Bacteriological Samples Research Articles

Uterine endometrial cytology, biopsy, bacteriology, and serum C-reactive protein in clinically healthy diestrus bitches

The aim of this work was to assess the agreement between endometrial cytology and uterine biopsy for the diagnosis of endometritis (END), the bacterial populations isolated from the vagina and uterus of bitches having END, and the measurement of C- reactive protein as a diagnostic tool for diagnosis of END in clinically healthy bitches. Fifty privately-owned intact, clinically healthy bitches, in diestrus, without a history of progestin administration, aged between 8 months and 6 years old and weighing between 5 and 28 kg were used in this study. Bitches were included in a program for breeding control at a municipal pet public shelter. Before ovariohysterectomy (OVX) samples for vaginal cytology and bacteriology, and blood samples were taken. After OVX endometrial cytology, bacteriological samples and biopsy were collected. Histologic examination was performed to confirm the uterine condition. Blood samples were centrifuged and stored at −20 °C until progesterone (P4) and C-reactive protein was measured. Samples for bacteriological culture were collected, and swabs were placed into Stuart's transport medium and transported to the laboratory. On histopathologic examination, the most common observation was END (27/50), followed by normal endometrium (NE; 18/50), cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH; 2/50), atrophy (2/50) and fibrosis with degeneration of the endometrial glands (1/50). Low degree of agreement was observed between results obtained by endometrial cytology samples and results obtained by biopsy in endometrial diagnosis (Kappa Coefficient: −0.19). In vaginal samples, β-hemolytic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the bacteria most often found. In uterine samples, only four samples from END showed bacterial grow. C-reactive protein frequency was higher in END (6/23, 23%) vs NE (0/16, 0%; Van der Waerden P-value = 0,0302). Our results support the hypothesis that END is a frequent finding in uterine biopsy and could be associated with subfertility and infertility in the bitch. A low degree of agreement was observed between the diagnostic results from the uterine biopsy and endometrial cytology. Bacteriology would not be recommended as a diagnostic tool because no bacteria highly associated with uterine diseases were isolated from bitches with END. Finally, the usefulness of C-reactive protein concentration as a marker for END in bitches could not be conclusively demonstrated.

Molecular detection of Shiga toxin-producing and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from buffaloes in southwest of Iran.

Three hundred fifteen bacteriological samples were obtained from feces and both external and visceral cavity surfaces of carcasses of 105 healthy buffalo slaughtered in southwest of Iran. Confirmed Escherichia coli isolates were examined for antimicrobial resistance phenotypically and were screened for stx1, stx2, and eae genes and their subtypes and assessment of antimicrobial resistance genes by regular PCR and RFLP techniques. One hundred forty-five E. coli were isolated from feces (96 isolates) and external (37) and internal (12) surfaces of carcasses. Results showed that the prevalence of STEC, EPEC, and EHEC pathotypes was 2.8%, 0.7%, and 0.7% respectively. Among 6 (4.13%) positive isolates for examined genes, 4 (2.8%) isolates were positive for stx1, 3 (2.1%) for stx2, and 2 (1.4%) for eae gene. The detected genes were classified into stx1a (4 isolates), stx2a, stx2b, stx2c, eae-β, and unknown subtypes. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance gene was sulII (11.03%). The tetB, qnrB, floR, blaTEM, blaSHV, and aadA genes were found to a lesser extent, and all isolates were negative for blaCTX-15, blaOXA, aac(3)-I, tetA, cat1, qnrA, sulI, dhfrI, and dhfrV genes. Twelve combination patterns of antibiotic-resistant genes were observed. Maximum phenotypically resistance rate was against doxycycline (91.83%), and the minimum was against ceftazidime and florfenicol (2.75%). E. coli isolates from feces and carcasses of slaughtered buffalo can be considered a mild reservoir for stx and eae genes. However, healthy buffaloes could be considered a potential reservoir of multiple antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates.

