Balanced Dietary Pattern Research Articles

Joint association of anti-inflammatory diet and vigorous leisure-time physical activity on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in U.S. adults: findings from NHANES, 2007-2014.

Balanced dietary patterns, sufficient physical activity, and other healthy lifestyle behaviors are increasingly recognized as a complimentary strategy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aim to explore the joint association of anti-inflammatory diet and vigorous leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) on all-cause and CVD mortality. This retrospective cohort study included 16,068 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2014). Participants were categorized into four lifestyle patterns based on the inflammatory properties of the diet and the degree of vigorous LTPA: pro-inflammatory diet and insufficient vigorous LTPA (pattern 1), anti-inflammatory diet and insufficient vigorous LTPA (pattern 2), pro-inflammatory diet and sufficient vigorous LTPA (pattern 3), anti-inflammatory diet and sufficient vigorous LTPA (pattern 4). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazards ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Compared to pattern 1, pattern 4 showed an obvious lower risk of all-cause (HR, 0.51; 95% CI 0.32-0.81) and CVD mortality (HR, 0.31; 95% CI 0.12-0.80). In addition, pattern 2 also had a significantly decreased all-cause (0.80; 0.69-0.92) and CVD mortality risk (0.71; 0.53-0.95). However, t there was no significant reduction in all-cause mortality (0.75; 0.54-1.06) and CVD mortality (0.60; 0.32-1.13) among pattern 3. Consistent results were obtained in subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Adhering to the anti-inflammatory diet and sufficient vigorous LTPA was associated with lowest all-cause and CVD mortality. Anti-inflammatory diet can counteract the hazards caused by insufficient vigorous LTPA, while sufficient vigorous LTPA fails to offset the detrimental effect of pro-inflammatory diet.

Effect of aerobic exercise on bone health in postmenopausal women with obesity: Balancing benefits with caloric restriction and resistance exercise.

The decline in bone mineral density (BMD) poses a significant concern for postmenopausal women with obesity. Research indicates that aerobic exercises show potential for enhancing bone health. However, there remains no consensus regarding their effects on BMD. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of various exercise interventions on BMD and overall health among postmenopausal women with obesity, with particular attention to caloric restriction (CR). Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines, we performed a comprehensive literature search on PubMed, targeting studies published up to August 2023. Our search focused on aerobic exercise, resistance training, and combined exercise modalities, examining their impact on BMD, body composition, and physical fitness in postmenopausal women with obesity. We reviewed 11 studies, predominantly on aerobic exercise, involving women who are overweight and sedentary, nine of which were randomized trials. Our findings suggest that aerobic exercise has a mild protective effect on BMD and can significantly reduce fat mass. Notably, when combined with CR, aerobic exercise not only enhances the reduction of fat tissue mass but also potentially offers a certain level of protection for BMD. Additionally, the intervention combining aerobic exercise with resistance training emerges as a key promoter of bone health, underscoring the importance of tailored exercise programs for this population. Consequently, balanced dietary patterns (like the Mediterranean diet), combined with exercise, are recommended for optimal health outcomes. Tailored exercise programs integrating both aerobic and resistance training are crucial for sustaining overall health and bone density in this population.

The association of dietary patterns with latent tuberculosis infection among young adults: A case-control study in Shanghai.

In developing and underdeveloped countries, undernutrition plays a major role in subverting the immune system, leading to an increase in TB infections; this study investigated the associations between dietary patterns and latent tuberculosis infection risk among young adults in Shanghai. In a case-control study, 96 cases of latent tuberculosis infection and 192 healthy controls were studied among contacts of students in clusters of tuberculosis epidemics in colleges from January 2021 to March 2023. A standardized questionnaire assessing sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary characteristics was applied. Food intake was estimated using a 95-item semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Using the principal component analysis to extract dietary patterns from food groups intake. Logistic regression models were applied. Four dietary patterns were identified: "traditional balanced" pattern, "unsaturated fatty acid" pattern, "snack" pattern, and "protein and fruit" pattern. Four components explaining 64.52% of the total variation in consumption were derived. In a conditional logistic regression analysis, three models were created. After adjusting for various confounders, compared to "snack" pattern, the risk of latent TB infection was 91% lower in the "traditional balanced" pattern (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01, 0.38, p = 0.004). To prevent TB infection among young adults living in high TB burden areas, a balanced dietary pattern rather than a "snack" pattern should be promoted in school settings. Future research should explore the risk of developing active tuberculosis in Mtb-infected people with different dietary patterns and the prevention of this risk by healthy dietary patterns.

