Background Color Research Articles

Global routing between capsules

Current convolutional neural networks (CNNs) lack viewpoint equivariance. Hence, they perform poorly when dealing with viewpoints unseen during training procedures. CNN achieves invariance via pooling operations in image classification tasks. However, the pooling operation does not necessarily improve viewpoint generalization, rather relying on more data to achieve viewpoint equivariance. Capsule network (CapsNet) is proposed to tackle this issue, but it is inefficient and inaccurate when applied to complex datasets. We propose a novel CapsNet architecture called Global Routing CapsNet (GR-CapsNet) to solve this problem. Specifically, colored background in the input image can generate invalid background voting capsules to reduce the performance of CapsNet. Therefore, we first construct a dynamic linear unit (DLU), which avoids the generation of invalid background voting capsules. Then we present two extra learnable units: frequency domain unit (FDU) and spatial unit (SPU). The former is used to capture finer features in the frequency domain and aims to improve classification performance on complex datasets. The latter is applied to construct the spatial relationship between the voting capsules and component capsules and aims to enhance robustness to affine transformation. Finally, we propose a global routing mechanism to simplify the routing process for CapsNet, which obtains more feature information to improve the performance of CapsNet. Extensive experiments on nine datasets show that our method obtains better robustness and generalization and achieves SOTA performance compared to other related methods. And it has fewer the number of parameters and GPU memory consumption than these related methods. The source code is available on https://github.com/cwpl/GR-CapsNet.

Functional relation of agouti signaling proteins (ASIPs) to pigmentation and color change in the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus

We investigated the involvement of agouti-signaling proteins (ASIPs) in morphological pigmentation and physiological color change in flatfishes. We isolated ASIP1 and 2 mRNAs from the skin of starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), and compared their amino acid (aa) structures to those of other animals. Then, we examined the mRNA expression levels of two ASIPs (Sf-ASIPs) in the pigmented ocular body and in the unpigmented blind body, as well as in the ordinary skin and in albino skin, in flatfishes. To investigate the role of Sf-ASIPs in physiological color change (color camouflage), we compared the expression of the two genes in two background colors (dark-green and white). Sf-ASIP1 cDNA had a 375-bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a protein consisting of 125 aa residues, and Sf-ASIP2 cDNA had a 402-bp ORF that encoded a protein consisting of 132 aa residues. RT-PCR revealed that the strongest Sf-ASIP1 and Sf-ASIP2 expression levels were observed in the eye and blind-skin, respectively. In Sf-ASIP1, the gene expression did not differ between the ocular-side skin and blind-side skin, nor between ordinary skin and abnormal skin of the fish. However, in Sf-ASIP2, the expression level was significantly higher in blind-side skin, compared to ocular-side skin, suggesting that the ASIP2 gene is related to the countershading body pigment pattern of the fish. In addition, the Sf-ASIP2 gene expression level was lower in the pigmented spot regions than in the unpigmented spot regions of the malpigmented pseudo-albino skins on the ocular side, implying that ASIP2 is responsible for the ocular-side pseudo-albino. Additionally, ASIP2 gene expression in the blind-side skin of ordinary fish was enhanced by a white tank, implying that a bright background color could inhibit hypermelanosis in the blind-side skin of cultured flounder by increasing the activity of the Sf-ASIP2 gene. However, we did not find any relationship of ASIPs with camouflage color changes. In conclusion, the ASIP2 gene is related to the morphological pigmentation (countershading and malpigmentation) of the skin in starry flounder, but not with physiological color changes (color camouflage) in the ocular-side skin.

Free and open-source software for object detection, size, and colour determination for use in plant phenotyping

BackgroundObject detection, size determination, and colour detection of images are tools commonly used in plant science. Key examples of this include identification of ripening stages of fruit such as tomatoes and the determination of chlorophyll content as an indicator of plant health. While methods exist for determining these important phenotypes, they often require proprietary software or require coding knowledge to adapt existing code.ResultsWe provide a set of free and open-source Python scripts that, without any adaptation, are able to perform background correction and colour correction on images using a ColourChecker chart. Further scripts identify objects, use an object of known size to calibrate for size, and extract the average colour of objects in RGB, Lab, and YUV colour spaces. We use two examples to demonstrate the use of these scripts. We show the consistency of these scripts by imaging in four different lighting conditions, and then we use two examples to show how the scripts can be used. In the first example, we estimate the lycopene content in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) var. Tiny Tim using fruit images and an exponential model to predict lycopene content. We demonstrate that three different cameras (a DSLR camera and two separate mobile phones) are all able to model lycopene content. The models that predict lycopene or chlorophyll need to be adjusted depending on the camera used. In the second example, we estimate the chlorophyll content of basil (Ocimum basilicum) using leaf images and an exponential model to predict chlorophyll content.ConclusionA fast, cheap, non-destructive, and inexpensive method is provided for the determination of the size and colour of plant materials using a rig consisting of a lightbox, camera, and colour checker card and using free and open-source scripts that run in Python 3.8. This method accurately predicted the lycopene content in tomato fruit and the chlorophyll content in basil leaves.

