Back Wall Research Articles

Pengaruh Kemampuan Gerak Motorik Kasar Terhadap Keberhasilan Belajar Lempar Tangkap Bola Siswa Tunagrahita Di SLB Negeri Wiradesa

This research is to determine the ability of gross motor movements to successfully learn to catch the ball of lightly impaired students Wiradesa State Out-of-state Schools. This research a one-group pretest posttest design. The sampling technique used was a total sampling .The instruments used in this study used a small ball capture mpar test with a wall target with a distance of one meter. The data analysis used by this study includes prerequisite tests, descriptive analysis and hypothesis tests. The results of this study are related to the results of the t test difference between the pretest group and the wall ball capture throw posttest showing a value of 0.000 < 0.05 which means that the training program has a significant influence on the ability to throw catch the ball. Meanwhile, the t test difference between the pretest group and the posttest throwing the ball back and forth wall showed a value of 0.000 < 0.05, meaning that the training program provided had a significant influence on the ability to catch the ball back and forth. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that basic motor movement training affects the success of throwing balls of students at Wiradesa State Out-of-state Schools, Pekalongan Regency, Pekalongan Regency. For teachers, it is hoped that the health assessment teacher can develop and provide an interesting learning method for students to be motivated in participating in teaching and learning activities. 
 This research is to determine the ability of gross motor movements to successfully learn to catch the ball of lightly impaired students Wiradesa State Out-of-state Schools. This research a one-group pretest posttest design. The sampling technique used was a total sampling .The instruments used in this study used a small ball capture mpar test with a wall target with a distance of one meter. The data analysis used by this study includes prerequisite tests, descriptive analysis and hypothesis tests. The results of this study are related to the results of the t test difference between the pretest group and the wall ball capture throw posttest showing a value of 0.000 < 0.05 which means that the training program has a significant influence on the ability to throw catch the ball. Meanwhile, the t test difference between the pretest group and the posttest throwing the ball back and forth wall showed a value of 0.000 < 0.05, meaning that the training program provided had a significant influence on the ability to catch the ball back and forth. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that basic motor movement training affects the success of throwing balls of students at Wiradesa State Out-of-state Schools, Pekalongan Regency, Pekalongan Regency. For teachers, it is hoped that the health assessment teacher can develop and provide an interesting learning method for students to be motivated in participating in teaching and learning activities.

Epidural abscess with extension to the sinus sagittalis superior in acute purulent frontal sinusitis in a patient with frontal bone osteomyelitis

This article is dedicated to the analysis of rare case of acute frontitis with forming epidural abscess with spread into sinus sagittalis. Timely diagnostics and treatment prevented the disabling and even lethal result. Detailed analysis of this case and surgical treatment tactics of this pathology, namely frontal sinus cranialisation during destruction of its back wall, was provided. Important moment during treatment of such patients is multidisciplinary approach, to be more precise, collaboration of ENT specialist and neurosurgeon.

Quantifying the role of openings in the impact of a dam-break-induced flood on a porous building

It becomes necessary to identify the role of openings in the impact of floods on porous buildings to better set up effective strategies for people security within buildings and implement engineering measures for building safety. In this study, a 3D numerical model is applied to identify the role of openings in the impact of a dam-break-induced flood on a porous building under different opening configurations, including different porosities of the front and back walls, various porosities of the back wall and various positions and sizes of the side window. (i) An increasing size of the front and back doors leads to a reduced maximum water level upstream of the building and a reduced area of the wake zone behind the back wall; the maximum longitudinal impact force significantly decays with the porosity in terms of a quadratic function form. (ii) A variation in the size of the back door plays a role in controlling the outflow discharge of floodwater from the building; however, it yields no clear difference in the resultant longitudinal impact force. (iii) In the short-term, the presence of the side window plays no clear role in affecting the flow field around the building; however, in the moderate timeframe, there is a clear lateral exchange: the positions of the side windows play a clear role, whereas the size of the lower side window seems to be less important; the existence of the side window greatly decreases the lateral impact force, especially for the lower sidewall. These results are of value to better understand the physical mechanism of the impact process on a porous building for implementing tailored measures for people security and structural safety.