Divergent selection on milk somatic cell count in goats improves udder health and milk quality with no effect on nematode resistance

Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is commonly higher in goats than in cattle and sheep. Furthermore, the ability of milk SCC to predict mastitis is considered lower in goats than in cattle and sheep, and the relevance of somatic cell score (SCS)-based selection in this species has been questioned. To address this issue, we created 2 divergent lines of Alpine goats using artificially inseminated bucks with extreme estimated breeding values for SCS. A total of 287 goats, 158 in high- and 129 in low-SCS lines, were scrutinized for mastitis infections. We subjected 2,688 milk samples to conventional bacteriological analyses on agarose and bacterial counts were estimated for positive samples. The SCS, milk yield, fat content, and protein content were recorded every 3 wk. Clinical mastitis was systematically noted. A subset of 40 goats (20 from each line) was subsequently challenged with Haemonchus contortus and monitored for anemia (blood packed cell volume) and fecal egg counts to see if SCS-based selection had an indirect effect on resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. Milk production traits, including milk quantity, fat content, and protein content, were similar in both goat lines. In contrast, the raw milk SCC almost doubled between the lines, with 1,542,000 versus 855,000 cells/mL in the high- and low-SCS lines, respectively. The difference in breeding value for SCS between lines was 1.65 genetic standard deviation equivalents. The Staphylococcus spp. most frequently isolated from milk were S. xylosus, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. The frequency of positive bacteriology samples was significantly higher in the high-SCS line (49%) than in the low-SCS line (33%). The highest odds ratio was 3.49 (95% confidence interval: 11.95-6.25) for S. aureus. The distribution of bacterial species in positive samples between lines was comparable. The average quantity of bacteria in positive samples was also significantly higher in high-SCS goats (69 ± 80 growing colonies) than in low-SCS goats (38 ± 62 growing colonies). Clinical cases were rare and equally distributed between high- (n = 4; 2.5%) and low-SCS (n = 3; 2.3%) lines. Furthermore, the larger the amounts of bacteria in milk the higher the SCS level. Conversely, goats with repeatedly culture-negative udders exhibited the lowest SCC levels, with an average of below 300,000 cells/mL. We therefore confirmed that SCS is a relevant predictor of intramammary infection and hygienic quality of milk in goats and can be used for prophylactic purposes. After challenge with H. contortus, goats were anemic with high fecal egg counts but we found no difference between the genetic lines. This result provides initial evidence that resistance to mastitis or to gastrointestinal nematodes infections is under independent genetic regulation. Altogether, this monitoring of the goat lines indicated that SCS-based selection helps to improve udder health by decreasing milk cell counts and reducing the incidence of infection and related bacterial shedding in milk. Selection for low SCC should not affect a goat's ability to cope with gastrointestinal nematodes.

Motion-capture system to assess intraoperative staff movements and door openings: Impact on surrogates of the infectious risk in surgery.

We longitudinally observed and assessed the impact of the operating room (OR) staff movements and door openings on surrogates of the exogenous infectious risk using a new technology system. This multicenter observational study included 13 ORs from 10 hospitals, performing planned cardiac and orthopedic surgery (total hip or knee replacement). Door openings during the surgical procedure were obtained from data collected by inertial sensors fixed on the doors. Intraoperative staff movements were captured by a network of 8 infrared cameras. For each surgical procedure, 3 microbiological air counts, longitudinal particles counts, and 1 bacteriological sample of the wound before skin closure were performed. Statistics were performed using a linear mixed model for longitudinal data. We included 34 orthopedic and 25 cardiac procedures. The median frequency of door openings from incision to closure was independently associated with an increased log10 0.3 µm particle (ß, 0.03; standard deviation [SD], 0.01; P = .01) and air microbial count (ß, 0.07; SD, 0.03; P = .03) but was not significantly correlated with the wound contamination before closure (r = 0.13; P = .32). The number of persons (ß, -0.08; SD, 0.03; P < .01), and the cumulated movements by the surgical team (ß, 0.0004; SD, 0.0005; P < .01) were associated with log10 0.3 µm particle counts. This study has demonstrated a previously missing association between intraoperative staff movements and surrogates of the exogenous risk of surgical site infection. Restriction of staff movements and door openings should be considered for the control of the intraoperative exogenous infectious risk.