Cross-ancestry analyses identify new genetic loci associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Vitamin D status-a complex trait influenced by environmental and genetic factors-is tightly associated with skin colour and ancestry. Yet very few studies have investigated the genetic underpinnings of vitamin D levels across diverse ancestries, and the ones that have, relied on small sample sizes, resulting in inconclusive results. Here, we conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD)-the main circulating form of vitamin D-in 442,435 individuals from four broad genetically-determined ancestry groups represented in the UK Biobank: European (N = 421,867), South Asian (N = 9,983), African (N = 8,306) and East Asian (N = 2,279). We identify a new genetic determinant of 25OHD (rs146759773) in individuals of African ancestry, which was not detected in previous analysis of much larger European cohorts due to low minor allele frequency. We show genome-wide significant evidence of dominance effects in 25OHD that protect against vitamin D deficiency. Given that key events in the synthesis of 25OHD occur in the skin and are affected by pigmentation levels, we conduct GWAS of 25OHD stratified by skin colour and identify new associations. Lastly, we test the interaction between skin colour and variants associated with variance in 25OHD levels and identify two loci (rs10832254 and rs1352846) whose association with 25OHD differs in individuals of distinct complexions. Collectively, our results provide new insights into the complex relationship between 25OHD and skin colour and highlight the importance of diversity in genomic studies. Despite the much larger rates of vitamin D deficiency that we and others report for ancestry groups with dark skin (e.g., South Asian), our study highlights the importance of considering ancestral background and/or skin colour when assessing the implications of low vitamin D.

Labidochromis caeruleus cichlid preference for background colour varied between individuals and groups but did not vary for body colour of other fish

Labidochromis caeruleus cichlid preference for background colour varied between individuals and groups but did not vary for body colour of other fish

Research on Visual Fatigue Caused by Color Combinations in Civil Aircraft Cockpit Display Interfaces

In order to analyze the visual fatigue degree of the foreground and background color combination of the display of civil aircraft cockpit, the visual afterimage experimental paradigm is used in the present study. Objective eye movement data and subjective reported visual afterimage color were collected. The difference of pupil diameter under different color combinations showed that background color had a significant effect on visual fatigue. In addition, black background color can lead to the lowest degree of visual fatigue, followed by brown background color. Moreover, blue background color was the most likely to cause visual fatigue. The subjective report data showed that the visual afterimage color was related to the foreground and background color combination. In the combination of background color and foreground color, the ratio of visual afterimage color and background color is the highest, followed by the foreground color, and the complementary color of foreground color or background color. Based on the above results, the color design suggestions of civil aircraft cockpit interface are proposed in this work.