Comparing the Associations of Dietary Patterns Identified through Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis with Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Large Case-Control Study in China.

Examining the association between dietary patterns and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk can provide valuable insights beyond the assessment of individual foods or nutrients. However, there is a lack of in-depth analysis of dietary patterns and CRC risk in Chinese populations, and few studies have compared dietary patterns derived from different posteriori methods with the aim of predicting disease risk. The aim of this study was to derive dietary patterns using both principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) and to assess their respective associations with CRC risk. A large-scale case-control study was conducted in Guangdong Province, China, including 2799 incident colorectal cancer cases and an equal number of frequency-matched controls. Dietary intake information was gathered through the use of a validated food frequency questionnaire. PCA and CA were used to derive dietary patterns. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Four major dietary patterns were identified by PCA. CA identified two dietary patterns, referred to as the "Balanced dietary pattern" and the "Refined grain dietary pattern". Notably, there were significant inverse associations between the milk-egg-nut-soy dietary pattern (aOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.42, 0.62), the vegetable-fruit dietary pattern (aOR, 0.61; 95%CI, 0.51, 0.74), and the poultry-fish dietary pattern (aOR, 0.81; 95%CI, 0.68, 0.97) and CRC risk. However, the red meat-preserved food dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of CRC (aOR, 2.99; 95%CI, 2.43, 3.67). When compared with the Refined grain dietary pattern, the Balanced dietary pattern showed a decreased risk of CRC (aOR, 0.59; 95%CI, 0.52, 0.66). The results from the comparison of the two methods indicate that both CA and PCA derived remarkably similar patterns. The combined use of PCA and CA identified consistent underlying patterns, showing comparable associations with CRC risk. These findings suggest that individuals who prefer dietary patterns characterized by a high intake of red meat, preserved food, and refined grains should be cautious about their increased CRC risk. Conversely, dietary patterns rich in fruits, vegetables, and high-quality protein sources are advisable for the prevention of CRC in the Chinese population.

Associations of Serum Vitamin D Concentration with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Healthy Lifestyle Score.

Vitamin D status is reportedly associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), although conflicting data have been generated. The healthy lifestyle score (HLS) was formulated as a primary approach toward preventing CVD; however, data on the association between the HLS and vitamin D status remain insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the associations of CVD risk factors and the HLS with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in adults who participated in a national survey. HLS components, including body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and dietary pattern, as well as other risk factors, including diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), and dyslipidemia (DL), were fitted in multiple linear regression models to determine their association with vitamin D status. DM, HTN, and DL were inversely associated whereas a balanced dietary pattern, alcohol consumption, and physical activity were positively associated with serum vitamin D concentration (p < 0.01). Furthermore, a strong association was observed between the total HLS and serum vitamin D concentration (p for trend <0.01); the regression coefficient estimate (95% confidence interval) for the highest score was 1.41 (0.65, 2.17) (p < 0.01) compared with that for the lowest. These findings suggest that CVD risk factors and the HLS may reflect vitamin D status.