Are routine microbiological samplings in acute dental infections justified? Our 10-year real-life experience

PurposeMost patients with severe odontogenic infections are successfully treated with large spectrum probabilistic antibioc therapy, drainage of the collections and tooth treatment or extraction and are discharged home before antibiotic sensitivity results were available. The investigators hypothesized whether bacteriological sampling should be systematically performed in the management of patients with severe odontogenic infections. Methods: The investigators implemented a prospective observational study. The sample was composed of patients managed between January 2004 and December 2014 for severe odontogenic infection based on three criteria: hospital admission, intravenous antibiotic therapy, tooth extraction and collections drainage under general anesthesia. The predictor variable was the results of bacteriological sampling, culture and sensitivity. The outcome variable was antibiotic therapy adaptation according to antibiotic sensitivity results. ResultsThe sample was composed of 653 patients; 386 (59%) were male and 267 (41%) female, with a mean age of 37 years (range 18–88); 378 (58%) patients had been receiving oral antibiotics before admission to hospital, for a mean duration of 4.1 days (range 1 – 30). About 535 (81.9%) patients had swabs taken during surgery. Microorganisms were observed in 477 (89.1%) patients but in 377 (70.5%) they were polymorphic oropharyngeal flora. After culture, at least one antibiogram was obtained for 91 (17%) patients and the results led to antibiotic therapy being adapted in 23 (4.3%) patients. ConclusionThe results suggest that bacteriological analysis had an impact on evolution in less than 5% of patients. Future studies will focus on the patients for whom the bacteriological analysis is essential.

Bacterial species associated with interdigital phlegmon outbreaks in Finnish dairy herds

BackgroundSevere outbreaks of bovine interdigital phlegmon (IP) have occurred recently in several free stall dairy herds in Finland. We studied the aetiology of IP in such herds, and the association of bacterial species with the various stages of IP and herds of various morbidity of IP. Nineteen free stall dairy herds with IP outbreaks and three control herds were visited and bacteriological samples collected from cows suffering from IP (n = 106), other hoof diseases (n = 58), and control cows (n = 64). The herds were divided into high morbidity (morbidity ≥50%) and moderate morbidity groups (9–33%) based on morbidity during the first two months of the outbreak.ResultsF. necrophorum subspecies necrophorum was clearly associated with IP in general, and T. pyogenes was associated with the healing stage of IP. Six other major hoof pathogens were detected; Dichelobacter nodosus, Porphyromonas levii, Prevotella melaninogenica, Treponema spp. and Trueperella pyogenes. Most of the samples of acute IP (66.7%) harboured both F. necrophorum and D. nodosus. We found differences between moderate morbidity and high morbidity herds. D. nodosus was more common in IP lesion in high than in moderate morbidity herds.ConclusionsOur result confirms that F. necrophorum subspecies necrophorum is the main pathogen in IP, but also T. pyogenes is associated with the healing stage of IP. Our results suggest that D. nodosus may play a role in the severity of the outbreak of IP, but further research is needed to establish other bacteriological factors behind these severe outbreaks.

Comparative Evaluation of Triple Antibiotic Paste, Propolis with Moxifloxacin, and Calcium Hydroxide as Intracanal Medicaments against Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus faecalis in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Aims:The antimicrobial efficacy of intracanal medicaments such as calcium hydroxide, propolis with moxifloxacin, and triple antibiotic paste (TAP) was assessed against Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus faecalis in chronic apical periodontitis (AP) patients with Type II diabetes mellitus (DM).Settings and Design:This study design was a randomized clinical trial.Subjects and Methods:Forty-five Type II DM patients with single-rooted teeth diagnosed as AP were instrumented, randomly divided into three groups, and medicated with either TAP, propolis with moxifloxacin, or calcium hydroxide. Bacteriological samples obtained from the root canals after instrumentation (S1) in the first treatment session, and after medication (S2) in the second session 1 week later, were assessed for bacterial growth of E. faecalis and Streptococcus spp., by viable colony-forming unit counts.Statistical Analysis Used:Intragroup, intergroup, and pair-wise comparisons were done by Wilcoxon's signed ranked test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Mann–Whitney test, respectively (P > 0.05).Results:The microbiological analysis showed a significant reduction in microbial count from (S1) to (S2) in all the study groups. However, intergroup comparisons revealed no significant difference in decrease of microbial load between all three groups at the end of 1 week.Conclusions:Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that antimicrobial efficacy of TAP, propolis with moxifloxacin, and calcium hydroxide were comparable.