Mitigating hydrodynamic ram effect by a novel perforated lattice filled tank

High-velocity impact on fluid-filled structures has become an increasingly critical issue for the vulnerability of aircraft fuel tanks. Hydrodynamic Ram (HRAM) is a typical phenomenon that occurs when a flying object impacts against a fluid-filled tank with a high velocity, leading to excessive structural damage and catastrophic failure. Thus, an effective HRAM mitigation method is highly desired to provide better protection for the aircraft fuel tanks. In this paper, a novel perforated lattice filled tank was proposed by filling the empty space inside a fuel tank to mitigate HRAM effect and reduce the shock wave pressure. Perforated lattices were utilized to reduce the cavity expansion and structural damage while the holes on the lattice walls could guarantee the connectivity for each unit cells. Experimental tests were conducted to investigate the impact response and cavity evolution of the perforated lattice filled tanks with 1 × 1, 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 unit cells. The deformations of the front, back and lateral walls of the lattice-filled tanks were recorded by using a high-speed video camera and strain gauges (SG). Besides, A fluid–structure interaction finite element model of the fuel tank based on the SPH method was established to study the mitigation performance of HRAM phenomenon. A parametric analysis was conducted to explore the influence of unit-cell number, impact velocity, volume fraction of fluid and liquid level pressure on the impact response. The results indicated that the structural deformation and damage can be alleviated by the lattice-filled design, and it could be considered as an effective solution to mitigate the HRAM effect.

Nasopharynx microflora features and its role in the spread of nosocomial infection

Introduction. The threat of the spread of nosocomial infection is exacerbated by a number of factors, among which we should note the increase in the number of multidisciplinary medical institutions of various forms of ownership, the creation of new types of medical instruments, devices, medical drugs, the introduction of new kinds of invasive (instrumental) diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, the increase in the number of patients with suppressed immunity (premature newborns, patients with chronic diseases of various origins, elderly people). The source of nosocomial infection can be patients, medical personnel, visitors, and objects of the hospital environment: tools, linen, furniture, air, and food. The main ways of transmission of nosocomial infections are aerosol (air-droplet, air-dust), contact (through tools, linen, furniture), parenteral (when administering drugs), fecal-oral (dirty hands), alimentary (through food). Aim: to investigate the microflora of the nasopharynx of visitors to medical and preventive care institutions, to reveal the prevalence of carriers of pathogenic strains. The role of visitors to hospital patients in the spread of nosocomial infections is an extremely relevant topic, as it is insufficiently studied and requires in-depth research. Materials and methods. 40 visitors to medical and preventive care institutions (MPCI) who had no signs of respiratory tract diseases and exacerbations of comorbid pathologies were examined. All the studied visitors of MPCI patients were divided into 3 age groups according to WHO recommendations: 1st group (n=15) – young patients (18-44 years old); 2nd group (n=14) – middle-aged patients (44-60 years old); The 3rd group (n=11) – elderly patients (60-75 years old). Compliance of the distribution of clinical trial data with the law of normal distribution was checked using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Arithmetic means to value and standard error (M±m) were used to describe the data. The concentration of bacteria in the sample was presented as a decimal logarithm. The results. Bacteriogram indicators of the mucous membrane of the back wall of the nasopharynx were analyzed in visitors to the MPCI patients in different age groups. Statistically significant differences were found in the concentration of representatives of the studied bacteriogram (p˂0.05), which indicates the influence of age on the composition of the microflora of the mucous membrane of the back wall of the nasopharynx A statistically significant difference was established in the concentration and composition of representatives of the bacteriogram of the mucous membrane of the back wall of the nasopharynx in visitors to the MPCI patients of different age groups (p˂0.05), which indicates the dependence of the composition of the microflora of the nasopharynx on age. A statistically significantly higher concentration of Staphylococcus aureus was found in the group of young patients (p˂0.05), which indicates the release of the most significant amount of this pathogen from the carriers of this group and an increase in the probability of developing infectious complications when in contact with visitors to the hospital, who were included in the added group, in comparison with other studied groups. Conclusion. Asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic strains of bacteria were found in all studied age groups of visitors to the hospital, which suggests the possibility that the studied patients may be a potential source of hospital infection in hospital patients, but this requires further research.