New frontiers in risk assessments related to diets, health and the environment

Abstract Based on the sustainable development goals agenda, public health experts should approach the study of planetary diets, environment, and health with a holistic approach that includes both human and planetary health. Modelling studies help in estimating priorities while attaining differences across countries. Future scenarios vary according to priorities to be set. When aiming only at fulfilling food-security objectives, studies suggest that reductions in premature mortality have few environmental co-benefits. In contrast, modelling studies that include environmental goals indicate the potential for reducing environmental impacts while improving diet quality and overall health outcomes, especially in high-income countries. The scenarios indicate that focusing on dietary changes towards healthy and balanced dietary pattern seems an ideal strategy to improve both mortality risk and the environmental impact, although the magnitude of the effects may vary across countries. Weight and dietary risk factors have traditionally been considered separate categories. A new approach can be proposed for attributing weight-related risks to food intake at global, regional, and national levels. When comparing current consumption patterns to diets that for each country minimise diet and weight-related risks, a total of 5 million weight-related deaths in 2019 were attributed to the overconsumption of refined grains, dairy, red and processed meat, sugar, and eggs, and to the underconsumption of oils, and legumes, among others. A large share of deaths attributable to high intake of animal source foods and imbalanced grain intake occurred in countries with the higher high human development index, while more than a third due to imbalanced sugar and oil intake occurred in medium ones. Attributing weight-related risks to food intake can inform food-based interventions for reducing the burden of preventable deaths associated with imbalanced weight levels.

Arable land and water footprints for food consumption in China: From the perspective of urban and rural dietary change.

Since the adoption of the open-door policy, the Chinese dietary pattern has changed greatly. Based on the dietary changes, this study analyzed the arable land and water footprints (WFs) for the food consumption of urban and rural residents in China. The results showed that the arable land demand and WFs for meat, vegetable oil, soybeans and liquor exceeded those for other foods, and the per capita arable land and WFs for food consumption of urban residents were higher than those of rural residents. The total arable land and WFs for the food consumption of residents increased by 16.9 million ha (from 91.1 to 108 million ha) and 214.5 billion m3 (from 457.9 to 672.4 billion m3), respectively, from 1983 to 2017. Specifically, the total arable land and WFs for the food consumption of urban residents increased by 45.9 million hm2 (from 22.6 to 68.5 million hm2) and 318.3 billion m3 (from 113.2 to 431.5 billion m3), respectively. Additionally, those of rural residents decreased by 29.7 million hm2 (from 69.2 to 39.5 million hm2) and 103.9 billion m3 (344.8 to 240.9 billion m3), respectively, mainly due to the migration of the rural population to cities and the reductions in per capita arable land and WFs due to increased crop yields. The arable land and blue WFs required for food consumption will reach 127.7 million hm2 and 221.1 billion m3, respectively, in 2030. However, these values will be reduced by approximately 23% and 20%, respectively, to 98.9 million hm2 and 177.8 billion m3 under a balanced dietary pattern. Measures such as improving the investment in agricultural research and development, advocating a balanced diet, and increasing the import of resource-intensive foods could alleviate the pressure on land and water resources.

TOP 3 of Legumes for Human and Planetary Health

ObjectivesThe identification of the TOP3 of Legumes for the promotion of Human and Planetary Health. MethodsWe analyzed 10 legumes, according to 10 main nutritional characteristics highlighted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as the main reasons for their consumption, in a step-by-step approach integrating risks and benefits, according to three levels of analysis: Identification of health effects associated with its consumption; Assessment of the nutritional contribution of its consumption to the Daily Reference Value (%DRV); and Integration of health and sustainability components. ResultsIt was found that all legumes seem to promote improvements in risk factors associated with the development of chronic diseases. As for the nutritional contribution of each legume, analyzed according to official recommendations, considering its protective components (protein, fiber, iron, folate, and potassium), the Common Lupine, Cowpea, and Soybean, were ranked as the most beneficial for health. Considering its components to be limited (glycemic index, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium) the Azuki Bean and Chickpea seem to be the least harmful legumes for human health. Regarding the link between health and sustainability, the pulses presenting better impact for human and planetary health are Fava, followed by Common Lupine and Common Beans, if cooked without salt and produced locally. ConclusionsAs an integral part of a balanced dietary pattern, this study strengthens the evidence that the consumption of legumes, which are dense in protective nutrients when compared with the concentrations of harmful nutrients, plays an important role in the promotion of human and planetary health, and its consumption should be privileged and promoted in Portugal. Funding SourcesR.A. thanks FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50,017/2020 + UIDB/50,017/2020), through national funds.

