Bacterial Consortium Research Articles

Functional identification of carbohydrate-binding module 13 and its application to quantification of hemicellulose in gramineous plants

Gramineous biomass is a type of lignocellulose commonly used as a renewable energy source. Accurate quantification of hemicellulose within this biomass is crucial for its efficient conversion. Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) help catalytic domains anchor substrates, representing the potential to be developed as fluorescence probes for hemicellulose content determination. In this study, we discovered a CBM named EmCBM13, derived from the bifunctional enzyme Xyn10A/Fae1A within the bacterial consortium EMSD5. This CBM displays a remarkable ability to bind soluble and insoluble hemicellulose components of gramineous plants. Through molecular docking and mutational analysis, we pinpointed two essential tyrosine residues mediating ligand interaction of EmCBM13. Leveraging the binding characteristics of EmCBM13, we created a fluorescence probe called EmCBM13-GFP by fusing a GFP with EmCBM13. We observed a positive correlation between the fluorescence contents of EmCBM13-GFP bound to hemicellulose and the hemicellulose contents in various gramineous biomasses. Utilizing this correlation, we rapidly determined the hemicellulose content in different gramineous plants with 90–110 % accuracy. This probe shows promise in quickly evaluating the characteristics of gramineous biomass feedstock for research and production purposes.

Metagenomic analyses of a consortium for the bioremediation of hydrocarbons polluted soils.

A bacterial consortium was isolated from a soil in Noblejas (Toledo, Spain) with a long history of mixed hydrocarbons pollution, by enrichment cultivation. Serial cultures of hydrocarbons polluted soil samples were grown in a minimal medium using diesel (1mL/L) as the sole carbon and energy source. The bacterial composition of the Noblejas Consortium (NC) was determined by sequencing 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries. The consortium contained around 50 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and the major populations belonged to the genera Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Delftia, Stenotrophomonas, Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Novosphingobium, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Rhizobium, Ochrobactrum and Luteibacter. All other genera were below 1%. Metagenomic analysis of NC has shown a high abundance of genes encoding enzymes implicated in aliphatic and (poly) aromatic hydrocarbons degradation, and almost all pathways for hydrocarbon degradation are represented. Metagenomic analysis has also allowed the construction of metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) for the major players of NC. Metatranscriptomic analysis has shown that several of the ASVs are implicated in hydrocarbon degradation, being Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Delftia the most active populations.

Genome sequence of Pseudomonas silesiensis strain G3, a member of a bacterial consortium capable of polyethylene degradation.

A consortium of landfill bacteria including strain G3 can break down polyethylene, a long-lasting plastic that accumulates in the environment. The complete genome sequence of strain G3 was determined by PacBio and Nanopore sequencing and consists of three circular replicons. Genome-based classification assigned strain G3 to the species Pseudomonas silesiensis.

Synergistic Application of Bacterial Consortium and Organic Amendments Improves the Growth and Seed Quality of Mash Bean (Vigna Mungo L.)

Synergistic Application of Bacterial Consortium and Organic Amendments Improves the Growth and Seed Quality of Mash Bean (Vigna Mungo L.)

Sequential Chemical and Biological Desulphurization of High Sulfur Containing Pakistani Coal

Coal is a rich and affordable source of energy that is extensively used for different industrial purposes. However, its extensive utilization have caused a number of environmental problems. Especially, the release of different oxides of sulfur during combustion have resulted in the ongoing acid rain and global warming issues. To tackle the issue, sequential chemical and biological technologies were applied for the desulfurization of a coal sample, collected from Shahrag coal mines, in Baluchistan, Pakistan. The coal was initially de-pyritized with a 15% nitric acid (HNO3) solution. The chemically treated coal was subsequently biodesulfurized with iron oxide (Fe3O4) coated bacterial consortium IQMJ-5. The de-pyritized and biodesulfurized coal was analyzed with proximate, ultimate, FTIR, XRD, and EDX analysis. The calorific value was determined through an oxygen bomb analyzer. Following desulfurization, about 61% organic sulfur and 86.57% total sulfur were removed from the coal sample. Similarly, an increase of about 93 kcal/kg in the calorific value was detected after the treatment. These results clearly depicts the potentiality of the technology for the desulfurization of fossil fuels at the industrial scale.