A Survey of Staphylococcus Isolates amongst Commonly used Fomites of Hospital Personnel with Special Reference to Methicillin Resistance

Multidrug resistant Staphylococcus isolates in hospitals have been recognized as one of the major challenges in the hospital infection control. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus spp. present in hospital personnel's may act as carriers and can serve as a focus of nosocomial spread of multidrug resistant Staphylococci in tertiary level hospitals. The objective of the study was to find the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. carriage amongst the fomites commonly used by hospital personnel with special emphasis on methicillin resistance. Bacteriological sampling of commonly used fomites of the hospital personnel involved in patient care were done. Isolates were identified by standard bacteriological methods up to species level. Each of the Staphylococcus isolates was screened for methicillin resistance using cefoxitin disc. Amongst the fomites screened mobile phones and pens were the largest number of items screened. Out of the 250 samples included in the study, 122 showed growth of Staphylococcus, out of which 21 were Staphylococcus aureus and 101 were Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CONS). Out of these 11 were Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 46 were Methicillin resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (MRCoNS). Presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus provides a possible source of hospital acquired infection and in order to curtail this menace a periodic surveillance and prompt necessary action is necessary.

Support Epidemiology and Prognosis of Premature Rupture of Membranes in Pikine National Hospital Center

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) complicates 3% of preterm pregnancies and occurs in 60% to 80% of term pregnancies. However, its management remains largely controversial. The objective of this study was to establish the epidemiological profile, to study the management and the prognosis of Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) in our practice. Patients and methods: It was a prospective, descriptive and analytical study from May 1st 2016 to January 31st 2017 at the Pikine National Hospital Center. The target population consisted of all patients received at the hospital with premature rupture of membranes and who had given birth in the structure. The variables studied were: marital status, mode and reason for admission; risk factors; antecedents; prenatal care; the clinical and paraclinical examinations; support and immediate maternal and fetal neonatal complications. Results and comments: The mean maternal age was 27.34 years and the majority of women were aged between 18 and 39 years (94.4%). Fifty-one point three percent of patients were primiparous, large multiparous represented only 2.5%. The majority of patients (385 patients or 66.9%) had consulted in the first 12 hours following the onset of fluid flow. For 20.1% of them this flow was associated with uterine contractions. Hidden risk factors were dominated by the twin pregnancy. The blood count showed that 38.8% of patients had leukocytosis and CRP was positive in 18.3% of patients. An ampicillin-based antibiotics was established in 42.6% of cases, corticosteroid therapy in 5.2% and 1% in tocolysis. An expectation was adopted in 65.7% of cases, induction of labor in 7.3% and a cesarean section immediately in 27% of cases. In total, 65.7% of patients had vaginal delivery and 34.3% cesarean. The perinatal mortality rate was 3.6% or 22 newborns on 610. Two cases of endometritis were observed and one case of immediate postpartum hemorrhage. No maternal deaths were recorded. Conclusion: These results show that the prognosis of premature rupture of membranes remains favorable in our practice. To improve this prognosis, we recommend sensitization of patients during prenatal care regarding signs of danger, a systematic bacteriological sample from all pregnant at the end of their pregnancy and the health personnel to direct patients’ references to structures in case of PROM.

EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION AND THERAPEUTIC USE OF BACTERIOPHAGE ENDOLYSIN AGAINST MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: AN IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO STUDY

Background: Persistent infection with multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) represents a real problem for health care providers. Bacteriophage lytic enzymes or lysins are highly evolved molecules that have been specifically developed by phages to quickly and efficiently allow their progeny to be released from the host bacterium while destructing that bacterium. Objective: Isolation of endolysin from P. aeruginosa bacteriophages, and administering them systematically in vivo lab animal and measuring their therapeutic efficacy as well as evaluation of their biosafety. Methods: This study was performed from March 2015 – August 2017, during which 50 bacteriological samples of P. aeruginosa were collected, and examined for their antibiogram, then bacteriophage cocktails were done for 5 resistant strains of them. Endolysins were extracted from their corresponding bacteriophages and characterized. The enzymatic and antibacterial activities as well in vivo therapeutic efficiency of these enzymes were investigated. Results: This study showed that the extracted endolysin from these bacteriophages was effective in treating laboratory mice from bacteremia with P. aeruginosa and saving their lives when injected intraperitoneal. Conclusion: Endolysin can be extracted directly from their bacteriophages and used effectively in proper doses to treat bacteremia in mice. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacteriophage, endolysin, MDR Citation: Ali MR, Kadhim SR, Abdulamir AS. Extraction, purification and therapeutic use of bacteriophage endolysin against multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An in-vitro and in-vivo study. Iraqi JMS. 2018; 16(4): 405-412. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.16.4.8

Effects of 2 preparation methods and long-term storage on structural integrity and bacterial loads of equine amnion.