Techniques used to reduce back wall losses of solar stills - A review

Techniques used to reduce back wall losses of solar stills - A review

Opening Kailasanatha: The Temple in Kanchipuram Revealed in Time and Space

Opening Kailasanatha: The Temple in Kanchipuram Revealed in Time and Space

PSXI-21 Validation of a Method to Determine Dogs’ Preference for Flavors

Abstract There is little information regarding dogs’ preference for a given flavor, especially in water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate the method of using a consumption test to determine the dogs’ ability to discriminate water-based flavors. There were three phases of the study to validate the model using water as a flavor carrier. First was to measure position bias, second to evaluate for preference for specific elemental flavors, and third to evaluate the dogs’ ability to district by dose. To eliminate confounding variables; salt (salty), dextrose (sweet), citric acid (sour) and MSG (umami) were mixed with tap water to create colorless and odorless test solutions (salt 0.5%, dextrose 4%, citric acid 0.1%, MSG 0.035%), with tap water as the control. For evaluating dose sensitivity, salt waters at increasing levels of concentration (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) were evaluated. In this study, twelve adult Beagle dogs (average age one year) were individually housed. Using a randomized block design, ceramic bowls, labeled A-E, were placed along the back wall of each pen and filled with 400g of the control or test solutions. Bowl position was randomized daily, to account for any position bias; and water disappearance was measured for five days. Data were analyzed using a mixed model (SAS version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment as a fixed effect and the dog and day as random effects. Of the elemental flavors, sweet was most preferred (average 250.05g/day) with sour and salty (average 96.45g/day and 85.77g /day) least preferred (p <0.05). Regarding dose distinction, a linear decrease (p<0.05) in water disappearance was observed as salt concentration increased. These results suggest that dogs do have the ability to distinct between flavors. It also suggests that dogs do have the ability to discriminate between different doses.

Not About Race Dance by Gerald Casel

Reviewed by: Not About Race Dance by Gerald Casel Kate Mattingly NOT ABOUT RACE DANCE. By Gerald Casel. CounterPulse, San Francisco. December 15, 2021. Gerald Casel’s investigations into racial dynamics take many forms. Since 2018, Casel has organized Dancing Around Race gatherings, and, in 2021, Not About Race Dance had its premiere at CounterPulse. I watched a recording of Not About Race Dance made available for free in December, the day that bell hooks passed, and sensed hooks’s description of the politics of white-supremacist, capitalist, patriarchal exclusion in the performance. I, as a white, cisgender woman, am aware of the access and advantages my whiteness has provided and that Casel’s multifaceted performance illuminate. Not About Race Dance, choreographed with movement collaborators Styles Alexander, Audrey Johnson, Karla Quintero, and Cauveri Suresh, vivified the racial politics of postmodern dance. The recording began with a camera situating the viewer within the white walls of CounterPulse while the sound of TLC’s “Waterfalls” filled the space. Casel walked onto the white stage carrying a speaker, accompanied by shouts of joy from the audience. Standing center stage, he faced us. His hips rocked to the rhythm. Words appeared on the back wall: “I am performing an accumulated sequence”; “It’s an adaptation of Trisha Brown’s choreographic device”; “She made a dance entitled ‘Accumulation’ in 1971.” Brown’s gestures, visible in Casel’s actions, were also transmuted. Casel’s dancing signaled Cholly Atkins’s work with the Temptations and the Pips in the 1960s and ’70s: understated cool with exquisite attention to detail and smooth transitions. The moment provoked thoughts about artists of color who are consistently written out of definitions of post-modernism. Brilliantly clear in this initial moment, Casel’s work brings into physical form the theories of Brenda Dixon Gottschild and Cornel West, who have written about the multiple influences, borrowings, and erasures of white postmodernism. Casel remained in one place. His dancing was lush and fluid. Words on the back wall connected this event to Neil Greenberg’s Not About AIDS Dance from 1994, the same year that TLC released “Waterfalls” (as celebrity artists, TLC also raised awareness for HIV/AIDS). More words appeared: “Seeing this piece made HIV more visible . . . more real.” By associating his work with Greenberg’s performance, Casel highlights how both of these events are performances that intervene in hegemonic systems of erasure. As dance performances these events operate kinesthetically, communicating through our [End Page 378] senses, and offer an intimate sense of connection and vulnerability. Click for larger view View full resolution Audrey Johnson, Gerald Casel, Cauveri Suresh, Styles Alexander, and Karla Quintero in Not About Race Dance. (Photo: Robbie Sweeny.) Born in the Philippines, Casel immigrated to the Bay Area when he was 8 years old. More words appeared: “I am a brown body performing an accumulated sequence in a big white cube to TLC’s ‘Waterfalls.’” About five minutes into this hour-long event, Casel’s solo ended. Duets, trios, and group sections followed. There is a gorgeous intricacy in Casel’s choreography: craft and compositional structure highlight the subtle interactions of dancers’ joints and bodies. Shoulders swivel, elbows elongate, and hips shift to generate a refined and luscious dynamic. Elements of stillness and nuance underscore this physical virtuosity. Aron Altmark’s lighting design projected shadows of dancers on the white walls, transforming a duet into a dance of ten figures. A zig-zagging walking pattern by Casel ended as he descended to the floor, mirroring his duet partner in a reclining pose, their gazes lifted upwards, suggesting odalisques. This moment emphasized my role as a spectator, witness, or perhaps voyeur, highlighting the power dynamics between watchers and the watched. I appreciate the ways that complex questions emerge from Casel’s kinetic and kinesthetic propositions. James Frazier considers Not About Race Dance particularly resonant for its ability to foreground the physical and emotional impact of “accumulation,” and I am indebted to our conversations after watching the recording. (Frazier had seen the performance at the Maggie Allesee National Center for Choreography in November.) In postmodern dance, accumulation is a choreographic process that uses a sequence of relatively simple gestures to build...

