Bad Information Research Articles

Distributed Approximate Newton's Method Robust to Byzantine Attackers

There is a recent surge of interest in the design of the first-order and the second-order distributed machine learning algorithms. However, distributed algorithms are sensitive to Byzantine attackers who can send falsified information to prevent the convergence of algorithms or lead the algorithms to converge to value of the attackers' choice. Some recent works have proposed algorithms that can defend against Byzantine attackers for the first-order methods. In this paper, we design two algorithms that can deal with Byzantine attackers for the second-order methods. The main idea of the first algorithm, named median-based approximate Newton's method (MNM), is to ask the parameter server to aggregate gradient information and approximate Newton's direction from all workers by geometric median. We show that MNM can converge when up to half of the workers are Byzantine attackers. To deal with the case with an arbitrary number of attackers, we then propose a comparison-based approximate Newton's method (CNM). The main idea of CNM is to ask the server to randomly select a small clean dataset and compute noisy gradient and Newton's direction using this small dataset. These noisy information will then be used as an approximation of the ground truth to filter out bad information from Byzantine attackers. We show that CNM can converge to the neighborhood of the population minimizer even when more than half of the workers are Byzantine workers. We further provide numerical examples to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithms.

Research on Screening of Empathy Information Based on Image Recognition and Data Mining

The Internet not only provides help for people to understand the world and facilitate life, but also provides a convenient way for widespread dissemination of bad information. It follows that young people are often harassed by pornographic, violent and other bad images, which affects the development of young people's empathy. In this study, from the perspective of the combination of bad image screening and youth empathy ability, the effect of bad image on youth empathy ability is studied. In this article, a new empathy analysis model is constructed based on traditional empathy theory, combined with image recognition and data mining technology. First, the theoretical principles of bad image recognition technology and their application in the evaluation of empathy ability are expounded. Then, based on image recognition and fusion particle swarm optimization algorithm, the classification of bad images was studied. Finally, on the basis of image classification, a data envelopment model is used to grade the young people's empathy ability. The actual case analysis and performance test results illustrate the superiority of the implemented image classification and empathy evaluation method based on image recognition and data mining. This research has certain theoretical significance for the research of enriching empathy ability and interpersonal relationship. At the same time, it has certain practical significance for improving the youth's interpersonal trust, realizing the harmonious interpersonal relationship and the healthy development of body and mind.

Multiple neuronal circuits for variable object–action choices based on short- and long-term memories

At each time in our life, we choose one or few behaviors, while suppressing many other behaviors. This is the basic mechanism in the basal ganglia, which is done by tonic inhibition and selective disinhibition. Dysfunctions of the basal ganglia then cause 2 types of disorders (difficulty in initiating necessary actions and difficulty in suppressing unnecessary actions) that occur in Parkinson’s disease. The basal ganglia generate such opposite outcomes through parallel circuits: The direct pathway for initiation and indirect pathway for suppression. Importantly, the direct pathway processes good information and the indirect pathway processes bad information, which enables the choice of good behavior and the rejection of bad behavior. This is mainly enabled by dopaminergic inputs to these circuits. However, the value judgment is complex because the world is complex. Sometimes, the value must be based on recent events, thus is based on short-term memories. Or, the value must be based on historical events, thus is based on long-term memories. Such memory-based value judgment is generated by another parallel circuit originating from the caudate head and caudate tail. These circuit-information mechanisms allow other brain areas (e.g., prefrontal cortex) to contribute to decisions by sending information to these basal ganglia circuits. Moreover, the basal ganglia mechanisms (i.e., what to choose) are associated with cerebellum mechanisms (i.e., when to choose). Overall, multiple levels of parallel circuits in and around the basal ganglia are essential for coordinated behaviors. Understanding these circuits is useful for creating clinical treatments of disorders resulting from the failure of these circuits.

Attention! Distracted Institutional Investors and Stock Price Crash

Using the extreme returns of firms in unrelated industries of institutional shareholders’ portfolios as exogenous variations in institutional investor distraction (Kempf et al., 2017), we find a positive and significant relation between institutional shareholder distraction and stock price crash risk. The effect is associated with weakened monitoring, and it becomes stronger when alternative corporate governance is weaker and when managers’ incentives to hoard bad information are stronger. Managers reduce firms’ accounting conservatism when institutional investors become distracted, which is evidence of an increased motivation to hoard bad news. Overall, our findings shed additional light on the important monitoring role of institutional investors in corporate governance.