Association between dietary patterns and stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China: a propensity score-matched analysis.

This study aimed to examine the impact of different dietary patterns on stroke outcomes among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in China. Participants were enrolled by a stratified random cluster sampling method in the study. After collecting dietary data using a quantified FFQ, latent class analysis was used to identify dietary patterns, and propensity score matching was used to reduce confounding effects between different dietary patterns. Binary logistic regression and conditional logistic regression were used to analyse the relationship between dietary patterns and stroke in patients with T2DM. A cross-sectional survey available from December 2013 to January 2014. A total of 13 731 Chinese residents aged 18 years or over. Two dietary patterns were identified: 61·2 % of T2DM patients were categorised in the high-fat dietary pattern while 38·8 % of patients were characterised by the balanced dietary pattern. Compared with the high-fat dietary pattern, the balanced dietary pattern was associated with reduced stroke risk (OR = 0·63, 95 %CI 0·52, 0·76, P < 0·001) after adjusting for confounding factors. The protective effect of the balanced model did not differ significantly (interaction P > 0·05). This study provides sufficient evidence to support the dietary intervention strategies to prevent stroke effectively. Maintaining a balanced dietary pattern, especially with moderate consumption of foods rich in quality protein and fresh vegetables in T2DM patients, might decrease the risk of stroke in China.

Dietary Patterns and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease among Chinese Adults: An 11-Year Prospective Study.

The evidence about the association between dietary patterns and the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among Chinese adults is limited. In the present study, we analyzed the prospective data of 421,426 participants aged 30–79 years from the China Kadoorie Biobank. Factor analysis with a principal component method was employed to identify dietary patterns. Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to explore the association between dietary patterns and incident COPD. Two dietary patterns were identified: the traditional northern dietary pattern was characterized by a low intake of rice and a high intake of wheat and other staple foods, while the balanced dietary pattern was characterized by a high intake of fresh fruit and protein-rich foods (soybean, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products). During a median follow-up of 11.13 years, 5542 men and 5750 women developed COPD. After adjustments for potential confounders, the balanced dietary pattern was associated with a lower risk of COPD (p for trend <0.001), with a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.75 (0.67, 0.84) for those in the highest quintile compared with those in the lowest quintile. Such association was modified by sex, smoking status, and adiposity level.

Impacts of harmful algal blooms on marine aquaculture in a low-carbon future

The IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C highlights the potential for dietary shifts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from livestock. Reductions in the consumption of terrestrial animal protein require increases in the consumption of other food categories, to maintain food security, balanced dietary patterns, and protein intake. Aquaculture has long been suggested as one way to meet future food security needs, and marine and estuarine aquaculture in particular is associated with comparatively low greenhouse gas emissions. However, marine and freshwater aquaculture is affected by factors including harmful algal blooms (HABs), which have been increasingly documented around the world, correlated to increases in worldwide aquaculture. In this study, we applied a global multi-region input-output model to capture the direct effects as well as the indirect and induced effects HABs might pose to a global dietary transition from terrestrial livestock to increased seafood consumption from marine and estuarine aquaculture sources. We found that marine and estuarine aquaculture has a substantial potential to replace meat consumption from terrestrial livestock sources, as increases in CO2 emissions from aquaculture were more than offset by reductions in emissions from mainly cattle grazing and associated land clearing. HABs were found to have a minor monetary impact, but the impact on protein supply was found to be potentially sizeable. For example, in a future setting where 40% of terrestrial protein sources were replaced by aquaculture, a HAB-caused global loss of 5% would set in motion numerous supply-chain cascades, affecting industries auxiliary to aquaculture, indirectly and ultimately reducing protein intake by 10–20%. Such reductions have the potential for pushing parts of Sub-Saharan populations into protein-energy malnutrition. Nevertheless, there remains a significant potential for a dietary transition to increased aquaculture seafood to contribute to reductions in GHG.

The Relationship between Dietary Patterns and Bone Mineral Density of 476 Middle-Aged and Aged People.

