Bacterium Bacillus Research Articles

Seed treatment with Bacillus bacteria improves maize production: a narrative review

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop in relation to its production and consumption. Production of maize is constrained by soil infertility and poor quality seed. Microbial technologies like seed treatment with Bacillus bacteria improves the productivity of maize on infertile soil. However, due to variations in maize growth environments and Bacillus species, this review was conducted to identify the common species of Bacillus species used for seed treatment, and provide an overview of the effect of seed treatment with Bacillus on maize growth and yield. Results show that Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were the dominant species used for seed treatment. Bacillus was used as both a biofertiliser and biopesticide. The conspicuous positive effects of Bacillus were in plant height, shoot and root length, and shoot dry matter depending on the species. In terms of grain yield, Bacillus subtilis (8502 kg ha-1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (6822 kg ha-1) and Bacillus safensis (5562 kg ha-1) were the bacterial species that had an overall pronounced effect. The highest increase in grain yield was in the interactive effect of Bacillus megaterium + Bacillus licheniformis (18.1%) and sole Bacillus subtilis (15.6%), while Bacillus pumilus reduced grain yield by 4.8%. This shows that the improvement of maize productivity using Bacillus bacteria requires careful selection of the species for seed treatment.

Replacing traditional nursery soil with spent mushroom substrate improves rice seedling quality and soil substrate properties.

Currently, large quantities of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) are produced annually. Because SMS has high water retention and nutrients, it has great potential to replace traditional topsoil for raising seedlings in agricultural production. However, few studies have examined the effects of substituting SMS for paddy soil on rice seedling growth and soil nutrients. SMS was mixed with rice soil in different proportions (20%, 50%, and 80%), and chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and peat substrate were added in addition to equivalent nitrogen as a traditional seedling nursery method for comparison. Compared to traditional paddy soil (CK), the seedling qualities of the three SMS ratio treatments were all higher. Adding SMS at different ratios promoted rice seedling root growth, elevated the soluble protein concentration, and amplified the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic action in rice seedlings. Total porosity and aeration porosity of the soil increased by 17.40% and 32.90%, respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) increased by 21.26-118.48%, 50.44-71.68%, and 23.08-80.17%, respectively. Besides, the relative abundance of Bacillus, Bacteroidetes, and other bacteria as well as the abundance of Ascomycota were all significantly increased. Adding 50% SMS increased the abundance of Pseudomonas by 8.42 times. The seedling quality of the 50% SMS treatment was even higher than chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer treatments, only second to the peat substrate treatment. In summary, partial substitution of paddy soil with SMS can ameliorate substrate properties, improve seedling quality, and increase microbial diversity, indicating the suitability of SMS as a replacement for rice soil in seedling substrates. The 50% SMS ratio is the best. This study provides a basis for SMS to replace traditional rice soil in seedling cultivation.

Efficient Immobilization of heavy metals using newly synthesized magnetic nanoparticles and some bacteria in a multi-metal contaminated soil.

Simultaneous application of modified Fe3O4 with biological treatments in remediating multi-metal polluted soils, has rarely been investigated. Thus, a pioneering approach towards sustainable environmental remediation strategies is crucial. In this study, we aimed to improve the efficiency of Fe3O4 as adsorbents for heavy metals (HMs) by applying protective coatings. We synthesized core-shell magnetite nanoparticles coated with modified nanocellulose, nanohydrochar, and nanobiochar, and investigated their effectiveness in conjunction with bacteria (Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus megaterium) for remediating a multi-metal contamination soil. The results showed that the coatings significantly enhanced the immobilization of heavy metals in the soil, even at low doses (0.5%). The coating of nanocellulose had the highest efficiency in stabilizing metals due to the greater variety of surface functional groups and higher specific surface area (63.86 m2 g-1) than the other two coatings. Interestingly, uncoated Fe3O4 had lower performance (113.6 m2 g-1) due to their susceptibility to deformation and oxidation. The use of bacteria as a biological treatment led to an increase in the stabilization of metals in soil. In fact, Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus megaterium increased immobilization of HMs in soil successfully because of extracellular polymeric substances and intensive negative charges. Analysis of metal concentrations in plants revealed that Ni and Zn accumulated in the roots, while Pb and Cd were transferred from the roots to the shoots. Treatment Fe3O4 coated with modified nanocellulose at rates of 0.5 and 1% along with Pseudomonas putida showed the highest effect in stabilizing metals. Application of coated Fe3O4 for in-situ immobilization of HMs in contamination soils is recommendable due to their high metal stabilization efficiency and suitability to apply in large quantities.