Analysis of Errors and Winners in Men’s and Women’s Professional Padel

The objective was to analyze the effectiveness in men’s and women’s professional padel of errors and winners depending on the type of shot and the importance of the situation during each game. In addition, differences between men and women were identified. The sample was made up of 2759 points corresponding to the games that finished with a golden point from matches played in the 2021 season of the World Padel Tour circuit. The results show men and women make more errors (men: 58.7%; women: 63.2%) than winners (men: 41.3%; women: 36.8%), and this difference increases as the importance of the points increases in men’s padel; however, the opposite happens in women’s padel. Trays and smashes are the most characteristic last shots in men’s and women’s padel (hits with which more winners are achieved), followed by back wall shots (shots where more errors are made) and then drive and backhand volleys. In men’s padel there are more winning shots and fewer errors than in women’s padel, except in the golden points, where men make more errors than women. These considerations are of great importance, as they help the players to know the most effective way to finish points according to the situation of the game.

Clinical and morphological features of the cesarean scar pregnancy

The features of timely diagnosis and possible risks of the cesarean scar pregnancy are demonstrated on the example of a clinical case. This article presents analysis of pregnancy and childbirth of patient Sh., who was in the Obstetrics Department of the Kyiv City Maternity Hospital No. 1, as well as the results of a detailed morphological study of tissue characteristics during pregnancy in the scar on the uterus.A complete presentation of the chorion with localization in the area of the postoperative scar and a defect in the uterine wall was established at the first and second ultrasound screening. The woman was informed about pregnancy risks, but she insisted on prolonging the pregnancy. A planned surgical intervention was performed in the period of 36–37 weeks. A bottom caesarean section was performed and a girl weighing 3610 g, height 55 cm was removed. Intraoperatively confirmed deformation with a defect of the front uterus wall in the area of a postoperative scar measuring 10 × 12 cm, filled with placental tissue in the form of aneurysmal altered vessels. It was confirmed that placenta grew into the wall of the uterus over the entire area of its location, which occupied the entire lower segment on the entire circumference of the uterine body. At the same time, a significant deformation of the front and back walls of the uterus was noted. Morphological examination revealed hypoxic degenerative changes in the placenta, from the side of the parietal plate, with sclerosis, hyalinosis and deposition of fibrinoid in the villi, as well as the presence of hemorrhages, petrifications and the formation of conglomerates and bridges between them.Conclusions. It was founded the leading role in the mechanism of formation of atypical localization of pregnancy in the area of the scar after previous cesarean section was altered uterus tissue, where implantation occurred. There is a high probability of transition from ectopic pregnancy to scarring from liquid forms of ectopic pregnancy in the category of more frequent pathologies due to the increase in the frequency of cesarean sections.

