Test Bacterial Strains Research Articles

Invitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and XRF Analysis of <i>Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. </i>Plant Extracts

Ethiopia has a long history of using medicinal herbs for treating both human and animal illnesses. Nonetheless, not enough research has been done on the antibacterial properties and possible bioactive components of the majority of medicinal plants. Therefore, this study deals with the evaluation of phytochemical, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities, phenol content and XRF analysis of <i>Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. </i>plant extracts. Mean values of the antimicrobial activity, MIC, antioxidant activities, phenol content and XRF analysis were reported as mean ± standard deviation. The chloroform leaf extracts of the plant gave the highest yield 23.4% followed by methanol 22.27%. The presence of several metabolite components, including alkaloids, diterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, phenol, protein, saponin, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, tri-terpenoids and amino acids, has been shown by qualitative phytochemical analysis of plant parts. Significant antibacterial activity against the test bacterial strains was demonstrated by steam extracts of<i> Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. </i>Moreover, the methanolic extract of the plant demonstrated notable antioxidant activity. The highest value of phenolic content was obtained in <i>Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. </i>steam methanol extract followed by leaf extract while <i>Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. </i>root extract shows lower phenolic content. In this study, threaten elements were determined in the <i>Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. </i>plant part by using XRF spectroscopy. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of pharmacological potential of <i>Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. </i>and highlights the importance of further exploring its medicinal properties. The findings provide valuable insights into utilizing medicinal plants for disease treatment and support the development of natural therapeutic agents.

Medicinal Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia, Caesalpinia bonduc and Quercus infectoria Extracts

Medicinal plants have therapeutic value because of the chemical substances present in them. This study was performed to explore the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of three medicinally important plants, such as Caesalpinia bonduc (karanjuwa), Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy), and Quercus infectoria (Majuphal) extract; that are locally used for the cure of various diseases, particularly dengue fever. To study the anti-bacterial, phytochemical and antioxidative potential of these plants, plant extracts were made in ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate. Antibacterial assay revealed that all the selected plant extracts of C. bonduc, T. cordifolia, and Q. infectoria variably inhibited the growth of test bacterial strains. The maximum antibacterial activity observed for the ethyl acetate extract of T. cordifolia was against Bacillus (41 mm) and Pseudomonas (38 mm). Phytochemical analysis of extracts of C. bonduc, T. cordifolia, and Q. infectoria revealed the presence of alkaloids, quinones, flavonoids, phenols, and reducing sugars. Antioxidative analysis of the extracts of C. bonduc, T. cordifolia, and Q. infectoria, as revealed by the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (66%, 62% and 77%), phosphomolybdate (480, 520 and 490 µg/ml), showed ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay (266%, 371% and 265%), and total flavonoid content (75%, 170% and 155%) assay. Due to significant antibacterial and antioxidant potential, the extract of T. cordifolia was subjected to Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis that confirmed the presence of different bioactive components in the extract of T. cordifolia (Giloy). Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry (GCMS) analysis of the bioactive fractions revealed Phthalic acid and Benzene acetic acid as the compounds responsible for imparting good antibacterial and antioxidative potential to the ethyl acetate extract of T. cordifolia. These findings highlight the potential of T. cordifolia as a valuable medicinal plant for the development of future antimicrobial drugs.

Aerva lanata flower extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Their characterization, in vitro antioxidants and antimicrobial investigations

AbstractThe production of nanoparticles (NPs) using biological methods may lead to the enhancement of clean, non‐hazardous, and environmentally acceptable procedures. With this context, in the present study silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the flower extract of Aerva lanata (A. lanata). The following techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), are used to study the crystalline nature, size, shape, and elemental composition of the biosynthesized AgNPs, and antimicrobial applications of the NPs also studied. In UV–visible spectroscopy results a strong absorbance peak at 425 nm confirmed the AgNPs. The SEM results confirmed the spherical shape of the NPs and their average size of 45.05 nm. X‐ray diffractometry XRD spectra confirmed the crystalline nature of the AgNPs. Against the DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl), nitric oxide and superoxide radicals, Alf‐AgNPs and ascorbic acid had significant scavenging effects at higher concentration of 250 μg/mL, exhibited 65.76 ± 0.41% and 86.42 ± 0.69%, 78.39 ± 0.49% and 72.72 ± 0.14% and 70.79 ± 0.87% and 72.79 ± 0.33% inhibition, respectively. As produced AgNPs had strong antibacterial and moderate antifungal activities against pathogenic test bacterial strains viz. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) with the maximum zone of inhibition 15 ± 1.07 mm, 12 ± 0.96 mm, 14 ± 1.05 mm, and 15 ± 2.54 mm, respectively at maximum (75 μg/mL) concentration of AgNPs, and the zone of inhibition of fungal strains Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) (9 ± 0.67 mm) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) (7 ± 0.75 mm) at 75 μg/mL. It was eventually concluded that the biosynthesized Alf‐AgNPs showed promising antioxidant and antimicrobial agents with very low concentrations.