Synthesis of novel benzo[d] imidazole bearing α-aminophosphonate and their antimicrobial evaluation

The antimicrobial activity of seven α-aminophosphonate derivatives was evaluated. These new compounds were synthesized via a one-pot reaction of the Kabachnik-Fields between 2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)acetohydrazide, aldehyde derivatives, and diethyl phosphite in the presence of magnesium triflate as a catalyst. The novel compounds are identified by analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The use of magnesium triflate as a catalyst revealed short reaction time (1 h), in 10 mol%.The activity of the new compounds was against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginose, and the fungus Candida albicans. The results indicated that most of the new compounds have moderate to high potency as antibacterial and antifungal agents. And the theoretical study confirmed that the compounds excel in binding with a more stable binding energy than the antibiotic penicillin, and this was confirmed by laboratory results. In the case of Escherichia coli ATCC® 25922™, only 5a and 5e displayed significant inhibitory activities equal to or greater than the reference drug. Most of the new compounds (5c–5 g) revealed high potency against Salmonella typhimurium ATCC® 14028™. The highest value is for 5d which has the high inhibitory activity against Cadida albicans.

Search for biocontrol agents among endophytic lipopeptide-synthesizing bacteria Bacillus spp. to protect wheat plants against Greenbug aphid (Schizaphis graminum).

Beneficial endophytic bacteria can suppress the development of insect pests through direct antagonism, with the help of metabolites, or indirectly by the induction of systemic resistance through the regulation of hormonal signaling pathways. Lipopeptides are bacterial metabolites that exhibit direct antagonistic activity against many organisms, including insects. Also, lipopeptides are able to trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants against harmful organisms, but the physiological mechanisms of their action are just beginning to be studied. In this work, we studied ten strains of bacteria isolated from the tissues of wheat and potatoes. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed that all isolates belong to the genus Bacillus and to two species, B. subtilis and B. velezensis. The genes for lipopeptide synthetase - surfactin synthetase (Bs_srf ), iturin synthetase (Bs_ituA, Bs_ituB) and fengycin synthetase (Bs_fenD) - were identified in all bacterial isolates using PCR. All strains had high aphicidal activity against the Greenbug aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rond.) due to the synthesis of lipopeptides, which was proven using lipopeptide-rich fractions (LRFs) isolated from the strains. Endophytic lipopeptide-synthesizing strains of Bacillus spp. indirectly affected the viability of aphids, the endurance of plants against aphids and triggered ISR in plants, which manifested itself in the regulation of oxidative metabolism and the accumulation of transcripts of the Pr1, Pr2, Pr3, Pr6 and Pr9 genes due to the synthesis of lipopeptides, which was proven using LRF isolated from three strains: B. subtilis 26D, B. subtilis 11VM, and B. thuringiensis B-6066. We have for the first time demonstrated the aphicidal effect of fengycin and the ability of the fengycin-synthesizing strains and isolates, B. subtilis Ttl2, Bacillus sp. Stl7 and B. thuringiensis B-6066, to regulate components of the pro-/antioxidant system of aphid-infested plants. In addition, this work is the first to demonstrate an elicitor role of fengycin in triggering a systemic resistance to S. graminum in wheat plants. We have discovered new promising strains and isolates of endophytes of the genus Bacillus, which may be included in the composition of new biocontrol agents against aphids. One of the criteria for searching for new bacteria active against phloem-feeding insects can be the presence of lipopeptide synthetase genes in the bacterial genome.

