Bacopa Monneri Research Articles

Optimization and Development of Bacopa monnieri Infused Nutri-cereals Pizza Base

Background: Pizza, an Italian culinary delight, is relished by diverse groups of individuals. In this study, pizza base was innovatively crafted by substituting refined wheat flour (RWF) by combining with little millet flour (LMF) and proso millet flour (PMF) along with Bacopa monneri. Methods: A meticulous investigation was conducted to assess the impact of different quantities of RWF (20-40 g), LMF (20-40 g) and PMF (20-40 g) on the quality attributes of the pizza base, using a D-optimal design for optimization. Result: The findings revealed that an increased proportion of refined wheat flour (RWF) enhanced the overall acceptability of the pizzabase. Further more, the hardness of the pizzabase was influenced by higher RWF quantities and reduced levels of proso millet flour (PMF) and little millet flour (LMF). Similarly, an increase in the amount of PMF led to a significant increase in both protein and antioxidant content. The optimized proportions for RWF, LMF and PMF were determined to be 40 g, 33.3334 g and 26.6666 g, respectively. This optimization yielded the following outcomes: an overall acceptability score of 8.33, an antioxidant content of 92.2727%, a pizza base texture (hardness) of 2388.88 g and a protein content of 10.3131%. These results are in concurrence with the predictions made by the significantly (p less than 0.05) fitted quadratic models.

Diversity and Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Selected Medicinal Plants

Background: Tha Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) association previously known as VAM belongs to an ancient fungal group known as Glomeromycota. In this study five commonly used medicinal plants viz., Eclipta prostrata, Mentha arvensis, Elettaria cardamomum, Bacopa monneri and Mimosa pudica were investigated for AMF colonization in the form of arbuscules, vesicles and hyphae from their roots and their rhizospheric soil was isolated for AMF spores. Majorly two genera of AMF dominated the rhizospheric soil of the plants investigated which were Acaulospora and Glomus. Altogether 12 AMF spores were isolated from the rhizospheric environment of the plants and they belonged to six different genera of AMF. Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during 2022-23, different localities of Banaras Hindu University was surveyed. 5 different plants were selected for investigation on the diversity and distribution of AMF colonisation found in their rhizospheric soil. Result: Our investigation on the diversity and distribution of AMF of few selected plants from BHU have allowed us to isolate and morphologically identify 12 different species of AMF from 6 different genera. The geographical distribution of the collected species was discussed. The present work will be a complementary contribution to the comprehensive study of the identification and utility of AMF in plant growth and sust.

Assessing the effect of developed ayurvedic food for ADHD children on animal models

As stated by World Health Organization (WHO), a cerebral disarray are to amplify by 50 per cent in the year of 2020, is the fore most finding root of morbidity in kids. The kids represent on 40 per cent in India and the rate of psychopathology amid childhood is 5 to 15 per cent (The Global Economic burden of non-communicable diseases, 2011). ADHD is a multi factorial, highly heritable disorder, estimating a mean heritability of 76 percent (Farone and Mick, 2010). The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been used as a genetic animal model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The open field test for loco motor activity, Y-maze test for inattention and Electro-foot shock aversive water drinking test (EFSD) for impulsivity were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). However, impulsive behavior in the Ymaze tests, which is designed to detect anxiety-related behavior but also reflects impulsivity for novelty seeking, was comparable to Hyperactivity and inattention. ADHD like behaviors in SHR were ameliorated with methylphenidate at a low dose (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.). Rats were acclimated to their home cages for at least 7days before testing and all the rats were provided with commercially available normal diet. The animals were given fresh ayurvedic based health mix diet with 3 per cent, 6 per cent and 12 per cent incorporation of medhya rasayana (Centella asiatica and Bacopa monneri) daily for 100 g for each rat and leftover food was collected on next day measured and discarded. The body weights of each rat were measured every week. All the protocol and experiments were conducted in compliance with the ethical principles and guidelines provided by the committee. The experimental groups, consisting of 6 animals per drug and dose, were chosen by means of a randomized schedule and animal study has been carried out for three months. All tests took place between 9:00 am and 6.00 pm. Animal treatment and maintenance were carried out in accordance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care. Key words: ADHD, Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiatica, Medya rasayana, SHR.