Citrus for wellness: Exploring the bioactive properties of Citrus medica fruit peel with emphasis on its anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anthelmintic properties

Citrus medica (Citron) is an underutilised plant consisting of various bioactive elements with numerous medicinal benefits. The present study aimed to evaluate the bioactive properties, including anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities, of chloroform extract obtained from the of fruit peel of C. medica. The different types of phytochemicals present in the chloroform extract were analysed using GC-MS. The major components detected included n-hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, t-tetradecenal, 1-nonadecene etc. Anthelmintic study was conducted using Eisenia fetida as a test organism, revealing a significant anthelmintic effect in the C. medica fruit peel extract compared to the standard drug. Antimicrobial properties were assessed against five test bacterial and fungal strains. Antibacterial tests showed zones of inhibition ranging from 8 to 11 mm, while no prominent zones of inhibition were observed in antifungal tests. The DPPH assay demonstrated significant antioxidant properties of Citron fruit peel extract compared to the standard ascorbic acid. The Chloroform extract of citron fruit peel exhibited significant cytotoxic properties against FaDu (human hypopharyngeal tumour) cell line. The present study indicates the potential of the chloroform extract of C. medica fruit peel to be employed as an anthelmintic, antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer agent. Hence, it emphasises the prominence that can be given to the dietary consumption of citrus fruit peel in various forms, such as dried peel, powder etc.

Antimicrobial, Nutritional and Bioactive Properties of Cola Lepidota &Cola Pachycarpa (Ochicha) Seed Extracts on Three Strains of Organisms.

This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial potentials of Cola lepidota and Cola pachycarpa seeds. Ethanol and distilled water were used as solvents for phytochemical extraction, while the test bacterial strains were obtained from the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Jos, Plateau State. The plant bioactive compounds were detected using qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluation, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical methods. Proximate composition was determined, and antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power activity, and ABTS+ assays. The antibacterial activity of the seed extract was evaluated via the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) using the agar-well diffusion method. The result of quantitative analysis showed lower concentrations of phenols (1.26 mg/g and 1.35 mg/g), flavonoids (0.87 mg/g and 0.93 mg/g), tannins (1.08 mg/g and 1.17 mg/g), saponins (1.49 mg/g and 1.57 mg/g), and alkaloids (0.43 mg/g and 0.46 mg/g) in C. lepidota than in C. pachycarpa. Conversely, the mineral composition was higher in C. lepidota, recording 3.92%, 1.02%, 0.17%, 0.02%, and 0.01% for potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, and iron, respectively. The extracts showed no inhibitory activity against the bacterial strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 0157, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, and Bacillus substilis ATCC 6633. As such, failed to justify the ethno-pharmaceutical uses in the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, they demonstrated rich innate antioxidant activity and may be helpful in the prevention or reduction of oxidation or similar associated disorders in humans.

Nutritional and Bioactive Properties of Cola Lepidota & Cola Pachycarpa (Ochicha) Seed Extracts on Three Strains of Organisms

This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial potentials of Cola lepidota and Cola pachycarpa seeds. Ethanol and distilled water were used as solvents for phytochemical extraction, while the test bacterial strains were obtained from the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Jos, Plateau State. The plant bioactive compounds were detected using qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluation, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical methods. Proximate composition was determined, and antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power activity, and ABTS+ assays. The antibacterial activity of the seed extract was evaluated via the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) using the agar-well diffusion method. The result of quantitative analysis showed lower concentrations of phenols (1.26 mg/g and 1.35 mg/g), flavonoids (0.87 mg/g and 0.93 mg/g), tannins (1.08 mg/g and 1.17 mg/g), saponins (1.49 mg/g and 1.57 mg/g), and alkaloids (0.43 mg/g and 0.46 mg/g) in C. lepidota than in C. pachycarpa. Conversely, the mineral composition was higher in C. lepidota, recording 3.92%, 1.02%, 0.17%, 0.02%, and 0.01% for potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, and iron, respectively. The extracts showed no inhibitory activity against the bacterial strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 0157, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, and Bacillus substilis ATCC 6633. As such, failed to justify the ethno-pharmaceutical uses in the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, they demonstrated rich innate antioxidant activity and may be helpful in the prevention or reduction of oxidation or similar associated disorders in humans.