To determine the influence of tissue preparation and long-term storage methods on structural integrity and risk of bacterial contamination of equine amnion. Prospective experimental investigation SAMPLE POPULATION: Amniotic membranes from 8 healthy mares (n = 440 tested samples). Samples for baseline bacteriology and histology were taken after removal of debris. The remaining tissue was divided and processed with 0.05% chlorhexidine or 2% iodine/0.25% acetic acid. Processed amnion samples were assigned to 1 of 9 combinations of storage media (saline, chlorhexidine, acetic acid) and temperature (4 °C, -20 °C, -80 °C). Samples were submitted for quantitative bacteriology and histopathology at 1 week, 4 weeks, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Baseline bacterial levels ranged from <200 to > 150 000 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL. None of the potentially pathogenic bacteria in baseline samples were subsequently cultured throughout the study. Nonpathogenic bacteria (median 20 cfu/mL), most commonly Bacillus sp, were cultured sporadically across storage conditions. Tissue architecture was minimally affected histologically by processing protocol, storage temperature, or storage duration. The 2 processing protocols tested here resulted in minimal bacterial contamination or loss of structural integrity of equine amnion stored for up to 12 months at 4 °C, -20 °C, or -80 °C. Amnion collected during the foaling season may be stored for up to 12 months without significant bacterial contamination or structural alterations.

Microbiological status of root canal after unsuccessful endodontic treatment

Summary Introduction The main objective of endodontic treatment is to eliminate infection from root canal and prevent reinfection by three-dimensional hermetic obturation of the canal system. Endodontic failure can occur due to inability of complete control and elimination of infection from the root canal. The aim of this study is to investigate, by PCR technique, microbiological status of previously endodontically unsuccessfully treated teeth immediately after the removal of obturation material. Material and Methods The analysis included 30 teeth indicated for endodontic retreatment. After removing previous root canal filling material, the bacteriological sample was taken by sterile instrument (# 15) and paper points. Standard PCR technique was used to analyze the incidence of E.faecalis, P.micros, P.intermedia, P. endodontalis and A.actinomycetemcomitans. Results Positive bacteriological findings were registered in 80% of cases, while bacteria were not identified in 20% of all samples (all taken from the root canals without significant changes in periapical tissue). From 24 canals with identified bacteria, 17 had affected apical periodontium. The most dominant microbe in root canals with positive bacteriological finding was E.faecalis (83.3% of the canals) and P.intermedia (75%). In case of teeth with chronic periapical changes, the most common was E. faecalis (94%) and P.intermedia (82.3%). Conclusion The presence of periapical lesions significantly affects microbiological status of endodontically treated teeth. The presence of bacteria was confirmed in most teeth with periapical lesions, while the most frequently identified bacteria were E. faecalis, P.intermedia and P.micros.

Cytological and bacteriological sampling from filters used for embryo recovery to evaluate the uterine status of donor mares.

While testing for uterine bacterial infection is usually performed prior to artificial insemination (AI), samples taken during or after embryo flushing are generally not assessed either in subfertile and old mares or in fertile mares, even though knowledge of the status of the uterine environment in which the embryo is to develop would help to predict the outcome of embryo transfer programmes. The presence of bacteria and inflammatory cells in the liquid retained in the filter after uterine flushing in donors was determined at the moment of embryo recovery. Primarily, a group of mares (n = 8) displaying evident clinical signs of endometritis was selected to evaluate the cytological and bacteriological findings in filters after uterine flushing and in uterine cotton swabs. Two uterine samples (for cytological and bacterial evaluation) were taken with cotton swabs and, subsequently, the uterus was flushed and the efflux was also subjected to bacteriological and cytological analysis. Later, a group of donors (n = 20) was also involved to evaluate the presence of bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). After embryo flushing and collection, the efflux retained in the filter was evaluated by cytology and bacteriology. A sterile cotton swab was then scrubbed on the filter mesh, and a bacterial culture was performed. The embryo recovery rate was 30% (n = 6); Escherichia coli was isolated in one efflux sample collected from embryo-productive flushings, while the other five samples were negative by culture. Bacterial growth (not considered as contamination) was observed in a total of three samples, although no inflammatory cells were detected. Bacteria were isolated in endometrial samples collected after embryo flushing in donor mares, although inflammatory cells were never present in the uterus of mares from which embryos were recovered. In the absence of clinical signs, cytological and/or bacteriological samplings are not very useful for estimating the success of embryo recovery in donor mares, but evaluation of the filter and efflux after uterine flushing in donors may provide valuable information regarding uterine status at embryo collection.