Effect of watery extract of Curcuma longa powder (Turmeric) on multidrug- resistant Bacillus cereus recovered from fresh soft cheeses in Kirkuk

Bacterial contamination is an important cause of foodborne diseases. Herbal medicine is known as botanical medicine or phytomedicine, which means a plant or any part of the plant, is used to prepare medicine to assist in the healing process during illness and disease. Medicinal plants contain natural chemicals, which are acceptable to human and animal systems. Curcumin Is extensively used as an aromatic medicinal cosmetic .It has been in traditional use and it is mentioned as a remedy for various diseases. These findings indicated that action of curcumin had significant inactivation effect on foodborne bacteria, the present study investigate action of curcumin on foodborne bacteria Bacillus cereus (B. cereus). The frequency and distribution pattern of Bacillus cereus in cow soft cheese were investigated indifferent regions in Kirkuk. 50 Pooled soft cheeses samples from different regions in Kirkuk were collected during February until June (2020), ten samples collected monthly from different supermarkets as same as proportion above. Modified procedures for isolation and identification were dependent, Gram stain, oxidase &catalase reaction aid in segregation. Modified Congo red assay used to detect biofilm and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for determination sensitivity of isolates to ampicillin (AM 10µg),cephalexin (CLX, 30µg), azithromycin (AZM, 15µ) and vancomycin (VA 30µg). The results confirmed recovery of In conclusions. cheese production in Kirkuk are encountered by the problems of bacterial contamination and presence of multidrug resist strain of Bacillus cereus that considered a risk to public health, may be due both insufficient and misuse treatment with antibiotics or in somewhat due to bad quality and/or poor hygiene of processing involved in milk production. Thus recommended monitoring these products for better hygienic status.

Orthotic Thermoplastic Demonstrates a Similar Contamination Potential with Bacillus Bacteria Recovered from Thermoplastic Radiation Therapy Patient Masks

Thermoplastics used to construct a variety of patient medical devices can become contaminated by harmful bacteria. We investigated whether two different Bacillus species recovered from patient radiation therapy thermoplastic masks could similarly contaminate thermoplastic material used to construct patient orthoses (splints). Bacillus bacteria form dormant spores, which have been shown to enhance its attachment to thermoplastics. Bacterial attachment and recovery were examined using an orthotic thermoplastic with an anti-stick coating being compared to uncoated material used in radiation therapy applications. Triplicate sample squares were seeded with a saline suspension of either B. cereus (MAB03F) or B. megaterium (DAB01F) containing a similar number of spores. Squares were subsequently sampled at 1 h, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. The number of recovered bacteria was counted. Differences in material hydrophobicity were determined by water contact angle analysis. Both Bacillus species attached to each material within 1 h, and their spores were recovered at 8 weeks. However, a decreasing trend in adhesion, over time, was noted to the coated material with an opposite increasing trend in the uncoated material. Decreased Bacillus species spore adhesion to coated material with a lower hydrophobicity suggests a greater potential for spore transfer to patients wearing contaminated orthoses.

Synthesis, structural investigations, in vitro cytotoxicity, apoptotic activity, cell cycle analysis, and molecular modeling studies of nano‐sized Zn(II) Schiff base complex

