3 to 1257.3 arc sec]) to the contrast balanced condition (419.0 arc sec [86.6 to 868.9 arc sec]) ( P < .001), independent of their baseline stereoacuity or contrast imbalance levels ( r < 0.2, P > .26 for both). Contrast bias in favor of the weaker eye (881.3 arc sec [239.6 to 1707.6 arc sec]) worsened stereoacuity more than a bias toward the stronger eye (502.6 arc sec [181.9 to 1161.4 arc sec]), both relative to the contrast balanced condition ( P < .002). Interocular contrast balancing partially improves stereoacuity in bilaterally asymmetric keratoconus, independent of their baseline contrast imbalance level. Cyclopean viewing may be inherently biased toward the input from the stronger eye in keratoconus.

A Fast Method for Calculating the Impact of Occupancy on Commercial Building Energy Consumption

Occupancy, which refers to the occupant count in this paper, is one of the main factors affecting the energy consumption of commercial buildings. It is important for both building managers and energy simulation engineers to understand how an entire building’s energy consumption varies with different occupancy levels in the process of building automation systems or in assessments of building performance with benchmarking lines. Because commercial buildings usually have large scales, complex layouts and a large number of people, it is a challenge to simulate the relationships between an entire building’s energy consumption and occupancy. This study proposes a fast method for calculating the influence of occupancy on the energy consumption of commercial buildings with different building layouts and existing occupancies. Other occupant behaviors, such as the opening of windows and adjustment of shading devices, are comprehensively reflected in two basic building parameters: the balance point temperature and the total heat transmission coefficient of the building. This new method can be easily used to analyze how building energy varies with occupancy without a physical building’s energy model. An office building in Shanghai is taken as a case study to validate the proposed method. The results show that the coefficient of determination R2 between the calculated value and actual value is 0.86, 0.8 and 0.71 for lighting, cooling and heating energy, respectively, which is suitable in engineering applications.

Rapid Alternate Flicker Modulates Binocular Interaction in Adults With Abnormal Binocular Vision.

The current understanding of binocular processing is primarily derived from static spatial visual perception: this leaves the role of temporal information unclear. In this study, we addressed this gap by testing the effect of alternating flicker on binocular information processing in adults with abnormal binocular vision. Our goal was to determine which temporal frequency optimally balanced input from both eyes. We took measurements in four groups of human adults: 10 normal adults with the individual's nondominant eye covered by a 2% neutral density filter (aged 25.60 ± 1.43 years, experiment 1), 9 nonamblyopic anisometropes (aged 24.33 ± 1.66 years, experiment 2), 7 amblyopes (aged 26.5 ± 1.64 years, experiment 3), and 7 treated amblyopes (aged 24 ± 3.21 years, experiment 4). The balance point (BP), where participants' two eyes are equally effective, was measured using a binocular orientation combination task at four spatial frequencies (SFs; 0.5-4 c/d) and five temporal frequencies (TFs; baseline and 4, 7, 10, and 15 Hz). Its log transformation |logBP| was taken into further analysis. We observed clear U-shaped temporal tuning of the |logBP| for the entire range of TFs (that we measured: trough occurred at 7 Hz). This pattern occurred and was significant in all four groups (P < 0.001). In addition, the effect of SFs on |logBP| was significant in normal, amblyopic, and treated amblyopic groups (all P < 0.001) and was marginally significant in the nonamblyopic anisometropic group (P = 0.086). Alternating flicker around 7 Hz may be the optimal temporal frequency for balancing eyes in human adults with binocular imbalance.

Recent Approaches to Achieve High Temperature Operation of Nafion Membranes

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), as an efficient energy conversion device, has many advantages, such as high energy conversion efficiency and environmentally friendly zero emissions, and is expected to have great potential for addressing the uneven distribution of global green energy. As a core component, the performance of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) directly affects the overall output of the fuel cell system. At present, Nafion membranes with good, comprehensive properties are the most widely used commercial proton exchange membrane materials. However, Nafion membranes demonstrate a great inadaptability with an increase in operating temperatures, such as a rapid decay in proton conductivity. Therefore, enhancing the overall performance of Nafion membranes under high temperatures and low relative humidity (RH) has become an urgent problem. Although many efforts have been made to solve this problem, it is difficult to find the balance point between high-temperature conductivity and overall stability for researchers. In this paper, we summarize the recent approaches to improving the operating temperature of Nafion membranes from the following two perspectives: (1) using different materials for the modification of Nafion membranes, and (2) applying different modification methods to the Nafion membranes. Based on the structural and functional characteristics of Nafion, the non-destructive targeted filling of fillers and the efficient synergy of the two-phase region are two vital research directions for the preparation of high-performance composite membranes.

Hybrid weakness and continuous flowering caused by compound expression of FTLs in Chrysanthemum morifolium × Leucanthemum paludosum intergeneric hybridization.

Hybridization is an important evolutionary mechanism ubiquitous to plants. Previous studies have shown that hybrid polyploidization of cultivated chrysanthemum, 'Zhongshanzigui', and Leucanthemum paludosum exhibit spring-flowering traits. This study explores the function of the LpFTLs gene via the phenotype of A. thaliana after heterologous transformation of the LpFTLs gene, and analyzes the mechanism ofthe continuous flowering phenotype and heterosis of hybrid offspring. The results suggest that the flowering phenotype of hybrid offspring in spring may be related to the expression of the LpFTLs gene. Ectopic expression of Leucanthemum paludosumLpFTLs in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in earlier flowering, indicating that the LpFTLs gene also affects the flowering time in L. paludosum. Compound expression of FTLs in C. morifolium × L. paludosum intergeneric hybridization directly leads to serious heterosis in the hybrid offspring. Moreover, continuous flowering appears to be accompanied by hybrid weakness under the balance of vegetative and reproductive growth. Therefore, in future studies on chrysanthemum breeding, a suitable balance point must be established to ensure the target flowering time under normal growth.

Chinese expert consensus on the pelvic exenteration for primary rectal cancer beyond total mesorectal excision planes and locally recurrent rectal cancer (2023 edition)

Pelvic exenteration is often required for primary rectal cancer beyond total mesorectal excision (PRC-bTME) and locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC). Some patients with radical resection can achieve long-term survival, but they need to face risks, such as huge surgical trauma, serious perioperative complications, permanent loss of organ function and decline in quality of life. Preoperative evaluation of PRC-bTME and LRRC should emphasize multidisciplinary collaboration, and develop individualized diagnosis and treatment strategies. The principles of function preservation and risk-benefit balance in surgery oncology should be followed, and R0 resection should be emphasized. Perioperative complications, surgical trauma and organ function loss should be minimized to achieve the best quality control and balance point. This consensus was formulated by the Colorectal Cancer Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association and the Gastrointestinal Surgery Committee of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care. The draft was formed based on the summary of domestic and foreign research progress and expert experience. After discussion, review and modification by experts, an anonymous voting was conducted for each major opinion, and in-depth verification was carried out according to the principles of evidence-based medicine. Finally, the Chinese expert consensus on the pelvic exenteration with primary rectal cancer beyond total mesorectal excision planes and locally recurrent rectal cancer (2023 edition) was formed. This consensus mainly summarizes the indications and contraindications of PE for PRC-bTME and LRRC, preoperative diagnosis and evaluation, perioperative treatment, as well as the resection scope, surgical methods, reconstruction of related organs, safety and complications of PE, postoperative follow-up and other issues, in order to provide guidance for PE in patients with PRC-bTME and LRRC.