Levetiracetam exposure during prenatal and postnatal period induces cognitive decline in rat offsprings, not completely prevented by Bacopa monnieri.

Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiepileptic recommended during pregnancy. Bacopa monneri is a medicinal herb used in Ayurveda for improvement of cognition. Data on effects of LEV and Bacopa on cognition is inadequate. The study evaluated the cognitive effects of LEV on rat offspring of dams exposed to LEV and whether pretreatment with Bacopa monnieri, inhibits the potential cognitive decline by LEV. Pregnant rats were allocated into four groups of three rats each. Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 received 2% gum acacia, LEV 270mg/kg, LEV 270mg/kg+Bacopa 100mg/kg and LEV 270mg/kg+Bacopa 200mg/kg respectively during pregnancy and lactation. Three pups from all dams were chosen at random and exposed topassive avoidance, Hebb-Williams and Morris water maze tests to check for their cognition and relevant histopathology was done. In the passive avoidance model groups 3 and 4, showed an increase in escape latency compared with group2, demonstrating an improved learning (p=0.05). In Hebb-Williams maze, the time taken to reach reward chamber by group 2 increased compared to group 1, p=0.006, showing cognitive decline. Neuronal count in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex decreased significantly in group 2, which improved in group 3 & 4 however there was distortion of architecture in group 4. LEV exposure in intrauterine and neonatal period induced cognitive decline in rat offsprings and Bacopa 100mg/kg prevented LEV induced cognitive decline. However safety of exposure to Bacopa during the gestation period has to be evaluated.

Antidepressant in animal models of depression and study of cognitive property

Depression characterized by significant depression of mood and impairment of function. In whole study evaluate the antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri Linn, to assess the pharmacodynamic interaction of drug with standard nootropic antidepressant, determine effect of drug alone and in combination with standard anti-depressant in brain on amino acid neurotransmitter and acetylcholine esterase activity. Despair Swim test and tail suspension test study of interaction of ethanolic extract Bacopa monnieri with standard antidepressant drug extract used in FST and TST studied. Final perception was GABAmimetic Bacopa monneri decrease the immobility in forced swim test found that GABAergic activity lower in depressed state than normal brain. The control group in both FST and TST. GABA level found decrease than basal values. From experimental evidence it may conclude that ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri Linn possesses significant antidepressant activity.

Bacopa monnieri Supplements Offset Paraquat-Induced Behavioral Phenotype and Brain Oxidative Pathways in Mice.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by alterations in cerebellum and basal ganglia functioning with corresponding motor deficits and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Involvement of oxidative dysfunction has been implicated for the progression of PD, and environmental neurotoxin exposure could influence such behavior and psychiatric pathology. Assessing dietary supplementation strategies with naturally occurring phytochemicals to reduce behavioral anomalies associated with neurotoxin exposure would have major clinical importance. The present investigation assessed the influence of Bacopa monneri (BM) on behaviors considered to reflect anxiety-like state and motor function as well as selected biochemical changes in brain regions of mice chronically exposed to ecologically relevant herbicide, paraquat (PQ). Male mice (4-week old, Swiss) were daily provided with oral supplements of standardized BM extract (200 mg/kg body weight/day; 3 weeks) and PQ (10 mg/kg, i.p. three times a week; 3 weeks). We found that BM supplementation significantly reversed the PQ-induced reduction of exploratory behavior, gait abnormalities (stride length and mismatch of paw placement) and motor impairment (rotarod performance). In a separate study, BM administration prevented the reduction in dopamine levels and reversed cholinergic activity in brain regions important for motor (striatum) pathology. Further, in mitochondria, PQ-induced decrease in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and energy charge (MTT reduction), was restored with BM supplementation. These findings suggest that BM supplementation mitigates paraquat-induced behavioral deficits and brain oxidative stress in mice. However, further investigations would enable us to identify specific molecular mechanism by which BM influences behavioural pathology.