Stenotrophomonas sp. LIMN, Enterobacter sp. LCMG, and Rhizobium sp. WFRFC: A Bacterial Consortium in the Production of Zea mays L. Under Different Agronomic Management Practices.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the bacterial consortium Enterobacter sp. LCMG, Rhizobium sp. WFRFC, and Stenotrophomonas sp. LIMN on three different agronomic management practices in maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation, with the question: Does the consortium of bacterial strains have a positive influence on maize production under different cultivation practices in the Ciénega region, Jalisco? Design/methodology/approach: Treatments evaluated were TM= 100 % traditional management + bacterial consortium (BC), TM+AM= 50 % traditional management + 50 % agroecological management + BC, and AM= 100 % agroecological management + BC. A randomized complete block design was established, and agronomic and yield variables were evaluated. Results: The MT+MA treatment generated a 6.03 % increase in grain yield; generated a 10.35 % increase in ear height, a 4.87 % decrease in plant height, and a 50 % decrease in the consumption of synthetic products. Limitations on study/implications: The agronomic management was carried out according to the practices of the region's farmers. Findings/conclusions: The bacterial consortium Enterobacter sp. LCMG, Rhizobium sp. WFRFC, and Stenotrophomonas sp. LIMN had a positive effect on maize cultivation for grain production, particularly when combined with agronomic management consisting of 50 % traditional management + 50 % agroecological management. The bacterial consortium could be used as a bio-stimulant in maize production in the Ciénega region, Jalisco.

Plant growth promotion of crops using phosphate solubilizing bacterial strains derived from insects

The aim of this study was to investigate insect derived bacteria for the ability to dissolve insoluble soil phosphate to release soluble phosphorus compounds, available to plants. Bacterial isolates were obtained from Diabrotica virgifera, Hermetia illucens, Oulema melanopus, and Ostrinia nubilalis. An in vitro evaluation of phosphate solubilization ability on Pikovskaya’s medium was done and the phosphate solubilizing index (PSI) was calculated for each isolate. Bacteria were tested in a greenhouse experiment on seeds of oats, wheat, triticale, barley and soybeans. After incubation, the weight and length of their aerial plant parts were measured. The highest increase in the weight of aerial parts was recorded for oats after using strain Om046 for inoculation (88.98%), then, wheat (Dv097, 31.43%), soybean (strain 96, 53.79%), and triticale (bacterial consortium, 36.9%). Bacteria used were identified as Lactococcus lactis (strains Om030 and Om046), Acinetobacter sp. (Dv123), Lactococcus garvieae (Dv097) and Rothia kristinae (strains 90 and 96). We showed that a successful application of insect derived bacteria for phosphate solubilization in soil, to promote plant growth, is possible. Innovative agriculture requires constant improvements in increasing crop growth. Thus, new sources of bacterial strains effectively promoting plant growth, are needed. We described a new source of plant growth-promoting bacteria that can be used in agriculture.

Enhancing nitrogen transformation and humification in cow manure composting through psychrophilic and thermophilic nitrifying bacterial consortium inoculation

Excessive nitrogen release during composting poses significant challenges to both the environment and compost quality. Biological enhancement of humification and nitrogen conservation is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach to composting. The aim of this study was to develop a psychrophilic and thermophilic nitrifying bacterial consortium (CNB) and investigate its role in nitrogen transformation and humification during cow manure composting. Analysis revealed that CNB inoculation promoted microbial proliferation and metabolism, significantly increased the number of nitrifying bacteria (p < 0.05), and elevated the activity of nitrite oxidoreductase and nxrA gene abundance. Compared to the control, CNB inoculation promoted the formation of NO3–-N (77.87–82.35 %), while reducing NH3 (48.89 %) and N2O (20.05 %) emissions, and increased humus content (16.22 %). Mantel analysis showed that the higher abundance of nitrifying bacteria and nxrA facilitated the nitrification of NH4+-N. The improvement in nitrite oxidoreductase activity promoted NO3–-N formation, leading to increased humus content and enhanced compost safety.