41 Adaptive Implementation of Cognitive Control in School-Aged Children with ADHD: A Diffusion-Model Analysis

Objective:Because cognitive resources are limited, models of cognitive control predict that additional control is engaged only if it improves task performance. Increased response caution, which occurs when individuals increase the threshold of information needed before making a decision, is one example of cognitive control adaptation. While previous studies have measured increased response caution via increased reaction time, the diffusion model can be used to derive a boundary separation parameter that directly indexes response caution and eliminates capturing alternative influences on reaction time. This study aims to determine if school-aged children, either with or without ADHD, show adaptive changes in response caution during a set-shifting task. These groups have demonstrated mixed results when analyzing reaction time, so this study utilizes diffusion modeling to measure response caution more directly. The set-shifting task presents switches in a random order such that they cannot be predicted; therefore, increasing response caution is only adaptive following errors, called post-error slowing (PES), but not following switch trials. It is predicted that children will show increased response caution only when adaptive. If child with ADHD adapt their response caution fundamentally differently, then there will be individual differences in change in boundary separation.Participants and Methods:Children ages 8-12 with (n=193) and without (n=70) ADHD completed the Navon set-shifting task. Participants saw one of four global shapes made up of local shapes and were asked to identify one or the other based upon the background color. Of the 144 trials, 70 presented a switch between global and local. Trials were presented in the same randomized order for all participants, self-paced, and followed by feedback on correctness. The diffusion model parameters boundary separation (a), drift rate (v), and nondecision time (Ter) were estimated by condition, including a) post-error versus after correct and b) post-switch versus post-same. For PES analyses, only participants with a sufficient number of errors for modeling were included (ADHD n=113, control n=19).Results:Participants were slower on trials immediately following errors (F(1, 130)=119.76, p<.001, n2=.48) and switches (F(1, 261)=154.93, p<.001, n2=.37). In PES, slowing was attributable to increased boundary separation, F(1, 130)=16.11, p<.001, n2=.11, as well as slower drift rate and longer nondecision time (both p<.01, n2 >.05). However, as predicted, post-switch slowing was only attributable slower drift rate and longer nondecision time (both p<.001, n2 >.10), not increased boundary separation, F(1, 261)=0.77, p=.38, n2<.01. Overall, children with ADHD had slower drift rates (F(1, 261)=4.63, p<.001, n2=.10) and narrower boundary separation (F(1, 261)=10.56, p=.001, n2=.04). However, there were no ADHD x trial-type interactions for PES or post-switch (both p>.33, n2<.01).Conclusions:School-aged children demonstrated increased response caution following errors, but not following switches. This demonstrates an adaptive use of cognitive control. The diffusion model was crucial in determining this, as reaction time slowed following switches for reasons unrelated to cognitive control. Additionally, although children with ADHD demonstrated slower drift rates and narrower boundary separation overall, they showed no differences when adapting response caution.

DATA AUGMENTATION METHOD TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY
 OF E-COMMERCE IMAGE RECOGNITION

In the rapidly evolving landscape of e-commerce, the visual representation of products plays a pivotal role
 in engaging consumers and driving conversion rates. This article introduces a new approach for image augmentation
 that includes objects segmentation, dominant color determination, background replacement and realistic
 shadow generation. These steps collectively contribute to the creation of augmented images that are used not only
 in the electronic catalogues but enrich abilities of the neural networks with various and fortified training data. Developed
 system allows to solve problems related to class imbalance and to enhance model generalization as well as to improve the quality of recognition.

A new tiny-spotted species of Hypostomus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper Rio Tocantins basin, Gois State, Brazil.

Scientific visits to ichthyological collections revealed a potentially new species of Hypostomus from the Rio Tocantins basin. From there, subsequent ichthyological surveys led us to capture the taxon in the upper portion of this basin and address it to the H. punctatus group. Here, we present it as a new species to science. The new species is distinguished from its congeners, except those from the H. punctatus group, by having bicuspid teeth with elliptic medial cusps, moderate keels on the head and flanks, small spots on the body, and caudal peduncle that are long and low. From the H. punctatus group, except H. subcarinatus and H. commersoni, it differs by having extremely small dark spots; from H. subcarinatus, it differs by having a beige-brown dorsal-fin background color versus blue in live specimens; and from H. commersoni, it differs by having a short to moderate dorsal fin versus a long dorsal fin.

Preference of juvenile tiger puffer for light spectrum and tank colours based on different body size and breeding background

As important environmental factors, the light spectra and tank colours have not received sufficient attention. Most fishes have the ability to perceive environment, distinguish colours, and exhibit preferences or aversions towards different environments, which can provide a reference for the design of their rearing environment. Tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes) is an important mariculture species in China and East Asia, but its preference for illumination spectra and tank colours is unclear. This study focuses on the preferences of juvenile tiger puffers for different spectra and tank background colours in different rearing backgrounds and body sizes. The experiments were conducted in a preference testing device, and the behavioural videos were recorded and analysed using a motion behaviour tracking system (EthoVision XT 12). The results show that the puffers showed preference for short-wavelength lights ((i.e., cyan, green, etc.), avoidance of long-wavelength light (i.e., red) and less stay time in the full light spectrum and dark. For tank colours, the puffers showed a preference for light background colours (i.e., white), and avoidance of deep background colours (i.e., dark, red, etc.). Fish body sizes and original breeding environment could significantly affect the selective preference of juvenile puffer (P < 0.05). Large puffers preferred green tank colour than small ones, while small ones preferred grey and red. The puffers reared in green light and grey tank for 3 months preferred green light spectrum and green tank colour compared with those reared in full spectrum and grey tank, while the fish reared in full spectrum preferred grey tank colour and area without light. It was also found that the movement rate of juvenile puffers was affected by the light spectra and tank colours and was positively correlated with light wavelength (P < 0.05). Therefore, for tiger puffer breeding, short-wavelength light spectrums (cyan, green, etc.) and light-coloured tank backgrounds (white) are recommended. Long-wavelength Light-emitting diodes and dark tank colours should be avoided in breeding. This study would provide a reference basis for fish light spectra and background colour preference studies, as well as for the improvement of breeding welfare and production efficiency of juvenile tiger puffer.

