Antibacterial Properties Research Articles

Chitosan-casein blended with condensed tannin and carnauba wax for the fabrication of antibacterial and antioxidant food packing films

In this study, various chitosan-based films such as chitosan (C), chitosan-condensed tannin (CT), chitosan-casein (CC), and chitosan-casein-condensed tannin (CCT) films were prepared for the purpose of food packaging. In order to improve the hydrophobicity of these films, carnauba wax was blended into CCT to produce CCTW film. Properties such as morphology, UV resistance, water solubility, barrier performance, tensile strength, antioxidant, antibacterial and its performance as food packaging were evaluated. Compared with other chitosan-based films, CCTW films exhibited higher UV resistance, tensile strength, thermal stability and hydrophobicity. The addition of both condensed tannin and carnauba wax has significantly decreased the water vapor and oxygen permeability of the CCTW films. The CCTW films were proved capable of repelling most daily consuming liquids. Besides, CCTW films displayed outstanding free radical scavenging rate and antibacterial properties. Meanwhile, bananas wrapped with CCTW films remained fresh for seven days without any mold growth and outperformed other types of films. Apart from that, the CCTW films also showed biodegradable characteristics after exposure to Penicillium sp. These distinguished characteristics made the CCTW films a promising packaging material for long-term food storage.

FORMULATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF THE PREPARATION CROWN ETHANOL EXTRACT SHOWER GEL PINEAPPLE (Apineapple comosus (L.) Merr) AGAINST BACTERIA Staphylococcus aureus

Antibacterial bath soap is in great demand by the public. This is because it is believed to cleanse the skin and can also treat or prevent diseases caused by bacteria. One of the natural ingredients that are efficacious as a natural anti-bacterial is pineapple crown. Pineapple crown extract has secondary metabolites namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids/steroids. The purpose of this study was to determine the formulation of liquid bath soap preparations with the use of pineapple crown ethanol extract (ananas comosus (l.) Merr) as liquid bath soap and to determine the potential of pineapple crown ethanol extract liquid bath soap (ananas comosus (l.) Merr) to have antibacterial properties against staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The type of research carried out is an experimental method. The work procedure consists of sample preparation, sample identification, simplisia making, characteristic examination, phytochemical screening, extract making, making liquid shower soap preparations, evaluating liquid shower soap preparations and antibacterial activity tests against staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Pineapple crown ethanol extract is formulated in a shower soap preparation whose formulation uses concentrations of 3%, 5% and 7%. The results of the characterization of pineapple crown simplisia showed a moisture content of 9.50%, water-soluble juice content of 19.88%, soluble juice content in ethanol 13.30%, total ash content of 6.76%, acid insoluble ash content of 1.19%. The results of phytochemical screening testing show pineapple crown contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids/steroids.

Atomic force microscopic investigations of transient early-stage bacterial adhesion and antibacterial activity of silver and ceria modified bioactive glass

AbstractBioactive glass 58S (BG58S) is widely recognised for its bioactivity and antibacterial properties, making it a promising material for orthopaedic implant applications. This study investigates the effects of incorporating silver (BG58S-2.5Ag) and cerium oxide (BG58S-5C) into BG58S on early-stage bacterial adhesion and subsequent bacterial growth inhibition. Using a high-intensity ball milling approach, BG58S was modified with 5% cerium oxide (CeO2) and 2.5% silver (Ag) nanoparticles to create homogeneous BG58S-2.5Ag and BG58S-5C nanocomposites. Custom-made biomineral probes were employed to measure the bacterial adhesion within one second of contact with Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results demonstrated that BG58S-2.5Ag showed significantly stronger transient adhesion to bacteria compared to BG58S, leading to a more effective long-term antibacterial response. Additionally, it was observed that the antibacterial effect of Ag commenced within one second of contact. These findings indicate a potential correlation between the rate of bond strengthening and cell wall penetration. This study highlights the potential for enhancing the effectiveness of antibacterial implant surfaces for various biomaterial applications. Graphical abstract

A Comparative Study on Characteristics and Antibacterial Capacity of Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Reactive Dye and Diospyros Mollis Extract.