Molecular Analysis of the Antibacterial Effects of Photodynamic Therapy in Endodontic Surgery: A Case Series

In this case series, bacterial reduction promoted by antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) used during endodontic surgery was evaluated. Cases were also followed up, and the surgical outcome was reported. The study consisted of 19 teeth with posttreatment apical periodontitis that were consecutively treated by endodontic surgery. After apicoectomy, the root end was treated with PDT using methylene blue as the photosensitizer. Bacteriologic samples were taken from both the cut root surface and the root-end cavity before and after PDT. Samples were analyzed for the total bacterial and Streptococcus group counts using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. EndoSequence BC-RRM Putty (Brasseler, Savannah, GA) was used as the root-end filling. Patients were followed up, and the surgical outcome was evaluated. The reduction in bacterial counts after the PDT approach was analyzed using the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test. PDT significantly reduced the total bacterial and streptococcal counts in both root-end cavities and resected root surfaces (P < .05). The success rate for 15 teeth that were available for recall after 12 to 21 months was 93% under a loose evaluation criterion and 73% under a rigid one. Used during endodontic surgery, PDT significantly enhanced disinfection of the cut surface area and root-end cavity. Cases treated with PDT showed a high healing rate.

Mastitis in the transition period: identification of potential blood markers

ABSTRACT This study identified potential blood markers associated with mastitis in dairy cows under different dry therapies during the transition period, using a logistic regression model. Thirty-four Holstein dairy cows were divided into three groups: untreated controls (13 cows, 42 quarters); animals that received an antimicrobial at drying-off (10 cows, 40 quarters); and animals that were administered an internal teat sealant at drying-off (11 cow, 44 quarters). Blood and quarter milk samples were collected 60 days before the expected day of calving, on the day of calving, and three, seven, 15, 21, and 30 days after calving. Milk samples were submitted for bacteriological analysis and somatic cell count. Blood samples were collected for analyses of the following: the erythrogram and leucogram; plasm fibrinogen concentration; hepatic and renal functions; metabolic profile; serum calcium and phosphorous levels; total serum protein and albumin concentrations. The concentration of total serum proteins was associated with a high somatic cell count. Similarly, the concentrations of total serum proteins and triglycerides were associated to milk bacteriological positive samples during the transition period. Thus, the occurrence of mastitis in dairy cows during the transition period was greater in animals that showed higher concentrations of serum total proteins and triglycerides, in contrast to the use of dry cow therapy.

Aerobic etiology of intraabdominal infections in a public hospital. Surveillance and antibiotic resistance