Optimization of the Decolorization of Triphenylmethane Dyes by Bacterial Monoculture and Consortium Screened from Textile Wastewater

Optimization of the Decolorization of Triphenylmethane Dyes by Bacterial Monoculture and Consortium Screened from Textile Wastewater

Tetracycline removal by immobilized indigenous bacterial consortium using biochar and biomass: Removal performance and mechanisms

The significant influx of antibiotics into the environment represents ecological risks and threatens human health. Microbial degradation stands as a highly effective method for reducing antibiotic pollution. This study explored the potential of immobilized microbial consortia to efficiently degrade tetracycline. Concurrently, the suitability of different immobilization materials were assessed, with reed charcoal-immobilized consortia exhibiting the highest efficiency in removing tetracycline (92%). Similarly, wheat-bran-loaded bacterial consortia displayed a remarkable 11.43-fold increase in tetracycline removal compared with free consortia. Moreover, adding the carriers increased the nutrients, while the activities of both intracellular and extracellular catalases increased significantly post-immobilization, thus highlighting this enzyme’s crucial role in tetracycline degradation. Finally, analysis of the microbial communities revealed the prevalence of Achromobacter and Parapedobacter, signifying their potential as key degraders. Overall, the immobilized consortia not only hold promise for application in the bioremediation of tetracycline-contaminated environment but also provide theoretical underpinnings for environmental remediation by microorganisms.

Degradation of Azo-dye (Disperse Red) Using Rhizosphere Bacterial Consortium

This study investigates the degradation of the azo dye (Disperse Red) using a rhizosphere bacterial consortium. Standard microbiological and molecular techniques were employed to isolate and identify organisms from rhizosphere soil. Degradation of azodye was carried out in a fabricated anoxic and oxic chambers with hydraulic retention time of 40hrs. Initial identification of the bacterial isolates through Gram’s reaction and biochemical tests revealed the presence of organisms belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Lysinibacillus, and Citrobacter. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the isolates as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Pseudomonas chengduensis, and Citrobacter freundii. During the preliminary testing, the degradation efficiency was assessed under varying glucose concentrations. Higher decolorization rate of 56.17% was observed in the medium with 10% glucose after 72 hours, while the medium with 5% glucose achieved a 44.17% colour reduction. Notably, lower degradation rates recorded were 11.96% and 12.85% for the 5% and 10% dye enhance glucose mineral salt media, respectively. However, During the actual degradation testing in a double-chamber system enhanced with biochar, the first anaerobic cycle achieved a maximum decolorization of 71.95% after 94 hours, with the first aerobic cycle further enhancing degradation to 90.51%. The second anaerobic cycle increased degradation to 94.78%, and the final aerobic cycle achieved a decolorization of 98.47%. These results show that the rate of Disperse Red degradation is highly dependent on glucose levels and alternating anaerobic-aerobic conditions. This study demonstrates the potential of using rhizosphere bacterial consortia to bioremediate wastewater contaminated with azo dyes, offering an efficient and sustainable method of environmental management. The results underline the need of optimizing ambient conditions to increase microbial degradation processes.

Microalgal–Bacteria Biofilm in Wastewater Treatment: Advantages, Principles, and Establishment

The attached microalgal–bacterial consortium (microalgae–bacteria biofilm, MBBF) has been increasingly recognized in wastewater treatment for its superior pollutant removal efficiency, resilience to toxic substances, and improved harvesting performance. This review initially discusses the advantages of MBBFs compared to activated sludge and suspended microalgal–bacterial consortia. These advantages stem from the coexistence of pollutant removal pathways for the bacteria and microalgae in MBBFs, as well as the synergistic interactions between the microalgae and bacteria that enhance pollutant removal and resilience capabilities. Subsequently, the establishment of the MBBF system is emphasized, covering the establishment process, influencing factors of MBBF formation, and the utilization of photobioreactors. Lastly, the challenges associated with implementing MBBFs in wastewater treatment are deliberated. This study aims to present a detailed and comprehensive overview of the application of MBBFs for wastewater treatment and biomass production.