This article focuses on comparing the characteristics of cotton fabric dyed with Diospyros mollis extract (DME) solution and that of cotton fabric dyed with the reactive dye. The parameters of the cotton fabric after dyeing with both types of dyes were assessed, including color strength (K/S), structural morphology, infrared spectrum, antibacterial properties, UV resistance, color fastness to washing, rubbing, light, moisture absorption, breathability, and wastewater indices. The obtained results show that the K/S value of cotton fabric dyed with DME solution is slightly lower than that of cotton fabric dyed with the reactive dye, 18.52 and 19.36, respectively. The cotton fabric dyed with the reactive dye does not exhibit antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the antibacterial effectiveness against these bacteria for cotton fabric dyed with DME solution is 99.99 %. The UV protection capability of cotton fabric dyed with DME solution is superior to cotton fabric dyed with the reactive dye. The BOD/COD ratio of wastewater from the dyeing process with DME is higher than that of the reactive dye, with values of 0.70 and 0.32, respectively. The findings of this study indicate the superior ability of using DME solution as compared to the reactive dye, which is promising as a natural dye for fabric in medical applications.

Biogenic Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Defatted Coconut Presscake for Wastewater Treatment

Defatted coconut meat presscake is a by-product of coconut milk production, often discarded or used as low-value products, but has the potential to treat wastewater. This study aimed to characterize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized from defatted coconut meat presscake and determine their effect on the degradation of contaminants in wastewater and antibacterial properties. The nanoparticles were synthesized via a co-precipitation method using zinc nitrate as a precursor and defatted coconut meat presscake extract as a reducing agent. The nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), FE-SEM (Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis). The ZnO NPs exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average size of 54 nm. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under UV light irradiation showed a degradation efficiency of 79.5% within 180 minutes. Treated wastewater with ZnO NPs at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/L showed a significantly reduced microbial load, with averages of 10.2×106, 8.3×106, and 3.8×106 CFU/mL, respectively, compared to untreated wastewater (16.5×106 CFU/mL), indicating the antimicrobial properties of ZnO NPs. Therefore, ZnO NPs synthesized from defatted coconut meat presscake extract offer an eco-friendly solution for efficiently treating wastewater from the food industry.

Active packaging films based on poly(butylene succinate) films reinforced with alkaline halloysite nanotubes: Production, properties, and fruit packaging applications

Alkaline treated halloysite nanotubes (aHal) were introduced into poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) matrix using melt blending and solvent casting techniques to enhance the functional properties. The films were characterized for morphological, thermal, mechanical, antibacterial, barrier, and ethylene scavenging properties for their fresh food packaging use. The films exhibited ethylene scavenging performance because of the increased lumen diameter of aHal. The highest ethylene scavenging performance was achieved at 5 wt% aHal (5-aHal) loading for both production methods. The amount of ethylene in the gas-tight container decreased by 80% and 75% in the presence of extruded and solvent-cast 5-aHal, respectively. While PBS/aHal films have mechanical properties comparable to other films recommended for food packaging, extruded films were more flexible and durable than solvent-cast films. In addition, extruded films were found to have a higher water vapor barrier. A packaging test has also been carried out on sliced tomatoes and apples stored at room conditions for 7 days. 5-aHal films showed the best performance in extending the fruit's shelf life. Considering all the results, the melt blending films offer superior performance. Bio-based PBS/aHal films have the capability to contribute significantly to the food safety by serving as eco-friendly, active food packaging materials.

The Significance of Munjayadi Dravya in Mritasanrakshana Paddhati: A Scientific Exploration of Life-Preserving Elixirs

A well-preserved body is required for the dissection of a human cadaver in order to examine the entire body, which requires both theoretical and practical understanding of human anatomy. Modern science has developed a number of methods for preserving dead bodies, however Acharya Sushruta only cites one in Ayurveda. This method is known as the "Jalnimajjan Paddhati" of Mritsanrakshana. Numerous directions are given in this paddhati, and one of them mentions some of the munjayadi dravyas from which one dravya is employed to wrap the body. Attending paper is about studying the role of these dravyas in delaying the body decaying process. Each and every Munjayadi dravya contains tannin. Tannin has inherent anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Due to above properties tannins containing plants helps in delaying the process of decaying of dead body.