Performance of biochar derived from Cymbopogon winterianus waste at two temperatures on soil properties and growth of Bacopa monneri

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochar derived from the distilled waste of Cymbopogon winterianus at two different pyrolysis temperatures (450°C and 850°C) on the chemical and biological properties of sandy loamy soil (SLS) and its subsequent impact on plant growth. Pot experiments utilizing Bacopa monnieri were performed in a greenhouse with four different application rates of biochar (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% (w/w)) for 120 days. Biochar induced alterations in soil properties (nutrients, enzymes, and microbes) and plant responses (yield, biocide and antioxidant content) to biochar addition were measured. Biochar application, notably improved the soil carbon, cation exchange capacity, and the availability of NH4 + and phosphorus. Initially, biochar produced at the lower temperature had more effect on the available nitrogen, phosphorus, soil enzymatic properties, and plant biomass growth. After 120 days, the pyrolysis temperature had only a marginal influence on biochar-induced effects on soil pH, WHC, and soil enzymatic activities. Our results suggest that C. winterianus derived biochar amendment leads to an overall amelioration of soil fertility and plant growth improvement. In specific biochar produced at lower temperatures (450°C) was more effective for improvement of plant biomass and soil characteristics.

Phytofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Bacopa monnieri leaf extract and its antibacterial activity as well as oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis of lung cancer

The biological method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Bacopa monneri leaves and its anti-proliferation against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) was studied. The AgNPs synthesis was determined by an ultraviolet–visible spectrum and was confirmed primarily by the colour change and surface plasmon resonance was observed at 450 nm and its reduction of functional groups stretched in AgNPs was identified by Fourier transform infrared and the crystalline nature of AgNPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The structural morphology of the AgNPs was found to be spherical and polygonal shape and size (> 35 nm) were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis and its purity was identified by energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX). A further, antibacterial activity of biosynthesised AgNPs against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria was assessed. The cytotoxic effect of synthesised AgNPs was analysed against human lung adenocarcinoma cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The GI50 was found to be 20 µg/ml at 24 h incubation. The apoptosis cells containing condensate and marginalised chromatin stages were analysed by propidium iodide staining and DNA damage was observed in A549 treated cells. The present study strongly emphasised that the bioactive molecule-coated AgNPs could have potential for biomedical applications and significant anticancer effects against human lung adenocarcinoma cells.

Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Selected Medicinal Plants and their Corresponding Soils collected from Environmentally Diverse Locations of India

The study aimed to determine the metal accumulation levels of Centella asiatica and Bacopa monneri from environmentally diverse regions in India. Accumulation of heavy metals in human tissues through intake of herbal preparations can cause serious impact on the health of the human beings. Bacopa monneri and Centella asiatica have been used traditionally as folk medicines. Therefore, metal accumulation of seven heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Fe and Zn) was taken up in composite (leaf, roots and stem) samples of two medicinal herbs (Centella asiatica and Bacopa monnieri) collected from diverse locations of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Assam. Background concentrations of heavy metals in soils are important due to their pollution potential and toxic effect of these metals on health aspects of human beings and the environment. Therefore, investigation of heavy metals in the soil in which the medicinal plants were cultivated was taken up in order to ascertain the contamination status.

Insilico approach of interaction studies in Bacopa monnieri compounds targeting multi-proteins for Alzheimer's Disease

Bacopa monnieri Linn (plantaginaceae) is perennial, creeping herb native to the wetlands of southern and eastern India, Australia, Europe and Asia. It is a well-known medicinal plant, is widely used in traditional medicine system in the treatment of epilepsy, asthma, gastrointestinal discomfort, skin disease and has antimicrobial action, antioxidant and anticancer. It is a nootropic and used as memory enhancer and reducing anxiety in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Bacopa monnieri (also known as Brahmi) is used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The objective of this study was to establish the binding energy of Bacopa monnieri biological active compounds and drug likeliness by Insilico techniques for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease with CASP3. The compounds taken were apigenin, rosavin and luteolin. These compounds are docked by using AutoDock 4.2 Software with proteins selected based upon the literature survey and the PDB IDs are 5IAS, 5IAR, 5IAJ, and 5IBC. From the docking results the compounds shows satisfactory dock score values respectively. These compounds are visualized by using Discovery studio 4.1 Visualizer followed by DruLiTo software which satisfies the Lipinski’s properties for all the compounds. This result depicts the Bacopa monneri derivatives having significant role to design new compounds with these properties for treating Alzheimer’s disease.