Experimental study on hydrodynamic characteristics of a new type floating breakwater with opening pass and wing structure

To attenuate long-period waves better, a new type of floating breakwater (FB) with an opening pass is proposed. When the waves act on the FB, the wave can spray upward along the radian opening and convert part of the kinetic energy of the incident wave into potential energy. This will lead to wave breaking, which improves the wave elimination efficiency. In addition, the new type of FB design with an arc-shaped wing structure under water improves the damping effect and induces wave slamming and breaking phenomena on the back wall. A series of experiments, including a traditional dual-box FB and five new type FB models with different outlet radii, were carried out to investigate and compare the hydrodynamic performance. The results show that, with the same weight and principal size, the transmission coefficient of the new type of FB was 8.2%–17.8% smaller than that of the traditional dual-box FB in long-period and large-amplitude waves. In addition, the new type has smaller mooring forces and heave responses. A smaller outlet radius of the opening pass can give rise to a higher water spraying phenomenon, but the outlet radius generally has a small effect on the hydrodynamic performance and the mooring forces.

Simulation of the Effect of Keyhole Instability on Porosity during the Deep Penetration Laser Welding Process

The quality of a laser deep penetration welding joint is closely related to porosity. However, the keyhole stability seriously affects the formation of porosity during the laser welding process. In this paper, a three-dimensional laser welding model with gas/liquid interface evolution characteristics is constructed based on the hydrodynamic interaction between the keyhole and molten pool during the laser welding process. The established model is used to simulate the flow and heat transfer process of molten. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is used to study the formation and collapse of the keyhole and the formation of bubbles. It is found that bubbles are easy to form when the keyhole depth abruptly changes. There are three main forms of bubbles formed by keyhole instability. The front wall of the keyhole collapses backward to form a bubble. The back wall of the keyhole inclines forward to form a bubble. The lower part of the keyhole produces a necking-down effect, and the lower part of the keyhole is isolated separately to form a bubble. In addition, when the keyhole does not penetrate the base metal, the stability of the keyhole is high and the percentage of porosity is low.

Enhancing the energy and exergy performance of a photovoltaic thermal system with [formula omitted]-shape collector using porous metal foam

The use of porous media in heat transfer systems leads to a rise in the heat transfer surface area and pressure loss of the working fluid, the first of which is desirable and the second is undesirable. The effect of porous metal foam positioning on the energy and exergy performances of an air-based photovoltaic thermal system with ∇-shape collector is investigated in this research. For this purpose, porous foam is placed once in the channel between the photovoltaic panel and the collector (system II), again in the channel between the collector and the back insulation wall (system III), and finally in both channels (system IV). The results are compared with each other and with those of the system without porous metal foam (system I). The energy balance equation is written for each part of the system, and the resulting system of equations is solved with a code written in MATLAB. The mathematical modeling was performed for several values of air mass flow rate. The results showed that the maximum overall energy efficiency (61.53–111.49%) and overall exergy efficiency (14.18–17.46%) belong to systems II and IV.

Experience in developing a new test system for screening and diagnosis of infections that cause acute respiratory diseases, and its use

