Student Background Research Articles

288 Relationship Between Socio-Economic Background of International Medical Graduates and Residency Match Results

Up to 25% of practicing American physicians are international medical graduates (IMGs). There are multiple studies characterizing the social and economic background of American medical students and residents. However, studies of IMGs are lacking despite their substantial prevalence in American health care. Little is known about the countries of origin of international physicians and determinants of their success. Our study is aimed to characterize the impact of IMG socio-economic background on the rate residency match success.

Implementasi Kegiatan Keagamaan Dan Peduli Lingkungan Pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 2 Salatiga

The emergence of Covid-19 has had a tremendous impact on the world of education. To prevent the spread of the virus, the government has imposed large-scale restrictions. So that it has an impact on religious activities and care for the environment of students. This study aims to determine the form of implementation, the supporting and inhibiting factors of religious activities and environmental care for the students of Public Junior High School 2 Salatiga. This type of research is qualitative research. Sources of data used include primary sources, namely the results of interviews from school principals, teachers, and students; and secondary sources can be in the form of documents and photos of religious activities and care for the environment. Techniques in analyzing data using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions.
 The results of this study indicate that Public Junior High School 2 Salatiga has: 1) The forms of implementation of students' religious activities include reading the Qur'an, reading Asmaulhusna, reading prayers, habituation of fardu prayers, habituation to giving alms, Islamic holidays, and Religious Extracurriculars; 2) Factors supporting the implementation of students' religious activities are the role of parents, school facilities and infrastructure, the commitment of Islamic Religion Teachers, and the environment around the school; 3) The inhibiting factors for the implementation of student religious activities are the Covid-19 pandemic and the diverse backgrounds of students. 4) The forms of implementation of student environmental care activities are the Adiwiyata Program, maintaining class cleanliness, planting plants, disposing of garbage in its place, waste management, energy saving, washing hands, wearing masks, keeping a distance, consuming nutritious and hygienic food, giving Covid-19 vaccines., and regular exercise; 5) Supporting factors for implementing student environmental care activities are school facilities and infrastructure and the Covid-19 pandemic; 6) The inhibiting factor for implementing student environmental care activities is the Covid-19 pandemic and the lack of awareness of students.

Students’ Performance and Perceptions of Wiki-based Collaborative Writing for Learners of English as a Foreign Language

In the Taiwan EFL context particularly, little attention has been given to investigating the effects of wikis on EFL writing performance. Therefore, this study suggests a wiki-based collaborative writing activity in the writing process of creative English writing. In addition, the students’ perceptions of wiki collaborative writing were also measured. In this one-group pretest-post-test study, 32 learners at a public university in central Taiwan were invited to participate. The participants were selected using convenience sampling, a non-probability sampling technique. Instruments used to collect the data were online student background questionnaires, writing pre- and post-tests, and a student online questionnaire on wiki collaborative writing. The data from the wiki collaborative writing questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result of the study is expected to be able to enhance students’ writing performance and to encourage them to have strong motivation and good attitudes toward English writing. The students enjoyed being involved in online collaborative writing and learned to give comments and receive feedback in groups. It is thought to be a useful practice to enable students to socially interact to gain more knowledge, insights, and experience.

Factors responsible for low enrolment in chemistry as perceived by chemistry education students in Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

This paper highlighted some factors responsible for low enrolment in Chemistry as perceived by Chemistry students in Ignatius AJURU University of Education, Rivers State. The study adopted an opinion survey design using Chemistry Education students as the subjects out of which 120 students were randomly selected. Five research questions were stated to guide the study. A 25 item questionnaire covering five enrolment factors with a reliability index (r = 0.87) was used. Data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and Chi – square. The results showed that all five factors under study (parental and peer group influences abstractness of some Chemistry concepts, students background knowledge and phobia of danger/hazard associated with chemical substances) have positive and high relationship with students enrolment in Chemistry Education. It was concluded that these factors significantly affect students’ low enrolment in Chemistry Education. Therefore, it was recommended amongst others that School guidance and counseling should regularly organize career guidance to students on their choice of career and parents should not interfere in their children choice of career but leave the students to choose career based on interest and passion.