Financial integration, investor protection and imbalanced optimistically biased information timeliness in emerging markets

Principal-principal conflicts in many emerging markets can lead to an optimistically biased information environment. Using 24 emerging markets during the period 1996–2016, this paper examines how market-level, firm-level financial integration and investor protection quality jointly affect Imbalanced Optimistically Biased Information Timeliness (IOBIT). Results show that financial integration and investor protection quality affect good and bad information timeliness asymmetrically. Market-level financial integration augments IOBIT while firm-level financial integration and investor protection mitigate IOBIT. The effect of firm-level financial integration in mitigating IOBIT is reduced when market-level financial integration increases and/or investor protection becomes stronger. Our analysis enhances our understanding of the benefit-cost trade-off associated with financial integration in affecting information timeliness and the conditional factors in altering this benefit-cost trade-off in emerging markets.

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL BIOPSIKOSOSIAL ASUHAN KEFARMASIAN PADA KASUS PENYAKIT KRONIK: STUDI KUALITATIF TERHADAP PERSPEKTIF PASIEN PENDERITA GAGAL JANTUNG (CHF)

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a disease that most often requires repeated treatment in the hospital. Self-care efforts allow patients to monitor and manage home syndrome, maximize well-being, reduce mortality and minimize avoidable hazards. Communication, collaboration, and patient access to bad information lead to ineffective treatment. The main problems in the care of pharmacy are improper and unsafe use of drugs and non-compliance with prescription drugs, one of which is a therapeutic regimen.. This study uses a phenomenological qualitative method in which researchers will explore the personal meaning related to biopsychosocial aspects that can affect the quality of care (pharmacy) according to the perspective of patients with CHF. The participants determined in this study were selected purposively from all patients with CHF who were treated at the Pharmacy Installation in Ulin Hospital Banjarmasin. Data analysis using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) model. In this study, which explores personal meaning related to aspects of communication and collaboration that can affect the quality of care, according to the perspective of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) in the biopsychosocial aspects, the result are: found 4 (four) themes related to results-based communication, qualitative data analysis obtained through in-depth interviews with 11 (eleven) participants, namely: (1) tangible; (2) responsive; (3) empathy; (4) assurance. And found 3 (three) themes related to collaboration based on the results of qualitative data analysis obtained through in-depth interviews with 11 (eleven) participants, namely: (1) effective communication; (2) trust; (3) feedback.

Las ventajas y desventajas del internet en la sociedad

La finalidad de este trabajo es describir y analizar las ventajas y desventajas del internet en la sociedad, ya que es una red global que influye mucho en la actualidad, este está presente en muchos hogares, instituciones públicas, privadas, centros educativos. El internet también es cuenta como me de comunicación ya que podemos enviar mensajes, hacer llamadas videos llamadas, aparte de esto también nos ayuda con catálogos de biblioteca, hacer compras en aspectos positivos.
 Pero también existen aspectos negativos es decir desventajas como el abuso de ciertas redes sociales e incluso el mal uso de aquellas, cabe recalcar que no solo son las redes sociales sino también con ciertos estafadores que se hacen pasar por personas que no son en realidad. El internet, y específicamente hablando de las redes sociales, permiten que nuestra información les sea facilitada a personas que no conocemos pero que sus intenciones son perjudiciales para nuestra integridad y el bienestar de nuestra familia.
 Sin lugar a dudas, el internet y las redes sociales revolucionaron la forma de comunicarse, ya que permitió potenciar la simultaneidad e inmediatez de la información, pero, principalmente, por la posibilidad de “subir”, sistematizar y clasificar información en un espacio virtual común. En la actualidad no se habla de medios de comunicación, sino de medios de difusión, pasando así de un esquema tradicional a un proceso interactivo, cambiante y dinámico.
 Una red social es un espacio creado virtualmente para facilitar la interacción entre personas. Son lugares en Internet donde las personas o usuarios publican y comparten todo tipo de información, personal o profesional, con otras personas, conocidos y absolutos desconocidos.
 En este informe de investigación vamos a hablar de todos estos aspectos negativos y positivos que de una u otra forma influyen mucho en la vida cotidiana de la sociedad para bien o para mal. El internet facilita la información, como ventaja, pero hay que tener en consideración otros factores que se relacionan casi directamente como las redes sociales como la mal información