Research Paper: Comparing the Translucency of Several Enamel and Universal- Shade Composite Resins

Introduction: Translucency is one of the important optical properties of tooth color materials and it is greatly affected by the thickness of material. This study concerns comparing the translucency parameter (TP) of five different composite resins in different thicknesses. Materials and Methods: Five brands of composite resins; Gradia (GC) ,Crystalline (Confi-dental) Vit-l-escence (Ultradent) in A2, and Herculite XRV (Kerr), Opallis (FGM) in enamel A2 (EA2) shades were selected to enroll the study. Color coordinates of each composite were determined at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mm thicknesses on a white backing, the backing of material itself and a black backing were calculated by using a spectrophotometer to evaluate the translucency parameter (TP) of the study materials. The masking ability was also calculated from the specimens on the material itself and on black backing. The values under 2 were estimated as imperceptible. One-way ANOVA, T-test and Tukey HSD were employed for statistical analysis. Results: Opallis (EA2) showed the less TP values in all thicknesses in comparison to the other materials (p&lt; 0.05) but there was no statistically significant difference between TP values of Gradia and Opallis in 1.5 and 0.5 mm-thick. The masking ability values recorded for all specimens at different thicknesses, were in the range of perceptible. Conclusion: In this study, translucency of Opallis (EA2) and Gradia(A2) was less than the other enamel /universal shade composites. For this reason, it would be concluded that if the restoration thickness is ≤1.5mm, these enamel/universal shade composite resins cannot mask the black background color.

Tailoring robust luminescent-based BaSrY4O8: Eu3+ platform opens new avenues for screening diverge surface prompted cheiloscopy, WLED's, and dosimetric applications

The discovery, evaluation, and manipulation of material can open new avenues in different technological applications in a real-time practical implementation scenario is highly necessary. In this regard, the present work deals with the synthesis of a series amber-red color emitting BaSrY4O8:Eu3+(1–9 mol %) nanophosphors followed by a solution combustion route. X-ray diffraction studies of the prepared phosphors confirmed the orthorhombic phase with Pnma (62) space group. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that the particles are dumbbells in shape with network-like structures. From diffuse reflectance spectroscopy data, the energy band gap was estimated and found to be ∼5.72–5.92 eV. The photoluminescence emission spectra of the prepared nanophosphors consist of intense and sharp peaks located at ∼ 578, 594, 612, 650, and 708 nm, which attributed to 5D0→7F0, 5D0→7F1,5D0→7F2,5D0→7F3 and 5D0→7F4 transitions of Eu3+ ions, respectively. The estimated Commission International de I'Eclairage color coordinates were found to be tuned from pink to amber-red region. Thermoluminescence glow curve of BaSrY4O8: Eu3+ (5 mol %) nanophosphor after irradiated with various γ –ray doses ranging from 1 to 8 KGy exhibits a broad band with maximum intensity at 340 °C. Thanks to intensive luminescence and nano-regime of the nanophosphor, which enable latent lip prints to visualize on various non-porous surfaces by revealing defined type I–V groove patterns without any background hindrance or color distraction under the excitation. The aforementioned results create new perspective avenues by demonstrating the versatility of the prepared nanophosphor as an excellent red component for white light-emitting diodes, dosimetry, and cheiloscopy applications.