Estimation of Phytochemical Constituents and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potency of Piper betle Leaves

Betel leaves (Piper betle) are a species of Piper genus which is rich in phytonutrients like steroids, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. Anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, antiplaque, and anti-diabetic properties are among the health benefits of this plant's leaf extract. This study aimed to quantify the phytochemical constituents and assess the antioxidant capacity of piper betle leaves. In this study, qualitative phytochemical screening were used done by using test for alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins. Additionally, we calculated the betel leaves' total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using DPPH, H202 scavenging activity after extraction by methanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The TPC and TFC was noted 51.5278 mg GAE/gm and 33.769 mg QE/gm respectively. There was a significant positive connection found between DPPH and Total Phenolic Content. (R²=0.9939) (p value= 0.0002), H202 (R²=0.9979) (p value<0.0001) respectively at a 95% confidence level which is consistent with the above literature reports. There is significant relationship between TFC and DPPH (R²=0.9781) (p value= 0.0014) H202 (R²=0.9591) (p value= 0.0036) respectively at a 95% confidence level. The leaves of Piper betle contain high amount of phenolic and flavonoid content, hence can be used as natural antioxidant. To fully comprehend antioxidants' potential to prevent diseases that have a major negative influence on life expectancy, more research must be done on the separation, identification, and mechanism of action of the relevant antioxidant components.

The contemporary issues related to conventional treatment of acne and the way forward

Background: People perceive acne as a minority disorder (not a major health concern), but it has a significant impact and burden on the victims. Although conventional drugs are available for its treatment, which are applied directly to the affected skin, such as azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, and salicylic acid etc. or formulationAcne vulgaris is a common skin condition that can have a significant impact on individuals, yet conventional treatments often come with various contemporary issues. This paper discusses the contemporary issues related to the conventional treatment of acne and explores a way forward. Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit, with a high prevalence globally and in Nigeria. Although conventional drugs are available for treatment, there are several contemporary issues related to their usage that need to be addressed. Method: Relevant literature, including stakeholder reports and studies conducted globally and locally, were searched and reviewed to identify the contemporary issues related to conventional acne treatment. The key contemporary issues identified include economic, environmental, emotional, social, and spiritual concerns. Findings: The economic burden of costly conventional medications makes them inaccessible for many. Environmental issues arise from the use of potentially harmful chemicals that can pollute water sources and contribute to climate change. Acne can also lead to emotional distress, social stigma, and spiritual conflicts, especially due to the side effects of conventional treatments. Given the limitations of conventional treatments, the article recommends the use of scientifically-proven herbal remedies as a promising alternative strategy. Herbs such as tea tree oil, green tea, chasteberry, black seed, and spikeweed have demonstrated antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-androgenic properties that can effectively manage acne without the adverse effects of conventional drugs. Conclusion: The use of evidence-based herbal medicines offers a way forward in the treatment of acne, addressing the contemporary issues associated with conventional approaches. Further clinical research and regulatory approval are necessary to integrate these herbal remedies into conventional acne management and ensure their widespread and safe use. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study proposes an integrated acne treatment framework that combines conventional therapies with evidence-based herbal medicine. This approach addresses contemporary issues in acne treatment by considering economic, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects.

Multi-component synthesis and invitro biological assessment of novel pyrrole derivatives and pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives using Co3O4 nanoparticles as recyclable nanocatalyst

In this study, Co3O4 nanoparticles were used as nanocatalyst for two different series of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, including pyrrole (Pyo) derivatives and pyrano [2, 3-c]pyrazole (Pya[2, 3-c]Pyz) derivatives. In the synthesis of derivatives, using 15 mol% and 10 mol% of the catalyst for Pyo derivatives and Pya[2, 3-c]Pyz derivatives, respectively, an efficiency between 83% and 96%, were observed. In addition, novel derivatives of Pyo and Pya[2,3-c]Pyz were synthesized and their structures were confirmed. In general, the advantages of using cobalt nanoparticles compared to previous reports include the synthesis of new derivatives, lower temperature used in the synthesis of derivatives, shorter synthesis time and high efficiency. The biological properties of the synthesized products, such as antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties, were tested and investigated. In antibacterial and antifungal tests, IZD, MIC, MBC, and MFC were measured and reported. In antioxidant activity, IC50 was calculated and reported. High reusability, green and environmentally friendly, synthesis of new derivatives and synthesis of products with higher efficiency and shorter time were the important benefits of using cobalt nanoparticles as a catalyst. In antioxidant tests, the IC50 for synthesized Pyo derivatives and Pya[2, 3-c] Pyz derivatives were between 12.2 and 13.71 μg/mL, and 16.18–17.75 μg/mL, respectively. In antimicrobial testes, the MIC for synthesized Pyo derivatives and Pya[2, 3-c]Pyz derivatives were between 2 and 4,096 μg/mL, and 2–2048 μg/mL, respectively. The results showed that the antioxidant property of Pyo derivatives were more than Pya[2, 3-c] Pyz derivatives, but the antimicrobial effect of Pya[2,3-c] Pyz derivatives were more than Pyo derivatives. The antioxidant results proved that the activity of Pyo derivatives and Pya[2, 3-c] Pyz derivatives does not depend on the substitutions of the derivatives and is close to each other. Therefore, based on this, a proposed mechanism for stability of DPPH by Pyo derivatives and Pya[2, 3-c] Pyz derivatives were suggested. Finally, based on the more stable resonance structures of Pyo derivatives, compared to Pya[2, 3-c] Pyz derivatives, its high antioxidant property was justified. Pya[2, 3-c] Pyz derivatives has two heterocyclic rings connected together pyrano and pyrazole, but Pyo derivatives has only one heterocyclic ring (pyrrole). So high antimicrobial property of Pya[2, 3-c] Pyz derivatives compared to Pyo derivatives can be attributed to having two bioactive heterocyclic rings.