Characteristics and functional bacteria of an efficient benzocaine-mineralizing bacterial consortium

The extensive use of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) has led to widespread residual pollution, which increases the risk of the development of drug resistance in pathogenic microorganisms. Benzocaine is a PPCP that is widely used medical anesthesia and in sunscreen. Microorganisms are essential for the degradation of residual PPCPs. However, no studies have reported the microbial degradation of benzocaine. In this study, through continuous enrichment of the initial consortium HJ1, the highly efficient benzocaine-degrading consortium HJ7 was obtained, HJ7 exhibited a degradation rate that was 1.92 times greater than that of HJ1. Methyl 4-aminobenzoate and 4-aminobenzoic acid were identified as major intermediate products during benzocaine biodegradation by consortium HJ1 or HJ7. Methylobacillus (57.8 % ± 0.9 %) and Pseudomonas (22.1 % ± 0.7 %), which are thought to harbor essential species for benzocaine degradation, were significantly enriched in consortium HJ7. Two benzocaine-degrading strains, Pseudomonas sp. A8 and Microbacterium sp. A741, and one methyl 4-aminobenzoate-degrading strain, Achromobacter sp. A5, were isolated from consortium HJ7, and they synergistically mineralized benzocaine. These findings not only provide new insights into the biotransformation of benzocaine but also provide strain resources for the bioremediation of residual benzocaine in the environment.

Crude oil degrading efficiency of formulated consortium of bacterial strains isolated from petroleum-contaminated sludge.

Crude oil contamination has been widely recognized as a major environmental issue due to its various adverse effects. The use of inhabitant microorganisms (native to the contaminated sites) to detoxify/remove pollutants owing to their diverse metabolic capabilities is an evolving method for the removal/degradation of petroleum industry contaminants. The present study deals with the exploitation of native resident bacteria from crude oil contaminated site (oil exploration field) for bioremediation procedures. Fifteen (out of forty-four) bioremediation-relevant aerobic bacterial strains, belonging to the genera of Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus, Rhizobium, Burkholderia, and Franconibacter, isolated from crude oil containing sludge, have been selected for the present bioremediation study. Crude oil bioremediation performance of the selected bacterial consortium was assessed using microcosm-based studies. Stimulation of the microbial consortium with nitrogen or phosphorous led to the degradation of 60-70% of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in 0.25% and 0.5% crude oil experimental sets. CO2 evolution, indicative of crude oil mineralization, was evident with the highest evolution being 28.6mgmL-1. Ecotoxicity of treated crude oil-containing media was assessed using plant seed germination assay, in which most of the 0.25% and 0.5% treated crude oil sets gave positive results thereby suggesting a reduction in crude oil toxicity.

Isolation of Monocrotophos degrading bacterial consortium from agricultural soil for in vivo analysis of pesticide degradation.

Extensive Monocrotophos (MCP) application in agricultural soils has led to its ubiquitous accumulation in the environment. Human health can be adversely affected by chronic exposure to produce and water from such areas, causing endocrine dysfunction, birth defects, blood and nervous disorders. This study investigated the possibility of detecting Monocrotophos-degrading bacteria in soil samples taken from a cotton cultivation field in a local area. We isolated a consortium that could tolerate and neutralize Monocrotophos upto a concentration of 2000 ppm. The consortium on 16S rRNA sequencing were identified as Micrococcus luteus SBR2, Rhodococcus SBR5, Bacillus aryabhattai SBR8, Ochrobactrum intermedium SBK2. Significant tolerance of individual strains in the range of 500-5000 ppm was observed when incubating them in vitro with Monocrotophos in minimal salt medium. An analysis of the degrading genes opdA, mpd, and opd revealed plasmid borne opdA and mpd in the O.intermedium strain and B.aryabhattai strain. All the strains indicated genomic opdA and mpd whereas opd was not detected in plasmid or genomic DNA. The HPLC showed no peak at 2.5min, when individual strains were incubated with Monocrotophos. The HPLC analysis of soil samples incubated with the consortium for two weeks showed complete degradation of Monocrotophos. GC-MS analysis confirmed that Monocrotophos and its solvent cyclohexamide were degraded into non-toxic compounds such as cyclotrisiloxane compounds, acetic acid, and others. This study indicates that the expression of organophosphate hydrolyzing enzymes in the consortium can greatly contribute to the neutralization of organophosphorus compounds and also serve as a bioremediation method for agricultural soils.