New electric field responsive photonic crystals with remarkable yellow-to-green switch for adaptive camouflage

Electric field responsive photonic crystals take on critical significance in developing adaptive camouflage technology, which are promising materials for adaptive camouflage devices with better fabrication processes and color saturation. However, electric field responsive photonic crystals are primarily susceptible to poor fusion with typical background colors and necessitate the continuous implementation of electric fields to attain specific colors, thus limiting their practical applications. Monodisperse polyvinylpyrrolidone modified cadmium sulfide (PVP/CdS) microspheres with large refractive index are well prepared in this study. Liquid photonic crystals, exhibiting earth-yellow and light green under specific electric field, are obtained with PVP/CdS particles dispersed in propylene carbonate in accordance with the subtractive color mixing principle of structural color and initial color. The resulting electric field responsive photonic crystals are characterized by a simple preparation process, fast electrical response, long-time holding of the earth-yellow state, and reversible color changes between earth-yellow and light green in −3.5 V and + 3.5 V electric field switching. This study can contribute to the development of color-changing devices designed for adaptive camouflage applications.

Analysis Of In-service Traffic Sign Visual Condition: An Overview

This paper offers a comprehensive review of methodologies to assess the visual condition of traffic signs. It explores image processing, machine learning, and computer vision techniques to evaluate degradation, readability, and overall visibility. The objective is to enhance maintenance and effectiveness of traffic sign systems for safer roads. Regular assessment of traffic signs is vital for their efficacy and safety, considering factors like damage, fading, obstruction, and placement. Addressing these issues can significantly enhance road safety by enabling precise and safe navigation for drivers. The study delves into various aspects including shape, background color, symbol color, temperature, land use, visibility distance, and prevailing visibility conditions of traffic signs.

Incidental learning of faces during threat: No evidence for enhanced physiological responses to former threat identities

Remembering an unfamiliar person and the contextual conditions of that encounter is important for adaptive future behavior, especially in a potentially dangerous situation. Initiating defensive behavior in the presence of former dangerous circumstances can be crucial. Recent studies showed selective electrocortical processing of faces that were previously seen in a threat context compared to a safety context, however, this was not reflected in conscious recognition performance. Here, we investigated whether previously seen threat-faces, that could not be remembered, were capable to activate defensive psychophysiological response systems. During an encoding phase, 50 participants with low to moderate levels of anxiety viewed 40 face pictures with neutral expressions (6 s each), without an explicit learning instruction (incidental learning task). Each half of the faces were presented with contextual background colors that signaled either threat-of-shock or safety. In the recognition phase, all old and additional new faces (total of 60) were presented intermixed without context information. Participants had to decide whether a face was new or had been presented previously in a threatening or a safe context. Results show moderate face recognition independent of context conditions. Startle reflex and skin conductance responses (SCR) were more pronounced for threat compared to safety during encoding. For SCR, this differentiation was enhanced with higher levels of depression and anxiety. There were no differential startle reflex or SCR effects during recognition. From a clinical perspective, these findings do not support the notion that perceptual biases and physiological arousal directly relate to threat-associated identity recognition deficits in healthy and clinical participants with anxiety and trauma-related disorders.

Background color preference of Amphibian Rana dybowskii

Background color may affect the welfare of the brown frog Rana dybowskii in captivity. To evaluate the perching platform color and feeding platform color preferences of brown frogs at day and night, a total of 1200 brown frogs kept in 12 square plastic buckets (100 brown frogs per bucket) and eight plastic plates with different background colors (black, red, orange, yellow, green, baby blue, cyan, and blue) were used in this study, and the background color preference of brown frogs was measured by counting the number of frogs on the different colored plastic plates at different time points (7.5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, 240 min, and 360 min) after replacing the square perching platforms with the experimental perching platforms and the control perching platform. The results show that brown frog counts on the plastic plates was significantly affected by the background color, daytime versus nighttime, and feeding versus not feeding (P < 0.05). In addition, brown frog counts on the black background was usually the largest, whether it was day or night, and regardless of whether there were mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) on the plastic plates, which indicated that brown frogs prefer the black backgrounds. It is reasonable to recommend using more black backgrounds for brown frogs R. dybowskii in captivity, which would provide a more suitable living environment for brown frogs, and undoubtedly have a positive role in promoting the brown frog farming industry.

Medical Students' Perception of Colors Influence on the Learning Process

&#x0D; Background: Human being are affected by the surrounding environment. One of the component of the environment is presence of various colors. Different colors exert different impact on human psychology and the state of human psychology affects the learning process. &#x0D; Aims: We aimed to evaluate the perception of medical students about the different colors employed for the text and background that ease the process of readability and learning.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Medicine at Northern Border University (NBU) between 1/1/2023 and 1/2/2023.&#x0D; Methodology: After the ethical approval, the questionnaire was circulated among the willing participants from the students of the Faculty of Medicine – NBU. There are two components of the questionnaire. The 1st part comprised a color chart in which there were one hundred different combinations of text and background colors. The 2nd part contains basic information such as the study year of MBBS and gender along with the questions regarding the color text that is easier to read &amp; understand and the background color that they like most.&#x0D; Results: One hundred and seventeen (117) medical students participated in this study (72 females and 45 males).The majority of students liked the black text with a white background while a small number liked the other text and background colors such as black and cyan, yellow and black, white and green, and black and yellow, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The perception of the majority of medical students is that the most easily read text is the text written with black color on a white background.