Enhancing the porosity of chitosan sponges with CBD by adding antimicrobial violacein

Given the growing interest in non-toxic materials with good anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial mechanical properties, this work focuses on preparing chitosan sponges with violacein and cannabis oil crosslinked with dialdehyde chitosan. The sponge was tested for its physicochemical and biological properties, presenting a high swelling rate, good thermal stability, and satisfactory mechanical properties. The obtained sponge's water vapor transmission rate was 2101 g/m2/day and is within the recommended values for ideal wound dressings. Notably, adding violacein favorably affected the material's porosity, which is essential for dressing materials. In addition, studies have shown that the designed material interacts with human serum albumin and exhibits good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The antibacterial properties of the prepared biomaterial were assessed using the Microtox test against A. fisherii (Gram-negative bacterium) and S. aureus (Gram-positive bacterium). The investigated material provides potential therapeutic benefits due to the synergistic action of chitosan, violacein, and cannabis oil so that it could be used as a dressing material. The natural origin of the substances could provide an attractive and sustainable alternative to traditional commercially available dressings.

Investigation of Phytochemicals, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Taxus wallichiana Found in Different Altitudes of Nepal

Indigenous people of hilly region have been using Taxus as a medicinal source for various diseases including cancer. Taxol, one of its main constituents, has been recognized and backed by scientific research; it has been used as a cancer cell suppressing biomolecule in chemo therapies. This study was carried out to collect data that would provide information on the influence of altitude on the production of metabolites and to investigate the phytochemicals, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties present in Taxus wallichiana Zucc. found in Nepal. Needles were used for phytochemical extraction by Soxhlet method where methanol was used as a solvent. Some of the primary metabolites including carbohydrate and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, coumarin & steroid were present. Quantitative estimation of the total flavonoid and phenol content of plant extracts were determined. TPC of the plant extract from Dolakha and Jajarkot were 68.745 ± 0.70 and 21.323 ± 1.15GAE/g in 100% concentration respectively. Similarly, TFC from Dolakha and Jajarkot were found to be 5.904 ± 0.024 and 6.275 ± 0.54 Quercetin equivalent per gram. Furthermore, their antioxidant (DPPH) and antimicrobial property was studied. The IC50 value for extract of T. wallichiana from Dolakha was 94.72 µg/mL and Jajarkot was 129 µg/mL, which was comparatively higher than the IC50 (14.54 µg/mL) of Quercetin. Additionally, the plant extract of concentrations of 700 and 950 mg/mL exhibited promising antibacterial properties in E. coli and S. aureus, except K. pneumonia. This study indicates that there is no significant role of altitude in metabolite production of T. wallichiana zucc. Nevertheless, it could be the potential drug due to considerable amounts of phenol and flavonoid contents including natural oxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles in Hibiscus sabdariffa Plant Extract and Investigation of Its Antimicrobial Properties