Measurement of Inhibition Zones, Solvent/Growth Dynamics of Adenanpthera pavonina. Linn. Against Selected Enteric Microorganisms

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibition zones, solvent, and growth dynamics of Seed extract of Adenanpthera Pavonina. Linn. Against selected Enteric Microorganisms. Adenanpthera Pavonina.Linn is a Red Sandalwood, (Fabaceae), an unarmed deciduous tree and its seed is traditionally used for treatment of various disease conditions. Five different solvents were used in this study: Ethyl acetate, water, absolute ethanol, fermented palm wine and distilled ethanol from palm wine). In this study, ethanol was distilled from palm wine using fractional distillation method. Palm wine solvent was fermented using barkers’ yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Isolates used in this study were obtained from Adekunle Ajasin University AkungbaAkoko Health Center (AAUHC) and were re-identified through series of biochemical test and gram staining characteristics. Isolates were identified as Enterobacter aerogenes, Burkhoderia cepacia, Acinetobacter baumanni, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Moraxella sp., Burkhoderia pseudomallei, Enterobacter agglomerama. Extensive and series of biochemical tests were carried out to further confirm all the test bacterial strains. Biochemical tests done includes Indole test, Catalase, Citrate, Methyl Red-Voges Proskaeur (MR-VP), Triple Sugar Iron (TSI), Urease, Motility Test, Oxidase Test, to identify and characterized the test isolates, antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of Adenanthera pavonina Linn. Seed was tested against enteric bacterial strains by observing the zone of inhibition using agar well diffusion method. The growth dynamic of the test isolate against plant seed extract of Adenanthera pavonina Linn., was done using Ultraviolentvisible spectrophotometer. Ethanolic phytochemical analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively. In this study, Ethyl acetate and Distilled ethanol from palm wine seed extracts of Adenanthera pavonina Linn., showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all the tested bacteria isolates. Result obtained indicates that the ethanolic, ethyl acetate and distilled ethanol seed extract of Adenanthera pavonina Linn. has antibacterial activities and can be used as antibacterial agent. It was observed that at less than an hour, Pasteurella multocida has the highest growth rate of 0.150λ and Aeromonas hydrophila have the lowest growth rate of 0.102λ. At 24 hours, Pasteurella multocida has the lowest death rate of 0.100λ and Burkhoderia pseudomallei have the highest death rate of 0.068λ Adenanthera pavonina Linn., showed the presence of secondary metabolite and its killing/growth kinetics was very outstanding which was demonstrated during this research work, the plant has a limitless antimicrobial potential, and it can be used for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.

Gemmata algarum, a Novel Planctomycete Isolated from an Algal Mat, Displays Antimicrobial Activity.

Axenic cultures of two strains, JC673T and JC717, both belonging to the phylum Planctomycetota, were isolated from distinct geographical locations in India. Strain JC673T was obtained from algal mats of a wetland situated in the state of Kerala, India, while strain JC717 originated from the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), state of Tamil Nadu, India. The two strains share 99.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and are most closely related to Gemmata obscuriglobus UQM 2246T (99.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity). The newly isolated strains are Gram-negative, grow aerobically and tolerate up to 4% (w/v) NaCl and a pH of up to 9.0. Cells are spherical and form pink-pigmented colonies. The respiratory quinone is MK-6. Major fatty acids are C18:0, C16:1ω5c and C16:0. Polar lipids include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, several unidentified amino lipids, unidentified phospholipids, additional unidentified lipids, and an unidentified choline lipid. The polyamine spermidine is produced by the two strains. The strains have a genome size of about 8.2 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 67.6%. Solvent-based culture extracts of the isolates showed antimicrobial activity against three bacterial test strains. Their phylogenetic position along with differences in morphological, physiological, and genomic features support the classification as a new species of the genus Gemmata, for which we propose the name Gemmata algarum sp. nov. Strain JC673T (=KCTC 72851T = NBRC 114340T) and JC717 are the type and non-type strain of the new species, respectively.