The Integration of Phosphorus-Solubilizing Rhizobacteria, Eisenia fetida and Phosphorus Rock Improves the Availability of Assimilable Phosphorus in the Vermicompost

Due to increasing soil degradation caused by unsustainable agricultural practices and the continued demand for quality food for the human population, it is imperative to find sustainable strategies for high-quality food production. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the interaction between the factors of consortium of phosphorus-solubilizing rhizobacteria, addition of phosphate rock and worm load in horse manure to produce an organic fertilizer fortified with phosphorus. For this, consortia of phosphate-solubilizing rhizobacteria of the genus Bacillus (Bacillus aryabhattai, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus) isolated from the rhizosphere of Distichlis spicata were inoculated. Igneous phosphate rock (0 and 2%) was added in the vermicomposting process (with 25 and 50 g of E. fetida worms per kg of horse manure). The results obtained show that there is a significant interaction between the factors of inoculation with bacterial consortia (1 × 108 CFU mL−1), phosphate rock (2%) and earthworm biomass (50 g kg−1 of manure), and that this interaction promotes the production of assimilable forms of phosphorus for plants (such as monobasic phosphate ions H2PO4−1 or dibasic phosphate ions HPO4−2) within the vermicomposting process, having as a product an organic substrate supplemented with the optimal nutritional requirements for the development and growth of crops. This work can serve as a basis to produce high-quality organic fertilizer. However, field studies are required in order to observe the impact of vermicompost on the yield and quality of the fruits, and it can be compared with other types of fertilizers and the relevance of their use in different types of climates.

Advanced Bioconversion of sugary wastewater: Integrated polyhydroxybutyrate and hydrogen productions in a continuous airlift two-chamber bioreactor

This study utilized a novel Continuous Airlift Two-chamber Bioreactor (CATBR) for the co-production of hydrogen and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from mixed microbial cultures in sugary wastewater. Hydrogen generation was investigated in a defined bacterial consortium that contained mainly Clostridium species, and diverse microbial communities were studied in relation to PHB production, demonstrating the ability of diverse microbial communities to form stable microbial consortia. The impact of hydraulic retention time (HRT), pH, and air flow rate on PHB production was evaluated with special emphasis on volatile suspended solids (VSS).Optimal conditions for hydrogen and PHB production were established at a pH of 5.5, an aeration rate of 1500 mL/h, and an HRT of two days. Hydrogen yield was determined to be 3.14 ± 0.92 mL/g COD, and PHB yield was 31.32% (g PHB/g VSS). Production rates for hydrogen and PHB peaked at 0.23 ± 0.07 L/L.d and 0.64 g PHB/L.d, respectively, with a COD removal efficiency of 85 ± 0.67%. At an HRT of two days, the PHB generation rate was found to be 6–10 times higher than previously reported rates. The application of immobilized cell technology effectively prevented bacterial washout from the reactor, thereby ensuring stable operational conditions.

The bio-cathode of microbial fuel cells systems: Performance analysis under different microbial community conditions

This study aims to investigate the conversion of different microbial community compositions in the cathode chamber in a dual-chamber bioelectrochemical system. A denitrifying bacterial community, or sludge, was enriched for denitrification by microbial consortia and subsequently acclimatized within the cathodic chamber of microbial fuel cells, either within a mixed microbial community sludge microbial fuel cell (M-MFC) or a pure culture of microorganisms in a microbial fuel cell (P-MFC). The bioelectrochemical systems were treated with different nitrate concentrations in the cathodic chamber: the MFC with low concentration nitrate (MFC1, 25 mg/L nitrate; MFC2 50 mg/L nitrate), the MFC with medium concentration nitrate(MFC3, 75 mg/L nitrate; MFC4 100 mg/L nitrate), and MFC with high concentration nitrate (MFC5, 125 mg/L nitrate; MFC6 150 mg/L nitrate; MFC7 175 mg/L nitrate), and the initial COD in the anodic chamber was based on demand(C to N ratio is 5). M-MFC exhibited better-electrogenerated capability than P-MFC. However, P-MFC exhibited better nitrogen removal performance compared to M-MFC. The best performance was attained by both types of MFCs when the nitrate content was 100 mg/L. The maximum output voltages in M-MFC4 and P-MFC4 were 449 mV and 171 mV, respectively. The average conversion rate of M-MFC4 and P-MFC4 were 2.9 mg*L−1 *h−1 and 10.5 mg*L−1 *h−1, respectively. The analysis of the microbial community of two treated MFCs in the cathode chamber in the optimal state indicated that non-electrode denitrification predominantly occurs in P-MFC. The cathode chambers were mostly populated by denitrifying microorganisms. The dominant species in M-MFC were Azonexus, Zoogloea, Ignavibacterium, and Pirellula, and the dominant species in P-MFC were Comamonas, Aeromonas, and Acidovorax. The species was assessed by qPCR analysis, and the results validated the use of a bacterial consortium for domestication as a more suitable method to improve the stability and performance of the MFCs.