Background: The treatment of intrabdominal infections are empirically performed on the basis of existing epidemiological data. There are data in Argentine that present an increased resistance more than 30% to Ciprofloxacin and Ampicilin/sulbactam in E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The following study is performed in order to know the etiology and antimicrobial resistance in our region. Methods & Materials: Retrospective, descriptive and observational study. The patients included not only had intraabdominal infection diagnosis but also any kind of surgery in order to control the source in the “Hospital Escuela de Agudos Dr. Ramón Madariaga” with positive aerobic bacteriological results between January 1st, 2016 and December 31st, 2016. Data were analyzed by the statistical support of IBM SPSS statistics v. 19.0. Epidemic registries were done. The analysis of bacteriological samples were developed in the “Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia del Instituto Carlos Malbrán (LNR)”. Results: There were analyzed 69 intrabdominal infections, 59 acute appendicitis, male 45/69 (65.2%), middle aged 41 (15-86), comorbidities 23/69 (33%), previous use of antibiotics 10/69 (14.5%), previous hospital admission 4/69 (5.8%). The empirical treatment used was based on one drug with activity against aerobic pathogens in 68 cases (98.6%). The most frequent active drugs used were ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole 62/69 (89.9%) and ampicillin/sulbactam 4/69 (5.8%). 94 aerobic bacterias were isolated (1.4 bacterias/episodes), gram negative bacteria 82/94 (87.2%), Escherichia coli 55/94 (58.5%), Klebsiella pneumonia 10/94 (10.6%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8/94 (8.5%). The resistance profile of the enterobacterias was ampicillin/sulbactam 27/69 (39%), ciprofloxacin 18/70 (26%), gentamicin 8/71 (11%), cefotaxime 4/71(6%) and piperacillin/tazobactam 3/71 (4%). In E. coli was ampicillin/sulbactam 23/55(42%), ciprofloxacin 15/55 (28%), gentamicin 6/53 (11%), amikacin 1/28 (4%), piperacillin/tazobactam 1/55 (2%) and cefotaxime 2/55(4%). In K. pneumoniae was ampicillin/sulbactam 3/10 (30%), ciprofloxacin 3/10 (30%), gentamicin 2/10(20%), piperacillin/tazobactam 2/10 (20%), cefotaxime 2/10 (20%), amikacin 0/5 (0%). There were no resistant in P. aeruginosa. Beta lactamase of extended spectrum 4/71. Conclusion: The microbiological findings of this study provide information to base the election of antibiotic empirical treatments in our hospital. This findings lead us to ask the necessity of reconsider the antibiotics schemes empirically outlined to intrabdominal infection

Results of bacterial analysis of foodstuffs and swabs from working surfaces in food manufacturing and marketing facilities in Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Introduction. According to the Consumer and Food Safety Act, the term foodstuffs is referred to as any substance used for food or drink, either processed or unprocessed. Food safety is referred to as hygiene food safety as well as the safety of food composition (energy giving, body building and protective food components). The aim of the study is to examine the bacteriological quality of samples of foodstuffs and swabs from working surfaces in food manufacturing and marketing facilities in Bosnian-Podrinje Canton (BPC) from 2011 to 2015, as well as to determine whether the increase in the frequency of supervision leads to the decrease in the number of defective samples. Methods.The study encompassed three municipalities of BPC: Goražde, Prača and Ustikolina. Microbiological quality of samples was tested in the accredited microbiology laboratory of the Public Health Institute of the Sarajevo Canton, and partly in the laboratories of the Public Health Institute of BPC. For a retrospective view of the obtained data, Central laboratory protocols from the last five years were used. Results. The greatest number of samples was collected in catering establishments in Goražde Municipality. The number of analyzed samples increased during five-year period: from 51 food and 69 swab samples in 2011 to 150 food and 270 surface swab samples in 2015. The number of inadequate samples decreased simultaneously from 7.27% to 3.33%. In the majority of samples, aerobic mesophilic bacteria (37) and saprophytic cocci (25) were isolated, while Streptoccocus faecalis and sulphitoreducing Clostridiae were found only in one sample. The number of samples in which bacteria were isolated decreased in five-year period: from 38 samples in 2011 to 15 samples in 2015. Conclusion. It has been shown that the more frequent control of the food manufacturing and marketing facilities leads to better results, that is to the reduction in the number of bacteriological defective samples. Food safety is not alarming in BPC.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Surveillance of surgical site infections cases in prosthetic orthopedics in a French University Hospital, from 2013 to 2016