Factors Affecting Teachers’ Pragmatic Knowledge Incorporation into Thai EFL Classrooms

In second language pragmatics, the student has long received much more attention than the teacher with the principal aim to examine the former’s pragmatic competence and to innovate teaching in order to increase it. However, reports on students’ poor pragmatic performance have identified the ineffectiveness of this predisposed interest. Therefore, the researchers argue for a closer investigation into the teachers who are crucial in contributing to the latter’s ability. In the present study, a survey and a structured interview were used with a purposive sample of 38 Thai EFL university instructors to elicit in-depth information about their beliefs in the value of pragmatic knowledge, their self-reflection of incorporating pragmatic content in class, and factors that might complicate the relation between the beliefs and actual teaching. Findings show that while participants hold considerable positivity regarding the need for pragmatic content, their existent teaching is relatively less due to certain limitations. Among them, student background and type of course are the most influential factors in their pragmatic teaching knowledge. Moreover, participants’ pragmatic knowledge background and language experience have a significant correlation with their existing teaching (r =.38, p = .01). The inadequate proportion of in-class pragmatic content presents itself as a direct cause for students’ poor performance since they lack both the necessary knowledge and practice. The paper concludes with practical steps to systemize in-class teaching of pragmatic knowledge in Thai EFL contexts and perhaps elsewhere.

백워드 단원 설계를 통한 다문화 교실 수업의 실천 방안

Objectives This study focuses on the difficulties of teaching-learning occurring in multicultural classrooms with diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds of students. It was intended to seek ways to ensure learning equity and in-depth understanding of all students. In other words, the purpose is to examine the application of classes for language development in multicultural classrooms and to design classes that support language development by applying backward design. Methods To achieve the purpose of the study, literature analysis and unit design research were conducted. Through literature analysis, the study analyzed the role of language in learning equity, in-depth learning, backward design, and learning and class in multicultural instruction classroom, and revealed the foundation of class application. After that, science and unit were developed through unit design research. Results For the class reflecting culture, language and diversity in the multicultural classroom, the responsive instructional studies that understand the characteristics of multicultural students and emphasize specific practice were significant. Therefore, as a way to promote the learning and language development of the subject on the basis of the application of this class, the unit of ‘properties of matter’ in the third grade science class of elementary school was developed by applying the linguistic lens to the backward design. Conclusions Backward design applying a linguistic lens is a useful way to develop a rigorous curriculum to provide equal learning opportunities to all students in subject learning in multicultural classrooms.

The Effect of Sleep Time and Learning Duration on Student’s Achievement

The study was conducted to determine the relationship between study time and sleep time with the Grade Point Average (GPA). Data collection used as many as 103 respondents with a student background majoring in Industrial Engineering at Bina Nusantara University. The results of descriptive statistics show that the average respondent uses 1 to 2 hours of study time per day. The results of descriptive data processing show that the average respondent uses 5 to 7 hours of sleep per day. Inferential statistical results with a correlation test show that there is a correlation between learning activities and sleep with the GPA of Industrial Engineering students at BINUS University. The reliability test showed that there was a correlation between the frequency of sleepiness and the concentration level of students with the acquisition of a Cronbach Alpha score of 0.7277. The reliability test shows that there is a correlation between hours of sleep and the frequency of using the alarm with a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.6363. The reliability test shows that there is a correlation between GPA and the duration of student self-study with a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.6575.

Automatic and controlled information processing in the context of students’ ethnic background and social status: An eye-tracking study

Based on the continuum model of impression formation (Fiske & Neuberg, 1990), information processing can be more or less automated or controlled and thus relies more or less on stereotype-based or individual-based characteristics. Also, teachers’ impression formation can be influenced by social categories like students’ ethnic background or social status. However, when teachers form an impression of students’ abilities or performance social categories should not play a role. But a lot of empirical findings show that teachers make a difference depending on students’ backgrounds. Whether this can be explained by a more automated or controlled information processing depending on students’ backgrounds is still an open question. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate teacher students’ impression formation in dependence on students’ ethnic backgrounds and social status. In order to investigate whether information processing differs according to students’ ethnic backgrounds and social status, an experimental eye-tracking study with 45 teacher students was designed. As physiological processes are strongly connected to psychological processes, specific eye-movements can be interpreted as indicators for physiological arousal in first place, but might also allow conclusions about mental processes like information processing. Pupil diameter and blink rate were measured while participants read three case vignettes with manipulated student background. Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed differences in pupil diameter and blink rate according to students’ background. Results showed less arousal when forming an impression about students without immigrant background and with high social status compared to students with immigrant background and with low social status. This might indicate more automated information processing for non-immigrant students with high-status, and more controlled processing for students with immigrant background and low-status.