Information Acquisition and Liquidity Traps in Over-the-Counter Markets

I analyze the interaction between buyers’ information acquisition and market liquidity in over-the-counter markets with adverse selection. If a buyer anticipates that future buyers will acquire information about asset quality, she has an incentive to acquire information to avoid buying a lemon that will be hard to sell later. However, when current buyers acquire information, they cream-skim the market, leaving a larger fraction of lemons for sale and giving future buyers an incentive to acquire information. A liquid market can go through a self-fulfilling market freeze when buyers start to acquire information. More importantly, if information acquisition continues for a long enough period of time, the market gets stuck in an information trap with low liquidity: information acquisition worsens the composition of assets remaining on the market, and the bad composition incentivizes information acquisition. This prediction helps explain why the market for non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities experienced a sudden drop in liquidity—as potential buyers realized the need for greater due diligence—but has remained essentially dormant despite a strong recovery in the housing market.

A Study on the Asymmetric Effect to Housing Market Price Volatility

The objective of this paper empirically analyzes the relations between information and housing market volatility using the housing price index of Seoul, San Francisco and Los Angeles for the time period from January 1995 to July 2019. For the empirical test of the asymmetric effect of information on housing market volatility, this paper employs GJR-GARCH model which enable good information and bad information to have impact on volatility. The analysis results are as follows. First, it was found that the GJR-GARCH (1,1) model is suitable for analyzing the asymmetric reaction of housing price volatility for information types. Second, it was found that for information types, Seoul, San Francisco, and Los Angeles all displayed asymmetric housing price volatility. It was found that Seoul reacted greater to volatility for unexpected positive earnings rate information than unexpected negative earnings rate information, while on the contrary, San Francisco and Los Angeles showed that they reacted greater to unexpected negative earnings rate information than to unexpected positive earnings rate information. These findings support the hypothesis. Third, for sensitivity to volatility, Seoul was found to be about five times higher than San Francisco and Los Angeles. It is necessary to differentiate the housing price volatility prediction model and portfolio composition according to the information type.

INFORMATION FILTERS IN AL-QUR'AN PERSPECTIVE: THE IDENTITY OF INDONESIAN MOSLEMS IN THE INFORMATION ERA

Since globalization era has gone around the world, every one is able to accept news easily. Many kinds of information can be seen and heard whenever they want. Society observes bad or good information, hence they can learn anything in one side, but in the other side the information attacks them. The broken society arises soon every where. And Moslems are parts of them. If the moslems do not understand how Al-Qur’an overcomes this problem, they will not improve theirself and will be vanished by the end of the time. So,they should learn about how Alqur'an guides in responding information.

Research on Social Responsibility of E-commerce Platform

The realistic predicament of social responsibility of e-commerce platform is that illegal and bad information is flooding, information security and protection are prominent, and public education and supervision are weak. The purpose of this thesis was to analyzes the social responsibility of e-commerce platform by adopting international standard ISO 26000, and explores the main reasons of the dilemma of social responsibility of e-commerce platform, and then make some suggestions on how to improve the social responsibility of e-commerce platform.