Detection of the Inhibitory Potential of Psidium Guajava L. Extract in Multidrug-Resistant Corynebacterium Striatum Strains Isolated from Nosocomial Outbreaks

Corynebacterium striatum is an emerging Gram-positive bacillus that presents tropism for the human microbiota, however, it has a high probability of presenting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile. In addition, several studies indicate its ability to cause serious infections in patients with varying levels of immune compromise. C.striatum samples may present different virulence mechanisms such as; disinfectant tolerance, motility, and bacterial biofilm formation. This work aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium guajava L. on MDR and MDS strains of C. striatum an alternative for treatment. We used the agar disk diffusion method to evaluate the susceptibility of bacterial samples under conditions of treatment with Psidium guajava L. The results showed in the disk diffusion test bacterial strains independent of their resistance profile MDS 1987 and MDR 1961 showed sensitivity to 100% crude extract of Psidium guajava L. showing inhibition halos of 13mm and 14mm, respectively. In the synergism test, a better result was obtained with the MDR1961 strain, and there was no result with the MDS1987 strain. The results of this course’s conclusion research can be considered a promising source for the search for new options against bacterial multidrug resistance, giving an incentive to seek new alternatives and isolation of molecules from plants to be able to use and fight multidrug-resistant infections.

Synergy Assessment of Four Antimicrobial Bioactive Compounds for the Combinational Treatment of Bacterial Pathogens.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a topic of great concern in recent years, with much effort being committed to developing alternative treatments for resistant bacterial pathogens. Drug combinational therapies have been a major area of research for several years, with modern iterations using combining well-established antibiotics and other antimicrobials with the aim of discovering complementary mechanisms. Previously, we characterised four GRAS antimicrobials that can withstand thermal polymer extrusion processes for novel medical device-based and therapeutic applications. In the present study, four antimicrobial bioactive-silver nitrate, nisin, chitosan and zinc oxide-were assessed for their potential combined use as an alternative synergistic treatment for AMR bacteria via a broth microdilution assay based on a checkerboard format. The bioactives were tested in arrangements of two-, three- and four-drug combinations, and their interactions were determined and expressed in terms of a synergy score. Results have revealed interesting interactions based on treatments against recognised test bacterial strains that cause human and animal infections, namely E. coli, S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Silver nitrate was seen to greatly enhance the efficacy of its paired treatment. Combinations with nisin, which is a lantibiotic, exhibited the most interesting results, as nisin has no effect against Gram-negative bacteria when used alone; however, it demonstrated antimicrobial effects when combined with silver nitrate or chitosan. This study constitutes the first study to both report on practical three- and four-drug combinational assays and utilise these methods for the assessment of established and emerging antimicrobials. The novel methods and results presented in this study show the potential to explore previously unknown drug combination compatibility measures in an ease-of-use- and high-throughput-based format, which can greatly help future research that aims to identify appropriate alternative treatments for AMR, including the screening of potential new bioactives biorefined from various sources.

Mutagenicity assessment of high-power 1.6-THz pulse laser radiation.

The effect of terahertz (THz) radiation has been studied in medicine. However, there is a lack of scientific information regarding its possible mutagenicity. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the mutagenicity of 1.6 THz laser irradiation. The Ames test was conducted using five bacterial tester strains. The bacteria were subjected to (i) 1.6 THz laser irradiation at 3.8 mW/cm2 for 60 min using a tabletop THz pulse laser system, (ii) ultraviolet irradiation, (iii) treatment with positive control chemicals (positive control) or (iv) treatment with the solvent used in the positive control (negative control). After treatment, the bacterial suspensions were cultured on minimal glucose agar to determine the number of revertant colonies. In addition, the comet assay was performed using fibroblasts (V79) to assess possible DNA damage caused by the THz laser irradiation. The Ames test demonstrated that the THz laser irradiation did not increase the number of revertant colonies compared to that in the negative control group, whereas the ultraviolet irradiation and positive control treatment increased the number of revertant colonies. Thus, 1.6 THz laser irradiation is unlikely to be mutagenic. The comet assay additionally suggests that the THz laser irradiation unlikely induce cellular DNA damage.