Using computational essays to foster disciplinary epistemic agency in undergraduate science

AbstractThis article reports on a study investigating how computational essays can be used to help students in higher education STEM take up disciplinary epistemic agency—cognitive control and responsibility over one's own learning within the scientific disciplines. Computational essays are a genre of scientific writing that combine live, executable computer code with narrative text to present a computational model or analysis. The study took place across two contrasting university contexts: an interdisciplinary data science and modeling course at a large research university in the Midwestern United States, and a third‐semester physics course at a large research university in Scandinavia. Over the course of a semester, computational essays were simultaneously and independently used in both courses, and comparable datasets of student artifacts and retrospective interviews were collected from both student populations. These data were analyzed using a framework that operationalized the construct of disciplinary epistemic agency across the dimensions of programming, inquiry, data analysis and modeling, and communication. Based on this analysis, we argue that computational essays can be a useful tool for fostering disciplinary epistemic agency within higher education science due to their combination of adaptability and disciplinary authenticity. However, we also argue that educational contexts, scaffolding, expectations, and student backgrounds can constrain and influence the ways in which students choose to take up epistemic agency.

Teacher’s Challenges and Solutions in Teaching Speaking in Kampung Inggris

Teaching speaking English in not an easy thing to do. There are several challenges faced by teachers, especially in teaching speaking because in speaking there are several aspects that must be mastered, including pronunciation, vocabulary, fluency and grammar. The purposes of this study is to explain the findings of the challenges faced by teachers in teaching speaking in Kampung Inggris, the problems faced by students in learning speaking in Kampung Inggris, and the potential solutions used by the teacher in teaching speaking in Kampung Inggris. In the data collection method, the researcher used semi-structured interviews by taking four participant namely two teachers and two students in Kampung Inggris Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. The data is processed using thematic analysis. The results of the study found that there were four challenges face by teachers in teaching speaking English, namely: 1). Different student backgrounds, 2). Various student abilities, 3). Pressure from the institutions, 4). Students’ anxiety about their abilities. The researcher also found four problems faced by students in learning speaking in Kampung Inggris, namely: 1). Students’ anxiety about their abilities, 2). The relationship between teachers and students is not close, 3). Class selection is not age propriate, 4). Negative influence from the environment. In addition, the researcher identified 4 potential solutions for teachers in teaching English speaking in Kampung Inggris, namely: 1). Build a good relationship between teachers and students, 3). The teacher determines which teaching matrials are mastered by the teacher, 4). The teacher provides motivation to students. From these finding, the researcher suggests improving the wuality of teachers by updating the classroom management system, improving teaching methods, making appropriate teaching materials and evaluating the teaching and learning process. This is expected to be able to make the teaching and learning process more effective and conducive for both teachers and students.
 Keywords: Teaching English Speaking, Student Problems in Learning Speaking, Challenges and Solutions in Teaching Speaking, Kampung Inggris

Peers and teachers as the best source of social support for school engagement for both advantaged and priority education area students.

Promoting student’s school engagement is a major goal in our society. The literature has shown that students’ proximal sources of social support can play a fundamental role in facilitating this engagement. The purpose of this study was (1) to compare perceived support from four sources (mother, father, teacher, and peers) as a function of two different middle-school student backgrounds, a priority education area and a privileged area; (2) and (3) to examine the contribution of these main sources of social support, either directly or indirectly (through sense of school belonging) to school engagement; and (4) to test whether perceived social support is more strongly related to school engagement, directly or indirectly, among students from priority education school compared to students from the advantaged area. In all, 623 middle-school students (aged 11–16) from either a privileged or priority education area participated in this study. The results showed that the mother was perceived as providing more support, followed by the father, the teachers, and the peers. Students from the priority education area perceived more support from their teachers than their counterparts from the more privileged area did. A path analysis showed that each source of social support, except for maternal support, contributed to school engagement. Peers and teachers emerged as the best source of support for school engagement, having significant direct effects among students from the priority education area and both direct and indirect (through the sense of school belonging) effects among students from the advantaged area. Peer support also appears to have a double-edged effect on school engagement among students in the priority education area. This study contributes to enlightening the phenomenon of school engagement in adolescence by clarifying the role of social support and the related mediating process. Being perceived as an important source of social support by students is not enough to contribute to their sense of school belonging and school engagement.