Background: The use of nanotechnology in various biomedical and pharmaceutical fields is expanding rapidly. Objectives: The aim of this study was to synthesize zinc nanoparticles using Hibiscus sabdariffa plant extract and investigate their antimicrobial properties. Methods: In this experimental study, the aqueous extract of sour tea was mixed with a 0.1 M zinc sulfate solution at a 1:1 ratio and allowed to react for 15 minutes at room temperature to produce nanoparticles. The synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was confirmed using spectrophotometric methods, measuring the average diameter of nanoparticles, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the zinc oxide nanoparticles was then measured against standard strains. Results: The results showed that the largest inhibition zone diameter was observed at a concentration of 1024 μg/mL against Listeria monocytogenes, while the smallest inhibition zone was observed against Aeromonas hydrophila. At a concentration of 512 μg/mL, an inhibition zone of 10 mm was developed against two strains: Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles, along with the sour tea aqueous extract and zinc sulfate, exhibited antibacterial properties. However, the most pronounced antimicrobial effects were observed with the zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Understanding the essentials of photodynamic therapy for dental practitioners: Shining a spotlight

Background: Oral disorders, including tooth decay, periodontal disease, and endodontic infections, are prevalent worldwide. The escalating issue of antibiotic resistance exacerbates the need for alternative treatment modalities. Aim: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of advancements in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for dental applications, highlighting its potential as a non-invasive local and adjuvant therapy for various oral infectious disorders. PDT, which originated in the early 20th century, involves three primary components: A photosensitizer (PS), light, and oxygen. The PS selectively targets unwanted eukaryotic cells, such as tumors in the oral cavity, or pathogenic microorganisms, while sparing healthy cells. The efficacy of PDT is significantly influenced by the type of PS utilized. Method: An electronic search was conducted using the PubMed database focusing on peer-reviewed articles up to November 2023 using the keywords “photodynamic therapy,” “photochemotherapy,” “antimicrobial photodynamic therapy,” “antimicrobial photodynamic therapy oral,” resulting in 2341, 1034, 389, 221, and 96 items, respectively. After appropriate review, relevant data from other electronic sources are also included for additional information. Results: Historical and recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of porphyrin PSs and temoporfin in treating premalignant and malignant intraoral lesions, particularly as palliative treatments when conventional therapies have failed. In addition, phenothiazinium PSs, such as methylene blue and toluidine blue, have shown substantial antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. PDT has been applied successfully to treat specific oral conditions, including caries, endodontic and mucosal infections, periodontal disorders, and periimplantitis. Notably, its antibacterial properties suggest that PDT could reduce the dependency on systemic antibiotics. Conclusion: PDT emerges as a promising alternative to conventional treatments for oral infections, offering a potential solution to the global challenge of antibiotic resistance. Continued research and development are essential to enhance the effectiveness and broaden the application of PDT in dental care.

Enhancing Bactericidal Properties of Ti6Al4V Surfaces through Micro and Nano Hierarchical Laser Texturing.

Orthopedic and dental implants made from Ti6Al4V are widely used due to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, the long-term performance of these implants can be compromised by bacterial infections. This study explores the development of hierarchically textured surfaces with enhanced bactericidal properties to address such challenges. Hierarchical surface structures were developed by combining microscale features produced by a microsecond laser and superimposed submicron features produced using a femtosecond laser. Microscale patterns were produced by the pulsed laser surface melting process, whereas submicrometer laser-induced periodic surface structures were created on top of them by femtosecond laser processing. Escherichia coli bacterial cells were cultured on the textured surface. After 24 h, a staining analysis was performed using SYTO9 and PI dyes to investigate the samples with a confocal microscope for live dead assays. Results showed bacterial colony formation onto the microscale surface textures with live bacterial cells, whereas the hierarchical surface textures display segregated and physically damaged bacterial cell attachments on surfaces. The hierarchical surface textures showed ∼98% dead bacterial cells due to the combined effect of its multiscale surface features and oxide formation during the laser processing steps. The efficacy of hierarchical surface textures in enhancing the antibacterial behavior of Ti6Al4V implants is evident from the conducted research. Such laser-based surface treatments can find potential applications in different industrial sectors.

The effect of Silver addition and deformation parameters on mechanostructure, biodegradation, antimicrobial and mechanical properties of Zn-based biodegradable alloys.