Novel Bacterial Consortium for Mitigation of Odor and Enhance Compost Maturation Rate of Municipal Solid Waste: A Step Toward a Greener Economy

Composting is an integral component of sustainable Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management within the circular bio-economy platform. However, it faces challenges due to malodorous emissions that impact environmental and societal equilibrium. The present study aims to minimize odorous emissions and expedite compost maturation using a novel, efficient microbial consortium. Bacteria sourced from open dump sites in Sri Lanka were carefully screened based on concurrent enzyme production. Five developed consortia were tested for their performance in reducing malodors during the composting process of MSW. Consortium No. 5 (C5), comprised of Bacillus haynesii, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus safensis, demonstrated outstanding performance with a significant (p &lt; 0.05) reduction in odorous emissions. Additionally, consortium C5 exhibited impressive control over gas emissions, maintaining VOC, CH4, NH3, and H2S concentrations within ranges of 0.5-6 ppm, 0.5-0.8 ppm, 0.3-0.5 ppm, and 0.5-0.6 ppm, respectively, compared to control concentrations of 4.5-10.2 ppm, 0.5-5.5 ppm, 0.3-5.5 ppm, and 0.5-6.4 ppm, respectively. Additionally, comprehensive Electronic nose (E-nose) analysis substantiated C5’s efficiency in attenuating Methane-Aliphatic compounds, Sulfur and Aromatic compounds, along with low-polarity aromatic and alkane compounds, all with statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05). Further, the developed consortium could reduce the composting time from 110 ± 10 days to 17 ± 3 days, offering a sustainable solution for global MSW management.

Unlocking bioremediation potential: harnessing an indigenous bacterial consortium from effluent treatment plants for industrial wastewater treatment

Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) wastewater poses significant environmental and health risks, necessitating advanced treatment technologies to meet discharge standards. This study focuses on the collection and characterisation of wastewater from CETP Vatva, Ahmedabad, to evaluate physicochemical parameters heavy metal concentrations, and identify indigenous bacterial species. Using Taguchi’s systematic orthogonal array, an effective indigenous bacterial consortium (EIBC) was created for bioreactor-based CETP wastewater treatment. The 16S rDNA analysis revealed the presence of various bacterial strains, including the newly reclassified bacteria Stutzerimonas stutzeri. The analysis of the SI sample indicated substantial reductions in the concentrations of total dissolved solids (1090 mg L−1), biological oxygen demand (28 mg l−1), chemical oxygen demand (180 mg l−1), and total phosphorus (1.4 mg l−1) compared to their initial values of 7504 mg l−1, 29 6 mg l−1, 58 8 mg l−1, and 3.04 mg l−1, respectively, with a similar trend observed in samples SII and SIII. While turbidity was significantly reduced from initial concentrations ranging between 36–42 NTU to 4 NTU in SI, 5 NTU in SII, and 3 NTU in SIII samples, resulting in clear water, odour remained a persistent concern throughout the study. Heavy metal concentrations were within permissible discharge limits, with notable removal rates for Cu, Fe, and Cd. The study concludes that integrating systematic design modelling with bioreactor-based remediation effectively mitigates water pollution and safeguards human well-being.