Komparasi Algoritma Klasifikasi Data Mining Menggunakan Optimize Selection untuk Peminatan Program Studi

The selection of a study program is a unique opportunity for a student. STMIK IKMI Cirebon is now a KIP Kuliah provider, offering three study program. The research problem is the unavailability of a model of student interest in the study program, so it is necessary to carry out an interest in the study program by applying an algorithm to the classification model. The algorithm used as a comparison is the Decision Tree algorithm (C4.5), Naive Bayes, k-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine. The classification model applies the Optimize Selection operator by looking for the dominant attribute in its influence on the specialization of the student study program. Finally, the comparison model will be tested by parametric t-test in order to test the significance of the algorithm. The results of the algorithm accuracy test obtained that the SVM algorithm has the best accuracy with a value of 80.76%. While the algorithm with the lowest accuracy is Naive Bayes with a value of 74.64%. While the other two algorithms have a sequential accuracy rate of 80.47% for Decision Tree and 76.09% for k-NN. The results of this study are used to classify study preference for students in STMIK IKMI Cirebon which is useful for predicting study interest based on the background of students

Contemporary College Students’ Views on Marriage

The view of marriage, like the world outlook, is a tool for us to know and change the world. With the development of science and technology and economic society, some changes have taken place in people's views, especially in the young generation of students are more obvious, and college students are the best representative of the young generation. Therefore, in order to better understand the younger generation for marriage and the view of life, the paper randomly chosen from different regions, different family background and growth environment of college students, explore their views on marriage, love, and life, through our research, the survey also found some problems, The research on these issues can help us better understand the dynamic development of society for subsequent research.

Classroom compositional effects on low-ability students' achievement in China.

Peer effects are at the center of educational policy debates regarding school choice, ability grouping, and instructional design. Though emerging empirical evidence suggests that positive peer effects exist, less is known about how it affects students with varying cognitive abilities. Using a nationally representative sample from China, we generated a student-level measure of classroom composition of peers based on cognitive ability to understand the benefits or pitfalls of placing low-ability students with heterogeneous or homogenous classmates. We conducted this analysis separately for grades seven and nine students after controlling for student background, family characteristics, and school endogeneity. We reaffirmed the overall positive-but small-peer effects on the performance rankings. Low-ability children scored much lower than their counterparts when they studied in cognitively diverse classrooms. However, this effect negates the overall positive impact of studying with high-ability peers and the pattern is consistent across rural and urban schools.

Need-Based Aid, Participation in Education Abroad, and Program Type Choice

Although education abroad in the US offers participants demonstrable benefits, direct and opportunity costs are cited as primary barriers to broader participation. Yet the degree to which low-income status deters studying abroad and whether additional need-based aid beyond Pell Grants encourages participation remain uncertain. Moreover, not all education abroad programs are equivalent in terms of costs. This study is the first to examine whether need-based aid recipients differentially choose programs of varying duration or programs offered by various provider types. The sample consisted of 221,981 students from 36 institutions of the Consortium for Analysis of Student Success through International Education (CASSIE). Within that sample, 60,477 received Pell grants. Of those recipients, 39% received additional need-based aid. Regression models controlling for student background and context indicated that Pell grant recipients were 3% less likely to study abroad than peers receiving no such aid, and receipt of additional aid increased likelihood by 1% relative to Pell-only recipients. While aid was unrelated to study abroad duration, low-income students were less likely to study with third-party providers. The findings invite financial aid officers to determine thresholds of additional aid necessary to increase participation and to collaborate more systematically with counterparts in international education.

Is Active Learning Enough? The Contributions of Misconception-Focused Instruction and Active-Learning Dosage on Student Learning of Evolution

abstract Prior studies of active learning (AL) efficacy have typically lacked dosage designs (e.g., varying intensities rather than simple presence or absence) or specification of whether misconceptions were part of the instructional treatments. In this study, we examine the extent to which different doses of AL (approximately 10%, 15%, 20%, 36% of unit time), doses of misconception-focused instruction (MFI; approximately 0%, 8%, 11%, 13%), and their intersections affect evolution learning. A quantitative, quasiexperimental study (N > 1500 undergraduates) was conducted using a pretest, posttest, delayed posttest design with multiple validated measures of evolution understanding. The student background variables (e.g., binary sex, race or ethnicity), evolution acceptance, and prior coursework were controlled. The results of hierarchical linear and logistic models indicated that higher doses of AL and MFI were associated with significantly larger knowledge and abstract reasoning gains and misconception declines. MFI produced significant learning above and beyond AL. Explicit misconception treatments, coupled with AL, should be explored in more areas of life science education.