NIVEL DE INFORMACION SOBRE AUTOCUIDADO PUERPERAL, MATERNIDAD DEL HOSPITAL LLANO, CORRIENTES CAPITAL, AÑO 2017

<p>Las complicaciones durante el posparto, son tema relevante, estas se encuentran vinculadas al escaso conocimiento que poseen las puérperas sobre el<br />autocuidado. Se realizó un estudio, en puérperas con experiencia, para identificar qué aspectos de su cuidado conocen y cuáles no, durante este periodo. Objetivos. Determinar el nivel de información sobre autocuidado<br />puerperal, de las madres internadas en la Maternidad “María de la Dulce Espera” del Hospital Ángela Iglesia de Llano en Corrientes Capital durante el mes de septiembre de 2017. Materiales y Método. Se realizó un estudio con enfoque descriptivo, transversal y observacional. Muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. La muestra se conformo por 50 mujeres puérperas que tuvieron parto vaginal, con experiencia previa y decidieron participar respondiendo una encuesta. Resultados: Promedio de edad 29 años, respecto al estado civil 46% vive en concubinato, 40% solteras, el 14% restantes divorciadas y casadas. Sobre el nivel de instrucción 36% refiere estudios primarios completos, 28% secundario completo y 22% secundario incompleto. Casi la totalidad de las madres es ama de casa 86%. La población en estudio posee nivel de información “Bueno” sobre autocuidado puerperal en alimentación (62%), higiene general (84%), cuidad o de mamas (80%), cuidado de episiotomía (94%), actividad física (80%), actividad sexual (92%) y reconocimiento de signos de alarma (82%). También se evidencian saberes regulares en variables referidas a alimentación (14%), cuidados de mamas (20%), actividad física (18%) e higiene general (16%). El nivel de conocimiento malo se encuentra presente en un 6% en lo referido al reconocimiento de signos de alarma puerperal. Conclusión: Se cumplió con los objetivos planteados. Del análisis de los aspectos de la variable “nivel de información sobre autocuidado puerperal” predomina en cada uno un nivel “Bueno”. Es importante la necesidad de continuar la instrucción en la etapa puerperal, destacando la actividad de enfermería como ente educador. Se recomienda la valoración de prácticas de autocuidado en el puerperio, haciendo hincapié en mejorar la información regular y mala que poseen las madres. La buena comprensión de las madres asegurará un puerperio saludable.</p>

Stop! Don’t Share That Story!: Designing a Pop-Up Undergraduate Workshop on Fake News

ABSTRACTFor the past few years librarians across the country have been leaders in the fight against fake news. This article describes an hour-long drop-in lesson given to undergraduate students on how to avoid falling victim to fake news. Particular emphasis is placed on how social media platforms contribute to the spread of bad information, and how students can alter their habits in order to help combat fake news in their own social circle. The lesson includes four engaged learning activities and can be taught without student access to computers. This low-tech approach is highly adaptable to different settings and class sizes. Students leave the session with the resources and knowledge to see past deceptive practices in the media and to take a more thoughtful approach to news consumption.

Analisis dan Pengukuran Kualitas Informasi Pada Website Menggunakan Pendekatan Six Sigma

Information held by a company is one of the important factors for its success. Nowadays with rapid development of usage of internet and social media, bad information can also have a significantly negative impact on every element / level that exists in the company or in the community. Sometimes it can lead to public unrest. Bad or good information has correlation with the quality of information. The aim of this research is to assest and analyze the quality of information using Six Sigma approach and we choose Kaskus website as a case study. Kaskus is the largest community online in Indonesia. It provided various kinds of information to its user. By using its approach, this research consists of 5 stages, they are “define”, “measure”, “analysis”, “improve”, and “control”. Each phase/stage using different tools to assess the current Information Quality, such as questionnaires for define phase, “Expert Choice”(Analytic Hierarchy Process) for measure phase, and quality function deployment (QFD) for analysis stage. Questionnaires used for defining customer specifications and identify information quality problem, meanwhile software “Expert Choice” used to measure the importance each quality information dimensions and then to validate/analyzise the problem of the data. And lastly, QFD used to determine the mutual relationships of information quality dimensions and critical to Information Quality factors. Output of “Analyze” stage shows that Accuracy, Relevancy, and Objectivity dimension on Kaskus website need to be improved immediately because it reaches unacceptable point.

For They Know Not What They Do: Selection Through Incentives When Information is Costly

Payments and discounts incentivize participation in many transactions about which people know little, but can learn more --- payments for medical trial participation, signing bonuses for job applicants, or price rebates on consumer durables. Who opts into the transaction when given such incentives? We show theoretically and experimentally that increasing participation payments disproportionately attracts individuals for whom learning about the transaction is harder. These participants decide based on worse information and are more likely to regret their decision ex post. The learning-based selection effect is stronger when information acquisition is more costly. Moreover, it outweighs selection on risk preferences in many of our treatments.

What Does Bad Information Look Like? Using the CRAAP Test for Evaluating Substandard Resources.

The CRAAP Test (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose), is a popular tool among academic librarians for instructing students in resource evaluation. Its applicability to web-based information makes it particularly useful for students as they think about information they encounter both inside and outside of scholastic settings. However, while students may be capable of explaining concepts like bias, authority, and scholarly publications, when it comes to questions of reliability they may have limited experience. For instance, students may have no trouble recognizing high quality resources, but still have difficulty identifying those characteristics that signify an unreliable or substandard resource. In an undergraduate science writing course, the CRAAP Test was introduced to students, who then used the test in a group activity to evaluate a resource that failed key aspects of the test. This activity engages students in how to critically evaluate resources and provides useful feedback for instructors on those evaluative concepts that remain unclear.