Background:To investigate the relationship between different dietary patterns and the levels of bone mineral density (BMD) in middle-aged and aged people, and to provide references for the nutritional prevention of osteoporosis.Methods:A total of 476 residents aged 45 yr or more in Qiqihar City were enrolled from Aug 2018 to Feb 2019. They took a Food Frequency Questionnaire for dietary survey. Their dietary patterns were analyzed using the factor analysis method, and BMD were detected using ultrasound bone densitometer, to explore the relationship between different dietary patterns and BMD levels.Results:Four dietary patterns were obtained in the survey: relatively balanced, oil-salt, milk-tuber, and aquatic. Among them, the prevalence of osteoporosis reached 21.8%. High-level relatively balanced dietary pattern (OR=0.588, 95%CI= 0.363–0.951) and high-level dairy-potato food dietary pattern (OR=0.668, 95%CI= 0.370–0.983) were associated with lower risk of osteoporosis.Conclusion:A balanced diet and a high intake of dairy-potato food dietary pattern were associated with a lower prevalence of osteoporosis. It is recommended that middle-aged and aged people should have a balanced diet with more dairy products and potatoes to protect bone health.

Association between Dietary Patterns and Low HDL-C among Community-Dwelling Elders in North China.

We aimed to investigate the association between dietary patterns and low HDL-C among the elderly population living in North China. The data were from a national cross-sectional survey conducted in 2015. General information in terms of living habits, health status, and food intake using 24 h dietary recall for three consecutive days was procured, and the weight of edible oil and condiments recorded. Anthropometric index, blood pressure, and fasting serum lipids were measured using standard methods. Dietary patterns were derived from food categories by exploratory factor analysis, and multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios of low HDL-C across quartiles of dietary patterns. Among 3387 elderly participants, 21.9% had low HDL-C levels. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, participants with highest score versus lowest score in the balanced dietary pattern had a decreased risk of low HDL-C (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16–0.88, p for trend = 0.013) in the group with a BMI of 27.1 kg/m2 and above. Compared to the lowest quartile, there was a statistically significant negative association between the highest scores of the Western dietary pattern and low HDL-C (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.17–0.82, p for trend = 0.018) in the group with a BMI of 21.6–24.8 kg/m2. However, greater adherence to a thrifty dietary pattern (highest quartiles vs. lowest quartiles) was associated with increased risk of low HDL-C (OR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.05–10.40, p for trend = 0.044), especially in the subgroup with a BMI of 21.6 kg/m2 and below. The study revealed that it is urgent to develop district-specific dietary improvement plans for dyslipidemia based on the nutritional status of the elderly population in North China.

The correlation of dietary patterns with low muscle mass, strength and quality in adults from 10 regions of China

Objective: To evaluate the correlation of dietary patterns with low muscle mass, strength and quality in Chinese adults. Methods: Based on the second resurvey of China Kadoorie Biobank, factor analysis was conducted to derive dietary patterns from 20 food groups. Low muscle mass, strength, and quality were defined as the sex-specific lowest quintile of appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), total skeletal muscle mass index (TSMI), handgrip strength and arm muscle quality (AMQ) according to Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia recommendations. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the correlation of dietary patterns with low muscle mass, strength, and quality. Results: Two major dietary patterns were extracted. The balanced dietary pattern was characterized by the intake of a variety of foods, whereas the rice-meat dietary pattern was characterized by high intakes of rice, meat, poultry and fish. Individuals who had the highest quintile score of the balanced dietary pattern were less likely to have low TSMI, handgrip strength or AMQ(OR=0.83, 95%CI: 0.74-0.95 for low TSMI; OR=0.64, 95%CI: 0.56-0.74 for low handgrip strength; OR=0.82, 95%CI: 0.72-0.93 for low AMQ; for trend P<0.05). And those who scored higher on the rice-meat dietary pattern had lower risk of low muscle mass and strength (OR=0.67, 95%CI: 0.55-0.82 for low ASMI; OR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.56-0.85 for low TSMI; OR=0.74, 95%CI: 0.60-0.91 for low handgrip strength; for trend P<0.05). Conclusion: Individuals followed the balanced dietary pattern, as well as those who followed the rice-meat dietary pattern, had better levels of skeletal muscle mass, strength and quality.