Assessment of Acetylcholinestrase Inhibiton by Bacopa Monneiri and Acephate in Hippocampus of Chick Brain for Impediment of Alzheimer’s Disease

1. Abstract 1.1. Introduction: In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a depletion of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh) occurs due to the destruction of cholinergic neurons. By inhibiting Acethylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme which catalyses break down of ACh, levels of this neurotransmitter can be elevated and function may be improved. 1.2. Objective: This study sought to find out whether the Acethylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, enzyme kinetics and histology in the hippocampus of Chick brain were affected in a selective manner by a herbal extract, and organophosphate Pesticide and combination of both: a. Ethanol extract of Bacopa monneiri b. Acephate c. Pretreatment of ethanol extract of Bacopa followed by acephate. 1.3. Method: AChE activity was determined by Ellman’s method and AChE kinetics by LB plots. 1.4. Result: AChE activities due to Bacopa monneiri, acephate and combination of both in hippocampus of treated chicks were significantly inhibited to 72%, 70.9% and 94% respectively. Our kinetic study reveals that acephate is competitive while Bacopa monneiri was competitive-noncompetitive inhibitor of AChE. Slight histological variation was observed as the concentration of cytoplasm of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers in the Hippocampus of chick treated with acephate and ethanolic extract of Bocopa monnieri. 1.5. Conclusion: Common herb Bacopa monneri may help to improve ACh level, but scientific evidence to prove that it can treat Alzheimer's disease, is still to confirm.

EVALUATION OF BRAHMI GHRITA KALPA IN AYURVEDIC LITERATURE

Brahmi Ghrita mentioned in Ayurvedic manuscripts with sligh t variation in their ingredients as well as therapeutic indications . This Ghrita was first time mentioned in Charak Samhita having ingred ients like Brahmi ( Bacopa monneri ), Vacha ( Acorus calamus ), Shankhapushpi ( Evolvulus alsinoids ), Kushtha ( Saussurea lappa ) and cow’s ghee and indicated for treatment of Unmand, Apasmar and Graha disorders . In due course of time, this formulation was modifi ed by various Acharya as per requirement of patients, nature of disease, Desh , Kala etc . Recently government of India published official document known as Ayurvedic Formulary of India which has same indication s and ingredients along with method of preparat ion as mentioned in Astang Hriday . Besides this o ther manuscripts of Ayurveda like V aidhayka Chintamani, Sahasrayoga etc . mentioned Brahmi Ghrita fo r treatment of gastrointestinal disorders , S war - bheda etc. along with Unmad , Apasmar and their ingredients are varied according to their therapeutic claim . It is clear that this Ghrita is so nicely formulated that at least one ingredients act as bio - enhancers (enhances therapeutic properties) an d other ingredients as per etiopathogenesis of respective disorders except Charak Samhita and Bhav Prakash . In nut cell , we can say that Brahmi Ghrita mentioned in Charak Samhita and Bhav P rakash should be used for treatment of Unmad and A pasmar and if these dis orders are associated with other disorders then composition o f Ghrita will be varied according to nature of other diseases . Keyword : Brahmi Ghrita , Manuscripts , Unamd, Apasmar