Instrumental and visual evaluation of the color adjustment potential of a recently introduced single‑shade composite resin versus multishade composite resins

Single-shade composite resins simplify the process of shade selection by providing a narrow range of color but the ability to simulate all shades. However, evidence is limited for the color shifting ability of a newly developed single‑shade composite resin. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the instrumental color adjustment potential (CAP-I) and visual color adjustment potential (CAP-V) of a recently introduced single-shade composite resin compared with conventional multishade composite resins against different background colors. Four multishade composite resins (Spectrum TPH3, Beautifil II, Clearfil AP-X, and Gradia Direct) and a single-shade composite resin (Charisma Diamond One) were tested. Four base shades (A1, A2, A3, and A3.5) of the same composite resin (Filtek Z350XT) were selected as different background colors. Dual specimens (an outer base material with an inner hole filled with inner test material) and single specimens of all test and base materials were prepared (n=6 per group). Spectral reflectance values were obtained by using a spectroradiometer. The color difference (ΔE00) and relative translucency parameter (RTP) were calculated by using the CIEDE2000 and RTPCIEDE2000 formula. Visual scoring of color matching was performed by independent observers. The CAP-I and CAP-V values were calculated according to ΔE00 and visual scoring. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis (α=.05). CAP-I and CAP-V were significantly affected by composite resin type, background color, and their interaction (P<.001). Positive CAP-I and CAP-V values were found for the majority of test materials. Charisma Diamond One exhibited the highest CAP-I value under all background colors, the highest CAP-V value under most background colors, and the significantly highest RTP value (P<.001). The color adjustment potential was dependent on the material type and background color. Charisma Diamond One exhibited the highest color adjustment potential and the most pronounced color shifting ability.

A semiotic intertextual analysis of beauty influencers' communication strategies on youtube: uncovering meaning and influence by using Pierce's framework

This research aims to conduct a semiotic intertextual analysis of beauty influencers on YouTube. Specifically, the study centers on two prominent beauty influencers, Andra Alodita, and Kornelia Meilinda, and their strategies for effectively promoting recommended lipstick products. The research was conducted employing a qualitative approach, utilizing Peirce's semiotic theory. The findings reveal that beauty influencers strategically employ visual elements to convey meaning and captivate viewers' attention. Both Andra Alodita and Kornelia Meilinda meticulously craft their content, considering factors such as color schemes, backgrounds, and object placement. They adopt distinct approaches to reviewing lipstick products tailored to diverse audiences and preferences. This multiplicity of perspectives enhances the complexity of semiotic elements within beauty influencer content and broadens the spectrum of meanings conveyed to viewers. Furthermore, the findings underscore the significance of semiotic intertextuality as a potent tool for beauty influencers to shape meaning, influence perceptions, and resonate with their extensive audience. These findings offer valuable insights for marketers, brands, and content creators seeking to leverage semiotics' potential in shaping beauty trends and consumer behavior.

Adaptive Line Enhancer Based on Maximum Correntropy Criterion and Frequency Domain Sparsity for Passive Sonars

The low-frequency narrowband components (known as lines) in the radiated noise of underwater acoustic targets are an important feature of passive sonar detection. Conventional adaptive line enhancer (ALE) based on the least mean square algorithm has limited performance under colored background noise and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, by combining the frequency domain sparse model of lines and maximum correntropy criterion (MCC), a β-adaptive l0-MCC-ALE is proposed to solve the above-mentioned problem. The proposed ALE uses a sparse-driven MCC algorithm to update the weight vector in the frequency domain to further suppress the colored background noise. For the problem that the value of parameter β is sensitive to the performance, β is updated adaptively according to the frequency response of ALE in each iteration. Simulation and real data processing results show that the proposed ALE is insensitive to the given parameter β and has excellent performance for line enhancement. Compared with conventional ALE, the SNR of lines can be improved by 7~8 dB.