Western Dietary Pattern Antioxidant Intakes and Oxidative Stress: Importance During the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic

ABSTRACTThe importance of balanced dietary habits, which include appropriate amounts of antioxidants to maintain the immune system, has become increasingly relevant during the current SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic, because viral infections are characterized by high oxidative stress. Furthermore, the measures taken by governments to control the pandemic have led to increased anxiety, stress, and depression, which affect physical and mental health, all of which are influenced by nutritional status, diet, and lifestyle. The Mediterranean diet (MD), Atlantic diet (AD), and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans all provide the essential vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds needed to activate enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant responses. However, viral pandemics such as the current COVID-19 crisis entail high oxidative damage caused by both the infection and the resultant social stresses within populations, which increases the probability and severity of infection. Balanced dietary patterns such as the MD and the AD are characterized by the consumption of fruit, vegetables, legumes, olive oil, and whole grains with low intakes of processed foods and red meat. For a healthy lifestyle in young adults, the MD in particular provides the required amount of antioxidants per day for vitamins D (0.3–3.8 μg), E (17.0 mg), C (137.2–269.8 mg), A (1273.3 μg), B-12 (1.5–2.0 μg), and folate (455.1–561.3 μg), the minerals Se (120.0 μg), Zn (11.0 mg), Fe (15.0–18.8 mg), and Mn (5.2–12.5 mg), and polyphenols (1171.00 mg) needed to maintain an active immune response. However, all of these diets are deficient in the recommended amount of vitamin D (20 μg/d). Therefore, vulnerable populations such as elders and obese individuals could benefit from antioxidant supplementation to improve their antioxidant response. Although evidence remains scarce, there is some indication that a healthy diet, along with supplemental antioxidant intake, is beneficial to COVID-19 patients.

Development and testing of the Sustainable Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for retail stores in Ontario.

To develop and test a tool to assess the price and availability of low-carbon footprint and nutritionally balanced dietary patterns in retail food environments in Ontario, Canada. Availability and price of selected food from discount and regular grocery stores (n 23) in urban/rural areas of northern/southern Ontario were assessed with the Sustainable Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in 2017. Ontario, Canada. Inter-rater reliability was high for price (intra-class correlation coefficients = 0·819) and for availability (Cohen's κ = 0·993). The tool showed 78 % of the selected food items were available in all stores. Overall, price differences were small between urban and rural locations, and northern and southern Ontario. The greatest price difference was between discount and regular stores. The tool showed excellent inter-rater agreement. Researchers and public health dietitians can use this tool for research, practice and policy to link consumer-level health outcomes to the retail environment.

Association between Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Risks among Older Adult Males in Sichuan Province, China: A Cross-sectional Study

Objective: This study aims to identify data-driven dietary patterns and find out the relationship of dietary patterns with different cardiometabolic risks including overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia or high blood pressure (HBP) among older adult males (aged ≥65 years old) residents (>10 years) of Sichuan, Southwestern China. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated the relationships of dietary patterns with cardiometabolic risks in older adult males (n=1136) aged ≥65 years old referred to the Public Hospital in Sichuan Province, China. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) was used to investigate the correlations between the animal-based and processed food dietary (pattern 1), balanced dietary (pattern 2), and Ovo-Lacto Vegetarian dietary (pattern 3) and different cardiometabolic risks. The correlations between dietary patterns and the laboratory tests were calculated. Results: The animal-based and processed food, balanced, and Ovo-Lacto Vegetarian dietary patterns accounted for 14.83%, 14.36% and 11.86% of the variance, respectively. The Chi-Square test showed the dietary patterns were associated with triglycerides (TG) (P < 0.001), total cholesterol (TC), Systolic blood pressure (SBP), and body mass index (BMI). Adjusted logistic regression analysis showed the animal-based and processed food dietary pattern was positively associated with overweight/obesity (OR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.94, 5.46) and dyslipidemia (OR: 3.53, 95% CI: 2.00, 6.22). The balanced dietary pattern was negatively associated with overweight/obesity (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.72), dyslipidemia (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.75) and HBP (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.77). The Ovo-Lacto Vegetarian dietary pattern was negatively associated with dyslipidemia (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.81) and hyperuricemia (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.79). No statistically significant relationship was found between the three dietary patterns and impaired fasting glucose (P: 0.05). Conclusions: Elderly males in Sichuan Province with overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure seem to have adopted different dietary patterns.