Acute and sub‑chronic toxicity study of Brahmi ghrita in rodents

Context: Brahmi Ghrita (BG) contains Brahmi (Bacopa monneri), Vacha (Acorus calamus), Kushtha (Saussurea lappa), Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) and Puran Ghrita, mentioned for treatment of various diseases. Aim: To assess acute and sub‑chronic toxicity of Brahmi Ghrita in mice and rats, respectively. Materials and Methods: In acute toxicity study, Swiss strain albino mice were administered orally Brahmi Ghrita doses of 1, 2.5 and 5 g/kg and observed for behavioural changes and mortality, if any. In sub chronic toxicity study, Charles Foster albino rats were administered two doses of Brahmi Ghrita i.e., 400 and 800 mg/kg, p.o. for 30 consecutive days. During 30 days of treatment, rats were observed for any changes in body weight and daily food and water intake. After 30 days, rats were sacrificed for haematological, biochemical and histopathology study. Result: There was no mortality or abnormal behaviour, observed in acute toxicity study in mice at all the three dose levels. In sub‑chronic toxicity study, Brahmi Ghrita did not produce any significant changes in body weight and daily food and water intake of rats when compared to control group rats. Further, haematological and biochemical parameters were also found normal. Histopathological study revealed normal architecture of kidney and liver of Brahmi ghrita treated rats. Conclusion: Brahmi Ghrita is safe in rodent and mice. Key words: Acute toxicity, Brahmi ghrita, sub chronic toxicity

Beneficial effect of Brahmi Ghrita on learning and memory in normal rat.

Background:Learning, the process of acquiring memory such as behavioral change due to previous experiences and most intensively studied subjects in the field of neuroscience through various approaches to understand the mechanisms. Brahmi Ghrita (BG) was claimed for the treatment of learning and memory disorders in human being.Aim:To assess learning and memory activity of BG in normal rats.Materials and Methods:For this study, 24 rats were taken and divided into four groups (six in each). First group served as the control group, second and the third group as BG treated groups (400 and 800 mg/kg, p. o.) and the fourth group as standard drug (piracetam) 500 mg/kg, p.o. treated group. Learning and memory, activity of BG was evaluated in normal rats, using elevated maze plus and passive avoidance test.Results:BG and piracetam treated rats demonstrated a significant decrease in transfer latency in modified elevated plus maze test and increase in step through latency in passive avoidance test compared with control rats in a dose dependent manner. It may be due to increase in learning and memory. It was also reported that prolonged use of Bacopa monneri (L.) Pennell causes elevation of cerebral glutamic acid and transient increase in gamma aminobutaric acid, which may be helpful in the process of learning.Conclusion:Brahmi Ghrita enhances learning and memory as analogous to standard drug (piracetam) in normal rats.

Critical review on pharmacological properties of Brahmi

Water hyssop and " Brahmi" are two words used for Bacopa monneri in the traditional system of medicine. Traditionally, it was used as a brain tonic to enhance learning & memory, and to provide relief in anxiety or epileptic disorders. The plant has also been used as a cardiac tonic, digestive aid and to improve respiratory function in cases of bronchoconstriction. Brahmi contains bacoside A & B, Brahmin as main alkaloid and others are nicotine, herpestine. Bacoside A, B are the major constituents present in Brahmi plant in the form of saponins other than this D- mannitol, hersaponin and potassium salts are also present. In this review we discuss primarily on pharmacological properties, chemical constituents and scientific researches supporting the not only traditional use of Ayurvedic claims regarding Brahmi plant but also other physiological conditions such as anti-inflammatory, cardio tonic and other pharmacological effects of BM preparations/extracts.

Preliminary physico-chemical profile of Brahmi Ghrita

Brahmi Ghrita was processed as per the process of Snehapaka procedure described in classics. It contained Brahmi (Bacopa monneri), Vacha (Acorus calamus), Kushtha (Sassurea lappa), Shankhapushpi (Convolvulos pluricalis), and Purana Ghrita. In the preparation of Brahmi Ghrita, Brahmi Swarasa, Kalka Dravya of Brahmi, Vacha, Kushtha, and Shankhapushpi were mixed in Purana Ghrita and heated for three hours at 110°C every day for three days. On the third day Ghrita was filtered to obtain the finished product. In this manner, three samples of Brahmi Ghrita were prepared. To understand the changes that occurred during the preparation, Brahmi Ghrita and Purana Ghrita were analyzed by using modern parameters such as Acid value, Saponification value, and so on. After the analysis, it was found that the Acid values of Sample A, B, and C of Brahmi Ghrita were 4.26, 4.03, and 4.03; the Saponification values of Samples A, B, and C of Brahmi Ghrita were 227.2, 230.01, and 230.01, and the Iodine values of Samples A, B, and C were 34.75, 35.88, and 35.88, respectively, and the Acid value, Saponification value, and Iodine value of Purana Ghrita were 1.57, 199.15, and 31.04, respectively. The present study revealed that, there was no significant variation in the analytical values among all three samples of Brahmi Ghrita.