Although low mechanical properties, Zinc (Zn) alloy systems with Copper (Cu) and Silver (Ag) as alloying elements have strong biocompatibility and biodegradability characteristics. This study examined the effects of rolling parameters and Ag alloying on the mechanical, biodegradable, and final structure of an alloy based on Zn. Comparing treated and untreated specimens, the addition of Ag led to a considerable improvement in both hardness and compressive strength. The produced alloys with varying amounts of Ag (between 1 and 4wt%) were cold rolled at 400-800r/min and friction coefficients between 0.3 and 0.5. The alloys' ultimate strength rose with an increase in rolling speed for Zn1Cu4Ag, and hardness and compressive strengths rose to 80HV and 470MPa, respectively. It was demonstrated that rolling force rose somewhat with Ag concentration but significantly increased with rolling speed and friction. E. Coli and S. aureus were used to assess the biodegradable alloys' antibacterial properties. For the Zn-1Cu-2Ag alloy, the inclusion of Ag resulted in a considerable (50%) rise in antibacterial activity that exceeded the effects seen in other alloy systems.

Phytochemical Analysis of Agathis robusta Using Ethyl Acetate

It is often recognized that India is home to a diverse range of biological species. For this study, Agathis robusta were employed. The present investigation aimed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the selected plants and investigate the presence of phytochemicals. stems and leaves of A. robusta were collected, dried, and ground into a fine powder. The powdered leaves were extracted using a Soxhlet method and ethyl acetate. The finished extract was concentrated while the pressure was decreased to produce a crude extract. To determine the amount of sugar, carotenoid, and total protein in the crude extract, a phytochemical screening was conducted using standard qualitative procedures. A. robusta leaf ethyl acetate extract showed the presence of several phytochemicals. Significant amounts of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins were found in the extract. These substances' existence suggests that they may have pharmacological effects, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capabilities. The ethyl acetate extract of A. robusta leaves revealed the presence of several phytochemicals. The extract included notable concentrations of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The presence of these compounds raises the possibility that they have pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.

Dapsone Use in Dermatology.

Dapsone, initially synthesized for textile dyeing, gained recognition in the 1930s for its antibacterial properties, leading to its utilization in dermatology for leprosy and dermatitis herpetiformis. Despite US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for these conditions, dapsone's off-label uses have expanded, making it a valuable option in various dermatologic conditions. This review seeks to highlight the common uses of dapsone in its FDA indications and off-label indications. Diseases in which dapsone is considered first-line therapy or adjunctive therapy are reviewed, with highlights from the resources included. An overview of dapsone's pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications, dosages, and safety profile are also reviewed. Dapsone's versatility and safety profile make it a cost-effective treatment option in dermatology, particularly for patients with limited access to specialized medications. Ongoing clinical trials are also described exploring dapsone's efficacy in novel dermatologic uses. Dapsone has been a valuable adjunctive therapy across various dermatologic conditions for years and evidence for its use continues to expand.

A comparative study of antibacterial potentials of leaf extracts of some selected trees from Benue State University Campus on Staphylococcus aureus AND Escherichia coli

Introduction: Medicinal Plant with antimicrobial properties are of great significance in therapeutic treatments of disease caused by bacteria. Their antibacterial properties are due to compounds synthesized in their cell sap during secondary metabolism, their antibacterial activity has shown that plants represent a potential source of novel antibiotic prototypes. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial potential of three plant extracts on S. aureus and E. coli. Method: A comparative study of the antibacterial potentials of water and ethanolic leaf extracts of three plants, Parkia biglobosa, Khaya senegalensis and Daniellia oliveri, was carried out. Extracts at various regimes of concentrations, 0.2 g/ml, 0.4 g/ml, 0.6 g/ml, 0.8 g/ml and 1.0 g/ml were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The disc diffusion method of Kirby Bauer with slight modification was adapted in determining zones of inhibition. Statistical significance was considered at (p<0.05). Results: Ethanolic leaf extract of P. biglobosa recorded the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) at 1.0 g/ml on S. aureus, while ethanolic leaf extract of D. oliveri had the least zone of inhibition (6.33 mm) at 0.2 g/ml on E. coli. K. senegalensis was most effective on E. coli with grand mean inhibitory effect of (13.33 mm and 12.13 mm) on ethanol and water extract respectively, while P. biglobosa was most effective on S. aureus with grand mean inhibitory effect of (13.00 mm and 12.47 mm) on ethanol and water extracts respectively. No significant difference in the grand mean inhibitory effect of the three plants on test bacterial or the type of solvent used. Conclusion: The three plants are potential useful antibacterial agents, inhibiting bacterial growth at all concentrations of the study.

Correction to: Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles From Marinobacter litoralis CARE V18 Strain and Evaluation of Its Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Properties Using Zebrafish Model

Correction to: Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles From Marinobacter litoralis CARE V18 Strain and Evaluation of Its Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Properties Using Zebrafish Model