Does Customer Stock Price Crash Risk Have the Contagion Effects on Their Suppliers

Previous studies have documented that information asymmetry and agency problem are the most important factors that can lead to stock price crash risk. While the supervision of stakeholders such as analysts, institutional investors and creditors can effectively reduce a firm’s stock price crash risk. Specially, as one of the firms’ important stakeholders, the customers can exert the corporate governance effect and help to reduce their supplier firms’ stock price crash risk. However, none of the existing studies has focus on the impact of certain specific characteristics of a customer on its supplier firm’s stock price crash risk. Based on customer-supplier relationship chain, this paper examines whether stock price crash risk of a customer can spread to its supplier firm owing to close economic correlation from an external perspective. Because of the existence of the relationship as an interest community between suppliers and customers, a customer and its supplier rarely stand or fall alone; when a customer has the stock price crash risk, the crash risk may spread to its supplier, which we call the contagion effect along the supply chain. Specially, when the supplier’s own corporate governance is poor or information asymmetry is serious, a customer’s stock price crash risk can easily become the last straw that will lead to a death of a camel, that is to say, when the supplier’s healthy is poor, the contagion effect will be more significant. What’s more, we further analyze how the close degree of a customer and its supplier can influence the contagion effect. We expect that closer relation will lead to stronger contagion effect. Due to closer relation, a customer or its supplier will be more difficult to change their trading object because of highly switching cost. Using a special database that both a customer and its supplier along the supply chain are listed companies, we explore the contagion effect through the supply chain based on customer stock price crash risk. It comes to the following conclusions: firstly, there is no synchronicity between a customer’s crash risk and its supplier’ concurrent stock price crash risk, but stock price crash risk of a customer is positively related with the stock price crash risk of its supplier in the following year, which means that there exists contagion effect along the supply chain. What’s more, this contagion effect only exists when the supplier’s own stock price crash risk is higher. Secondly, when a customer highly relies on its supplier or a supplier highly relies on its customer, or one firm has much proprietary investment, or the relationship between them are more stable or benign, the contagion effect is stronger. Its contributions may lie in the following three aspects: firstly, many studies investigate the contagion effect between two firms that are in the same industry or are link up by a third party, and few of them are based on contagion through a supply chain, so our study may provide a new setting on the literature of contagion effect. Secondly, the mainstream literature considers that internal factors like hiding bad information and poor corporate governance are the main factors leading to stock price crash risk. This paper shows that a customer’s stock price crash risk as an external factor can also lead to its supplier firm’s stock price crash risk, thereby helping to enrich the literature of stock price crash risk. Thirdly, most of the existing literature focuses on how customer concentration affects the supply firm’s performance; based on a special supply chain, we examine the contagion effect of customer stock price crash risk on its supplier, providing new insight into economic consequences of customer-supplier relationship and helping to enrich the literature of customer-supplier relationship.

O organizacji preferencyjnej rozmów urzędowych

This paper reviews the concept of preference organisation described in conversation analysis research. The concept is not widely known in Polish linguistics, it appears in some books regarding the pragmatics (Levinson 2010) or conversation analysis (Rancew-Sikora 2007; Rutkowski 2015). In this paper, the concept is examined in the structure of the institutional talks. The examples examined here seem to confirm the tentative assumptions as well as the general remarks done by the conversation analysis researchers. The preferred responses within the adjacency pairs are shorter, produced without delay, more direct, unmarked, as well as dispreferred responses are delayed by pauses, introduced with prefaces (markers). More interesting is the correlation between the type of utterance and the conversational role of client or clerk. The typical client’s dispreferred responses are questions and inquiries, and the clerk’s dispreferred response is giving bad information. A more detailed research may provide interesting conclusions about not psychological motivations (preferences), but rather a matter of some model-talks schemas existance, regarding various types of social actions and talks.

Arming students against bad information

In the age of fake news, teachers in every subject area should redouble their efforts to help students distinguish between credible and deceptive sources of information. The author calls attention to a few key resources, including the CRAAP guidelines developed at California State University, Chico, and promoted by the American Library Association.

Like Riding a Bike, But Not

Like Riding a Bike, But Not