Citrus sinensis Peel Oil Extraction and Evaluation as an Antibacterial and Antifungal Agent.

Throughout the tropical and subtropical climates, the genus Citrus can be found. The current study was conducted to extract the Citrus sinensis peel oil and evaluate its antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic potential. Petroleum ether was used to extract the C. sinensis peel oil through a Soxhlet apparatus. The antimicrobial and antifungal potential was determined via agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were calculated (test bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae; test fungal strains: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Altrnaria alternata). Antiparasitic activity against Leishmaniatropica was determined following standard protocol using amphotericin-B as positive and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as a negative control and the percentage inhibition was calculated. The oil extracted was brownish yellow with a tangy smell, water-insoluble, density (0.778 g/cm3) and specific gravity (0.843 g/cm). In antibacterial activity, the diameter of the zone of inhibition was maximum against E. coli (14 mm) and minimum for S. agalactiae (10 mm). While in antifungal activity diameter of the zone of inhibition was maximum against A. flavus (12.5 mm) and minimum for A. alternata (8.6 mm). S. agalactiae exhibited the minimum MIC value (6 mg/mL) and in fungal strains A. alternata exhibited the minimum value (2 mm). Citrus sinensis peel oil displayed antileishmanial efficiency of 60% at 50 μg/mL concentration after 48 h of incubation. C. sinensis peel oil demonstrated antimicrobial capabilities, implying that it could be used as a natural preservative in food or as an effective treatment against a variety of pathogenic organisms. Industries should extract oil from the waste of citrus fruits which will be beneficial from an economic point of view.

Chemical Analysis and Bioactivities of Gaultheria procumbens L. Essential Oil: Herbicidal, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities

The chemical composition of wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens L.) essential oil (WEO) was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated for its biological activities. Methyl salicylate (100%) was the main compound in the wintergreen essential oil. The herbicidal efficacy of the WEO was confirmed by germination inhibition, radical and shoot length reduction, and phytotoxicity assessment with Echinochloa crus–galli and Amaranthus tricolor seedlings. The WEO significantly reduced the germination and seedling growth of both weeds. It showed highly significant inhibition of seed germination (93.37%) and seedling growth of A. tricolor at the highest dose (6 µL/petri dish) assayed. The WEO was formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC-EO) for post-emergence application, and was applied at a range of concentrations from 10 to 80 mL/L. Both treated plant leaves appeared wilted and slightly discolored within 1 day of application (DAA). The visible weed control efficacy was most remarkable at 80 mL/L treatment, which was a level that ultimately killed the seedlings of both species at 3 DAA, suggesting promising herbicidal potential for the WEO. The WEO showed weak scavenging activity with a high IC50 value (IC50 >2"×" 104 and >5"×" 104 ppm) for DPPH scavenging and metal chelating assays, respectively. The WEO showed moderate antibacterial activity, and its zones of inhibition against bacterial test strains were 7.90±0.8 mm and 23.9±0.9 mm for Escherichia coli TISTR 780 and Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest the possibility of using WEO as an active ingredient to produce natural herbicides.

Antibacterial Potential of Marine Brown Algae Turbinaria Conoides Against Bacteria Associated with Diabetic Foot Ulcer

The marine brown algae Turbinaria conoides was extracted with different solvents, viz., acetone, ethanol, methanol and distilled water. The extracts were screened for the presence of various phytochemicals and examined for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method. Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) associated bacteria and their respective standard strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 5923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and Enterococcus faecal ATCC 25922 were used as test bacteria. Among the different solvent extracts, the aqueous extract possessed the maximum zone of inhibition against both test and standard bacterial strains. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the aqueous extract against test pathogens were 128-4μg. The eluent mixture for separating the active fraction was selected by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which was found to be n-hexane: ethylacetate (6:4) with a maximum of four spots. In column chromatography, 25th -27th-minute fractions showed maximum antibacterial activity against all the DFU bacterial strains. Our study aims to find the use of T. conoides for treating DFU-associated bacterial infections. The objectives include exploring different solvent extracts of T. conoides for antibacterial activity and characterization of bioactive metabolite.