Encouraging effect of Brahmi Ghrita in amnesia

Context: Brahmi Ghrita (BG) contains Brahmi (Bacopa monneri), Vacha (Acorus calamus), Kushtha (Saussurea lappa), Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) and Puran Ghrita, prepared as per sneha paka process. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the learning and memory activity of BG in Amnesic rats. Materials and Methods: The Learning and memory activity of BG (400 and 800 mg/kg, per oral) was evaluated in scopolamine (1 mg/kg, sub cutaneous) challenged rats, using elevated maze plus, passive avoidance test and active avoidance test. Results: BG treated scopolamine challenged rat demonstrated a significant decrease in transfer latency in modified elevated plus maze test and increase in step through latency in passive avoidance test compared to control rats in a dose dependent manner. BG treated rats took significant less number of total trials, shock trial and total time for jumping into safe compartment. Conclusion: BG antagonises the action of scopolamine. Key words: Brahmi Ghrita, modified elevated plus maze test, scopolamine

Standardization of Brahmi Ghrita with Special reference to its Pharmaceutical Study

Brahmi Ghrita is a preparation of Brahmi (Bacopa monneri), Vacha (Acorus calamus), Kushtha (Sassurea lappa), Shankhapushpi (Convolvulos pluricalis) and Purana Ghrita . This preparation is used for the treatment of Apasmara and prepared by Sneha Paka process as mentioned in classical text books of Ayurveda . Three samples of this Ghrita were prepared and each sample of Brahmi Ghrita, containes Brahmi in Swarasa form as a drava dravya . Kalka was prepared with fine powder of Vacha, Kushtha, Shankhapushpi and Brahmi by triturating with Brahmi Swarasa . Murchhana of Ghrita was done as per procedure before using the Ghrita as Sneha dravya . By using all drugs, Brahmi Ghrita was prepared on mild heat for three day and during the manufacturing process temperature as well as Siddhi lakashana mentioned in Ayurveda was recorded.

Study of Brāhmī Ghṛta and piracetam in amnesia

Objective:To compare the effect of Brāhmī Ghṛta with piracetam (a reference standard chemical) in amnesia.Materials and Methods:Brāhmī Ghṛta contained Brāhmī (Bacopa monneri), Vacā (Acorus calamus), Kuṣṭha (Sassurea lappa), Śaṅkhapuṣpī (Convolvulos pluricalis), and Purāṇa Ghṛta, prepared as per snehapāka process. Antiamnesic activity of Brāhmī Ghṛta (400 and 800 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated in scopolamine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) induced amnesia in Charles Foster rats using elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, and active avoidance tests. Piracetam (500 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as standard drug. This effect was compared with standard chemical used in experimental study.Results:Brāhmī Ghṛta - (in both doses) and piracetam-treated rats significantly reversed the effect of scopolamine in modified elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, and active avoidance tests. But there were no significant differences observed in antiamnesic activity of Brāhmī Ghṛta and standard drug.Conclusion:Brāhmī Ghṛta and piracetam produced significant beneficial effect on scopolamine-induced amnesic effect, but no significant difference was observed in between them.

Evaluation of CNS activity ofBramhi Ghrita

OBJECTIVE: To eavaluate the CNS activity of Bramhi Ghrita, a polyherbal formulation containing Bacopa monneri, Evolvulus alsinoids, Acorus calamus, Saussurea lappa and cow's ghee. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of Bramhi Ghrita on motor coordination, behavior, sleep, convulsions, locomotion and analgesia was evaluated in mice using standard procedures. RESULTS: The formulation exhibited reduced alertness, spontaneous locomotor activity and reactivity. It also antagonized the behavioral effects of d-amphetamine, potentiated the pentobarbitone-induced sleep and increased the pain threshold. Bramhi Ghrita protected mice from maximum electroshock and pentylene tetrazole-induced convulsions.