Introduction Surgical site infections (SSI) in prosthetic orthopedic surgery are infrequent but serious complications. They are responsible for repeated and prolonged hospitalizations, morbidity, and severe disabilities, which can be life-threatening and lead to high hospitalization costs. SSI incidence after total articular prosthesis is estimated between 0.5 and 6% in the United States and between 0.5 and 1% in Europe. In France, in 2015 SSI incidences after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were 0.8% and 0.5%, respectively. The objective is to report SSI incidence trends and to describe SSI cases for patients hospitalized for THA and TKA in a Prosthetic Orthopedic Unit of Lyon University Hospital (LUH), from 2013 to 2016. Methods This surveillance was targeted to adult patients operated on for a scheduled or emergency surgery of THA and TKA in an Orthopedic and Traumatological Surgery Unit of Edouard-Herriot University Hospital (Lyon, France, 1160 beds), from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2016. Patients’ follow-up lasted one year; all the cases of surgical revision in Orthopedic or Emergency Surgery Unit were identified and consulted, in order to check for a possible infectious reason. All SSI suspected cases were studied and evaluated in collegial discussion, after consultation of patient records, analysis of revision reasons and of bacteriological positive samples. SSI incidence was calculated by % cases/total population of patients operated on from 2013 to 2016 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) is indicated]. Results In total, from 2013 to 2016, 1497 patients have been operated on for arthroplasty (40.3% of TKA, 59.7% of THA); 60.7% of them were women, average age was 68.6 ± 14.4 years. ASA distribution was: 1 (9.5%), 2 (53.6%), 3 (34.7%), 4 (1.5%), 5 (0.1%). Average surgery duration was 105.1 ± 43.4 min (surgery duration Conclusions In our university hospital, SSI incidence on prosthetic orthopedics interventions (THA and TKA) from 2013 to 2015 maintained a nearly constant trend, higher than national level (national global incidence from 2013 to 2015: 0.6% [95% CI: 0.6–0.7)]. In 2016, SSI incidence on THA remained constant, while SSI incidence on TKA showed a threefold increase. SSI cases analysis indicated that they were all characterized by known patients (overweight or obesity, insulin-dependent diabetes or immunosuppressive therapies) or intervention risk factors (longer intervention duration). The most frequently identified microorganisms are of cutaneous origin, emphasizing the importance of preoperative preparation, including preoperative showers, depilation and skin disinfection. According to the “National Action Program for the Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections” (2015), the objective of SSI incidence on THA and TKA inferior or equal to 1% must be reached and maintained.

Detection of the unknown components of the oral microflora of teeth with periapical radiolucencies in a Turkish population using next-generation sequencing techniques.

To detect the unknown components of the oral microbiome and the effects of root canal treatment in a Turkish population and to evaluate the changes in microbial diversity in the root canals before and after treatment. Single-rooted central and lateral maxillary incisors with one canal were chosen from 20 patients. Baseline samples of intact intracanal microbiota were collected from 20 root canals of permanent teeth with necrotic pulps using sterile paper points. After root canal preparation, the root canals were filled with a calcium hydroxide paste for 7days. Calcium hydroxide was removed from root canal with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA using passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). A second bacteriologic samples were taken with sterile paper points prior to root filling. The samples were processes with DNase-I treatment using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Reduction in bacterial numbers during root canal treatment was evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). All statistical analyses were conducted using the MINITAB 17 software (Minitab Ltd. Co., Coventry, UK). A one-sample t-test was used to analyse the data. Statistical significance was accepted at P<0.05. Relative abundances of Mycoplasma sp., Paludibacter sp., Tannerella sp., Prevotella spp. and an uncultured species from the order Bacteroidales decreased with root canal preparation and medication (98.7%, 99.8%, 98.8%, 97.7% and 99.3%, respectively), whilst the relative abundances of Methylobacterium sp., Corynebacterium sp. and Streptococcus infantis increased (93.1%, 94.8% and 99.4%, respectively). Considerable numbers of Streptophyta species were detected before and after treatment. The ratio of Agrobacterium sp. in the treated teeth community and the ratio of order Streptophyta in the infected canals had negative correlations with the success of bacterial elimination. The combination of NGS and qPCR techniques resulted in detection of previously unknown components of the oral microbiome and the effects of root canal treatment on their relative abundance in a Turkish population.

Bacteriological sampling of peritoneal dialysis fluids. How to limit negative-culture peritonitis rate?

Peritonitis is a major and serious complication in terms of morbi-mortality for patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. Their microbiological diagnosis is challenging for both the detection of the etiological agents and in interpreting positive cultures.&#x0D; Many microorganisms can cause this infection; usual micro-organisms such as coagulase-negative staphylococci or Enterobacteriaceae, but also ‘atypical’ bacteria, which culture or detection, is more tedious can be found.&#x0D; To identify the responsible bacteria, molecular biology and culture techniques can be set up. Molecular biology (particularly the sequencing of the universal 16s rDNA gene) makes it possible to identify atypical agents, but antimicrobial susceptibility testing cannot be performed following these technics.&#x0D; The culture of peritoneal dialysis fluids remains the ‘gold-standard’ for the diagnosis of these infections. Nevertheless this must be optimized to enhance its sensitivity.&#x0D; The etiological diagnosis of peritonitis in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis may be difficult, but modern microbiology combined with a bacterioclinical discussion allow the identification of the microorganism responsible for the infection in the great majority of the cases.