Perceptions of nursing students and nursing faculty about incivility and its factors in nursing education: A descriptive qualitative study

Introduction: Incivility is commonly observed in number of schools including nursing institutions around the world. It affects both, students and faculty members by interrupting class discipline and the learning environment. Thus, understanding the factors leading to incivility in nursing college will assist in identifying strategies to deal with the problem.
 Objective: To explore the perceptions of nursing students and faculty members about incivility and its factor in nursing education.
 Methodology: A qualitative descriptive design was used and participants, from a private college of nursing Islamabad, Pakistan, were recruited through purposive sampling. One on one in-depth interview was conducted with five faculty members and 12 students using an open-ended interview guide. Using content analysis, codes were identified and similar codes formed the categories and theme evolved from the categories. 
 Results: Data analysis generated a description of incivility, uncivil behaviors, factors causing incivility, and strategies to overcome incivility as categories. The most leading factors of incivility were the lack of teaching-learning strategies and the socio-cultural and family background of students. The strategies that suggested overcoming incivility were orientation sessions, professional development activities, and developing policies to reduce incivility in the institution. 
 Conclusion: For improving civility in nursing college, insight about incivility among students and faculty members is to be developed and policies to be in place to address unacceptable behaviors in a timely and effective manner.

Challenges of Pre-service Teachers’ Classroom Participation in a Rurally Located University in South Africa

Despite the enriched curriculum and pedagogical practices that expose everyone enrolled to be trained as professional teachers to teaching skills, the number of incompetent teachers produced by many higher learning institutions is still increasing. There is an outcry from the general public in South Africa. In order to gain insight into this concern, this study examined the challenges of pre-service teachers’ classroom participation in a rurally located university in South Africa. A qualitative research design of a case study approach was employed to collect data from ten years 3 and 4 pre-service teachers and five lecturers. A semi-structured and focus group discussion (FGD) was organised to collect data on a thematic analysis. The findings revealed that lack of preparation from both lecturer and student, the use of teacher-centred approach, difficulty in understanding English language, teaching workload, large classes, student background and tribalism are major challenges limiting pre-service teachers’ classroom participation in a rurally located university in South Africa. Pertinent recommendations were made, including student-centred and collaborative teaching and learning approaches that could encourage students to participate actively in classroom activities. This would also catalyse the pre-service teachers' involvement in the teaching and learning process.
 
 Received: 21 June 2022 / Accepted: 29 August 2022 / Published: 2 September 2022

Factors Affecting the Academic Performance of Students with Hearing Impairment

Around 5 million people in India are with hearing impairment. The higher education opportunities for students with hearing impairment are very limited. Only six institutes in the country provide undergraduate degrees to students with hearing impairment, according to accessible records. Academic achievement in the past, student background characteristics, and eLearning elements are all aspects that influence a student's academic performance. Hearing impairment-related characteristics may also need to be considered for a student with hearing impairment. Identification of these elements may aid teachers in developing individualized teaching plans for students. This paper tries to find the features that affect the performance of students with hearing impairment. The features included are socioeconomic, previous academic scores, and deafness-related factors. The dataset includes data of 224 undergraduate students who have hearing impairment. The preadmission data is used to analyze the performance of students with hearing impairment. The students are classified into different levels – low, medium, and high according to their performance. Different machine learning models are used to classify the students – Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, KNN, Random Forest, and Naïve Bayes. The Random Forest model performed better compared to other models.

Entrepreneurial Intention Among University Students: Does Family Background Matter? A Narrative Review

This paper explores the influence of family business background on the entrepreneurial intention of university students and how it affects their career choice. Entrepreneurial education has limited success in promoting entrepreneurial activities among the educated youth prompting academicians to look at avenues to ameliorate it. Though family business background has been regarded as an influencing factor in recent empirical studies, it has received modest attention. Besides, conflicting views have emerged. This paper therefore reviews literature on the influence of family business in entrepreneurship and the implications it may have in planning effective future entrepreneurial activities. 34 original articles from Scopus, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases were reviewed. Findings revealed that family business plays a key role by enhancing the students' knowledge, skills, confidence, and attitude towards entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial education too was found to be more effective on students from a family business background. Policymakers and curriculum designers need to consider the family background of students to make optimum use of available resources and ensure greater entrepreneurial ventures in future. This paper also discusses on the gaps in existing knowledge and directions for future study.