Association between Dietary Patterns and Handgrip Strength: Analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data Between 2014 and 2017.

Non-invasive anthropometric measurement methods such as those for measuring height and weight are crucial in pediatric patients. However, research focusing on the association between the type of dietary pattern and handgrip strength and handgrip-to-weight ratio in adolescents has not been carried out yet. This cross-sectional analysis of the 2014–2017 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey assessed 2327 adolescents (aged 10–18 years) who had their handgrip strength measured and analyzed its association with dietary pattern. The clusters were examined for nutritional values, and the ready-to-eat, balanced, and Western-style fast-food clusters were ultimately generated. Overall, 85.6% of the participants were assigned to a ready-to-eat dietary pattern, 9.3% to a Western-style fast-food dietary pattern, and 5.1% to a balanced dietary pattern. Compared with the participants following a balanced dietary pattern, those following a ready-to-eat dietary pattern were shown to have a significantly lower handgrip strength and handgrip-to-weight ratio. Decreased handgrip strength and handgrip-to-weight ratio values in participants following ready-to-eat dietary patterns indicate a diffuse problem in adolescents’ health and possibly imply an association between reduced muscle quality and dietary pattern. Therefore, the overall environmental factors potentially inducing such unhealthy dietary preferences should be investigated, and appropriate lifestyle changes in Korean adolescents should be encouraged.

A Positive Association between a Western Dietary Pattern and High LDL-C among Iranian Population.

Background : The association between the presence of dyslipidemia and major dietary patterns was examined in an adult Iranian population. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 4672 adults aged 35-65 yr old based on data from the Mashhad Stroke And Heart Atherosclerotic Disorder (MASHAD) Study initiated in 2010. Anthropometric and blood laboratory measurements were collected for all participants. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 65-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 88% including elevated total cholesterol (38.9%), triglyceride (35.2%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (35.3%) or decreased level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (68.9%). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, participants with higher scores for a Western pattern with lower physical activity level and educational attainment, and higher current smoking habit, increased the risk of having a raised LDL-C (OR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.34; P =0.02). However, there was no significant association between adherence to this dietary pattern and other types of dyslipidemia. There was no significant association between a balanced dietary pattern and dyslipidemia and its components (OR=0.90; 95% CI: 0.68, 1.18; P =0.431). Conclusion: Dyslipidemia was more prevalent among individuals with higher consumption of a western dietary pattern. A direct association was found between adherence to Western dietary pattern and LDL-C level.

A Positive Association between a Western Dietary Pattern and High LDL-C among Iranian Population.

Background: The association between the presence of dyslipidemia and major dietary patterns was examined in an adult Iranian population. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 4672 adults aged 35-65 yr old based on data from the Mashhad Stroke And Heart Atherosclerotic Disorder (MASHAD) Study initiated in 2010. Anthropometric and blood laboratory measurements were collected for all participants. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 65-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 88% including elevated total cholesterol (38.9%), triglyceride (35.2%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (35.3) or decreased level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (68.9%). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, participants with higher scores for a Western pattern with lower physical activity level and educational attainment, and higher current smoking habit, increased the risk of having a raised LDL-C (OR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.34; P =0.02). However, there was no significant association between adherence to this dietary pattern and other types of dyslipidemia. There was no significant association between a balanced dietary pattern and dyslipidemia and its components (OR=0.90; 95% CI: 0.68, 1.18; P =0.431). Conclusion: Dyslipidemia was more prevalent among individuals with higher consumption of a western dietary pattern. A direct association was found between adherence to Western dietary pattern and LDL-C level.