Antibacterial and Antimycotic Properties of Modified Carbon Sorbents

The aim of the work was to study the biological activity of modifiers and carbon sorbent samples modified by them in relation to some types of microorganisms.Material and methods. The carbon sorbent under study and the modified samples were obtained at the Center of New Chemical Technologies BIC. Glycolic acid, lactic acid, glycine, and glutamic acid were used as modifiers. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae 418, Esherichia coli ATCC 25922, Candida albicans (clinical strain) were used as test cultures. The test sample was placed in the wells of a sterile plate, then a working suspension of the test culture was added in the amount of 2.0 ml until completely wet 1:1. The survival of microorganisms was determined by quantitative inoculation from each well of the «sample — microorganism» mixture on Petri dishes with simple nutrient agar using the sector crop method (Gold). The culture species were confirmed by studying their cultural, morphological, and biochemical properties.Results. The conducted studies have demonstrated high antibacterial and antimycotic activity of carbon sorbent samples modified with hydroxyl acids in relation to the most common opportunistic pathogens of pyoinflammatory diseases of bacterial and fungal nature in comparison with the initial sorbent sample. The carbon sorbent modified with lactic acid oligomer showed the highest antibacterial and antimycotic activity.Conclusion. High antibacterial and antimycotic activity of carbon sorbent samples modified with hydroxy acids and amino acids in relation to the most common opportunistic pathogens of pyoinflammatory diseases of bacterial and fungal nature was established in comparison with the initial sample of the sorbent. The carbon sorbent sample modified with amino acids has a pronounced antibacterial effect against all studied bacterial test strains, but exhibits weak antimycotic properties. The use of modified carbon sorbents is a promising direction for the application therapy of pyoinflammatory infections.

Delivery of B. subtilis into Animal Intestine Using Chitosan-Derived Bioresorbable Gel Carrier: Preliminary Results

The oral delivery of bacteria in the human intestine is of great interest because of its potential to correct the gut microbiota and treat inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate sodium N-(2-sulfonatoethyl)chitosan gel cross-linked with glutaraldehyde as a delivery carrier for probiotic bacteria to the gut using in vitro and in vivo experiments. The bacterial test strain was B. subtilis 20. The cytotoxicity of the gel was evaluated via cell culture using flow cytometry and light microscopy. The gel as a delivery system was assessed by the dye release in medium with different pH levels in vitro, and by bacterial titer monitoring in mouse feces using the microbiology method in vivo. Results of an in vitro experiment showed that tested gel has no cytotoxicity. The use of gel as a carrier for bacterial delivery into the intestine was more effective than oral gavage of bacterial suspension. Therefore, gel delivery of bacteria decreased the titer level by up to two times. However, a gavage of bacterial suspension decreased the titer level by over 200 times. Tested gel has the potential to be a carrier for the safe delivery of bacteria to the intestine through the stomach, reducing the rate of the elimination of probiotic bacteria from the intestine.

Exploring the mechanisms by which camel lactoferrin can kill Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and Shigella sonnei.

There is a continuously increasing pressure associated with the appearance of Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) that have developed pathogenic multiple antibiotic resistance and the cost of cure and control of these enterobacteriaceae infections increases annually. The current report for first time demonstrated the distinguished antimicrobial action of camel lactoferrin (cLf) obtained from the milk of different clans of camel in Saudi Arabia against S. typhimurium and S. sonnei. These cLf subtypes showed comparable antimicrobial potential when tested against the two bacterial strains but were superior to either bovine (bLf) or human lactoferrin (hLf). The synergism between lactoferrins and antibiotics concerning their antibacterial efficacies against the two bacterial strains was evident. Exploring mechanisms by which camel lactoferrin can kill S. typhimurium and S. sonnei revealed that cLf affects bacterial protein profile. Besides, it interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and numerous membrane proteins of S. typhimurium and S. sonnei, with each bacterial strain possessing distinctive binding membrane proteins for lactoferrin. Furthermore, as evidenced by electron microscopy analysis, cLf induces extracellular and intracellular morphological changes in the test bacterial strains when used alone or in combination treatment with antibiotics. Lactoferrin and antibiotics combination strongly disrupts the integrity of the bacterial cells and their membranes. Therefore, cLf can kill S. typhimurium and S. sonnei by four different mechanisms, such as iron chelation, affecting some bacterial proteins, binding to bacterial LPS and membrane proteins, and impairing the integrity of the bacterial cells and their membranes.