Relevance. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a serious health problem not only because of the high frequency of their occurrence, but also because of the economic damage they cause both in the form of direct costs (the cost of diagnosis and treatment) and indirect costs (disability, reduced labor productivity, etc.). Pregnant women and children under 5 years of age are included in the group of patients with risk factors for complications of influenza and other ARI, therefore, an analysis of the etiological structure of ARI and influenza in obstetric hospitals is an urgent task. In recent years, there has been an urgent need to create a national complex diagnostic test system based on molecular genetic methods for detecting infectious agents that cause ARI. Aims. The aim of the study is to analyze the etiological structure of ARI and influenza in patients with clinical symptoms and to develop and implement a new test system for rapid screening and diagnosis of infections that cause ARI. Materials & methods. When studying the etiological structure of ARI and influenza, cultural studies of the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa were carried out, followed by identification of microorganisms using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and molecular genetic study (real-time PCR) using an experimental test panel containing primers that allow detecting the following viruses: influenza A, B viruses, parainfluenza viruses of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th types, coronaviruses OS43, HKU1, NL63, E229, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus and adenovirus, as well as bacterial pathogens of ARI: Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The test system was developed using the following methods: real-time PCR, a combination of reverse transcription and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and the next generation sequencing (NGS) method. Results. The etiological structure of ARI and influenza was analyzed in patients with clinical manifestations (cough, tickling/sore throat/hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the palate and the back wall of the pharynx, shortness of breath/difficulty breathing, acute runny nose/nasal congestion). The species spectrum of bacterial and viral pathogens was revealed. A new test system based on PCR, real-time RT-PCR and NGS has been created for complex diagnostics of both viral and bacterial pathogens of ARI, consisting of three separate components: the main test system «ARI», which detects the main viral and bacterial pathogens of ARI, and two additional sets of reagents: «Oseltamivir resistance» and «Oseltamivir/ Zanamivir resistance». Conclusions. The new test system can be used to detect and differentiate nucleic acids of pathogens of ARI of humans. The test system seems to us promising for further use. As a result of the analysis of the etiological structure of acute respiratory infections and influenza, attention is drawn to a significantly smaller variety of identified pathogens in 2020 and a much more pronounced dominance of rhinovirus infection compared to our previous study in 2019.

Water Flow Improvement by Pinhole Outlet in Batch-Type Wet Cleaning Bath for Large-Diameter Wafers

The pinhole water outlet fabricated near the top of bath walls could produce a simple water flow with less water recirculation in the batch-type wet cleaner for 300 mm-diameter silicon wafers. The pinholes having a 2 mm diameter were arranged in three different configurations: (i) the right and left side walls have the pinhole outlets, while the front and back side walls did not, (ii) the distance between the nearest neighbor pinholes was less than 1.5 cm and (iii) the pinhole arrays were at the depth of 3, 4.5 and 6 cm beneath the water surface. The water motion was studied by computational fluid dynamics and visualization, during the wafer operations. When 10 cm of the wafer bottom was immersed in the water, the calculation showed that 90% of the particles, released from the 1 cm depth beneath the water surface, was removed from the bath within 10 s. By observations throughout the sequential wafer operations of dipping, holding and lifting, the blue-colored tracer ink that had been painted at the wafer surface simply went toward the outlet without any considerable recirculation. The range of the water flow rate without causing any recirculation was additionally studied.

Enhancing trays solar still performance using wick finned absorber, nano- enhanced PCM

Solar stills are famous techniques of solar desalination methods, but they suffer from the low daily water production. In this work, an experimental study was conducted to enhance the trays solar still (TSS) performance. The heat transfer rate between the saline water and absorber of TSS has been improved. So, the performance of TSSs with flat and finned absorbers shapes was studied. The tested SSs were conventional solar still (CSS), TSS, and finned TSS (FTSS). Jute wick materials were utilized to cover the finned absorbers, where the wick feed water flows slowly to upward through the porous material. The influence of installing reflecting mirrors on the internal sides of TSS was studied. For further enhancement of TSS performance, phase change materials mixed with copper oxide-nanoparticles has been utilized to test the FTSS performance. In addition, 3 electric heaters have been utilized to heat the water basin. The photovoltaic cell was added beside the back wall of the FTSS thereby using the same FTSS space and used as a power source for the electric heaters. Results indicated that the FTSS productivity was enhanced by 166 and 136% when utilizing the heaters and phase change materials with nanoparticles compared to that of the CSS, respectively. Also, the daily water productivity of the FTSS was enhanced by 196% over the CSS when using both the electrical heaters and phase change materials with nanoparticles at the same time.

Modelling analysis for design of microshutters with new electrode configuration

The Next Generation Microshutter Array (NGMSA) is an all-electrostatic actuated, programmable light transmission device used for multi-object spectroscopy. The latest NGMSA is designed to operate by applying a voltage difference between the shutter blade electrode and a single back wall electrode. We investigate the effects of different wall electrode configurations and present a bi-electrode design that allows reliable shutter actuation at a voltage difference of 70V.

The Dumb Waiter (in camera)

The Dumb Waiter <i>(in camera)</i>

Hidden Green by Miklós Erdély

Hidden Green by Miklós Erdély