Antimicrobial Activities of Ganoderma mbrekobenum Strain EGDA (Agaricomycetes) from Egypt.

Ganoderma is a well-known genus of medicinal mushrooms. The biological activity of the fruiting bodies of G. mbrekobenum (previously identified as Ganoderma sp. EGDA, (AC: LN774971) is scarcely studied. The microorganisms including bacteria and fungi were chosen for screening of the antimicrobial activity produced by G. mbrekobenum strain EGDA. The bioactive compounds were extracted from aqueous, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. The higher antibacterial activity produced by methanol extract was against Bacillus subtilis and B. cereus (14.13 ± 0.12 mm, 13.03 ± 0.12 mm, respectively). Water fraction showed antibacterial effect against most of the test bacterial strains. The highest antifungal activity produced by methanol extract was against Fusarium oxysporum I and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (16.37 ± 0.03 mm 15.67 ± 0.19 mm, respectively). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the separated fractions revealed the identification of 46 compounds.

Extraction and characterization of nickel oxide nanoparticles from Hibiscus plant using green technology and study of its antibacterial activity

Introduction and Aim: Nanomaterials are tiny particles varying in size from 1-100 nanometers with wide implications in the fields of medicine, biology, and pharmaceutical sciences. In this study, we aimed to extract Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NP) from the tropical hibiscus plant, and evaluate these nanoparticles for their structural features as well as study the antimicrobial activity of NiO-NPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Materials and Methods: NiO nanoparticles were synthesized by green nanotechnology using hibiscus extract and nickel nitrate as precursors. The NiO nanoparticles obtained were investigated for its surface properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and UV-Vis analysis. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used in calculating the size of NiO nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activity of the NiO particles was tested against E. coli and S. aureus test strains. Results: X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy studies confirmed the formation of pure and well- crystallized NiO nanoparticles. The TEM analysis displayed that the size of nanoparticles to be within the limits of 71. The NiO-NP particles displayed antimicrobial properties and inhibited the growth of bacterial test strains used in this study. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that nano Nickel oxide (NiO) particles could be successfully prepared using the hibiscus aqueous plant extract. The NiO-NP exhibited antimicrobial property against pathogenic E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, indicating that it could be used in formulations for treating infections by these organisms.

Antibiotic Producing Fungi in Sewage: Inhibitory Effect on 4 Bacterial Test Strains, and Different Fungal Types

Fungi were isolated from raw sewage and sewage that had trickled down soil columns from a waste water treatment plant in Karlsruhe, Germany, using the laboratory techniques.Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb, Penicillium funiculosum, and Trichoderma harzianum Rafai were named as isolates from raw sewage. P. notatum Westling, P. meleagrinum Biourge, Aspergillus flavus, Link ex Gray, A. repens, A. fumigatus Fresenius, and A. fischeri Wehmer were among the fungi found in the effluent of the soil columns that were isolated under absolutely anaerobic conditions. Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. and Penicillium chrysogenum Thom. were isolated when samples were cultured in anaerobic jars with nitrate. The coloration, smell, and other fungal traits, such as conidial and conidiophore size, etc., were used to identify the organism. The fungi's antibiotic properties against bacteria were investigated. A little amount of the fungal mycelium was plate-plated on new Nutrient agar and Sabouraud agar after isolation. After two days of incubation, bacteria were cross-streaked toward the fungal colonies on the plates. On the plates, six strains of E. coli, Gram-negative Pseudomonas species, and aerobic Gram-positive Enterococci species were streaked in the direction of the fungi. After that, the plates were incubated in an aerobic environment. Similar to this, five anaerobic Gram-positive Bifidobacterium species strains that were isolated from sewage were cross streaked on fungal plates and then further cultured under anaerobic conditions. When compared to A. flavus and A. fumigatus, P. chrysogenum and A. repens were more effective at inhibiting Enterococci. Only P. chrysogenum, A. fumigatus, and A. repens inhibited Pseudomonas sp. A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum var meleagrinum only little inhibited E. coli, but P. chrysogenum and A. flavus very successfully did so.Pre-growing P. chrysogenum, P. notatum, and P. meleagrinum on plates for two days in an aerobic environment was followed by cross-stripping with test strains of Bifidobacterium and incubation under strictly anaerobic conditions. Both P. chrysogenum and P. notatum had the greatest inhibitory effects on bifidobacterium.