A new novel tetradentate ligand, [(1E,1′E)‐N,N′‐(1,2‐phenylene)bis(1‐(5‐(2‐fluorophenyl)furan‐2‐yl)methanimine) (PFPFMI), and its nano‐sized [Zn(PFPFMI)Cl2].3H2O complex were synthesized. The geometry of PFPFMI and its Zn(II) complex was described through CHN analyses, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and mass spectral data tests. The spectral data of the nano‐sized [Zn(PFPFMI)Cl2].3H2O complex indicates that the PFPFMI ligand functions as a tetradentate (N2O2) coordination through two azomethine nitrogen groups (N) and two furan ring oxygen (O) atoms. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed using the molecular studio software to investigate the optimal geometry of PFPFMI and its [Zn(PFPFMI)Cl2].3H2O complex. The SEM, TEM, XRD, AFM, and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX) analyses of the studied complex unveil distinct and strong diffraction peaks, indicating its crystalline nature and providing evidence of its nano‐sized particle sizes. Additionally, the inhibition zone diameter was used to assess the in vitro antimicrobial action of PFPFMI and the particular complex against Gram‐positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis, Gram‐negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli, as well as fungi Aspergillus fumigatus, Geotricum candidum, Syncephalastrum racemosum, and Candida tropicalis. The [Zn(PFPFMI)Cl2].3H2O complex exhibits higher activity than the ligand PFPFMI. In vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized [Zn(PFPFMI)Cl2].3H2O complex was explored using MCF7 (breast cancer), HCT116 (colon cancer), A549 (lung cancer), HePG‐2 (liver cancer), A375 (melanoma cancer), and normal lung fibroblast (WI38) cell lines. Based on IC50 and selective index (SI) values, it was shown that the complex exhibited higher potency against MCF7 cell lines. Moreover, the Zn(II) complex exhibited the ability to induce DNA damage in MCF7 cells, resulting in dose‐dependent cell apoptosis. Subsequent investigations revealed that complex 2 also induced cell cycle arrest in the G2 and S phases.

Enhanced surface colonisation and competition during bacterial adaptation to a fungus.

Bacterial-fungal interactions influence microbial community performance of most ecosystems and elicit specific microbial behaviours, including stimulating specialised metabolite production. Here, we use a co-culture experimental evolution approach to investigate bacterial adaptation to the presence of a fungus, using a simple model of bacterial-fungal interactions encompassing the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and the fungus Aspergillus niger. We find in one evolving population that B. subtilis was selected for enhanced production of the lipopeptide surfactin and accelerated surface spreading ability, leading to inhibition of fungal expansion and acidification of the environment. These phenotypes were explained by specific mutations in the DegS-DegU two-component system. In the presence of surfactin, fungal hyphae exhibited bulging cells with delocalised secretory vesicles possibly provoking an RlmA-dependent cell wall stress. Thus, our results indicate that the presence of the fungus selects for increased surfactin production, which inhibits fungal growth and facilitates the competitive success of the bacterium.

Effects of Organic Fertilizer with Different Degrees of Maturity on Bacteria in Saline–Alkali Soil

Soil microorganisms are important components of soil ecosystems, and their diversity plays an important role in maintaining their functional stability. Organic fertilizer is an important measure for improving soil fertility in agronomic practice. The effects of organic fertilizer on soil microbial diversity and community structure are different with different degrees of maturation. In this study, uncomposted organic fertilizer (R), high-temperature organic fertilizer (H), cooling organic fertilizer (C), and decomposed organic fertilizer (D) were applied, and the 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria in soil were analyzed via high-throughput sequencing technology to understand the effects of organic fertilizer with different degrees of maturation on bacterial diversity and community structure in saline soil. Compared with no fertilization, the uncomposted organic fertilizer, high-temperature organic fertilizer, and decomposed organic fertilizer treatments significantly reduced soil bacterial diversity: the decomposed organic fertilizer treatment significantly reduced soil bacterial richness, the cooling organic fertilizer treatment had no significant effect on soil bacterial diversity and bacterial richness, Proteobacteria representing soil nutrients significantly increased under the cooling organic fertilizer treatment, and the relative abundance of Firmicutes significantly decreased. These four organic fertilizers, with different degrees of maturation, significantly increased the beneficial bacterium Bacillus and nitrile-based degrading bacteria but also significantly increased the potential pathogenicity of the soil, and there was no significant difference between the four treatments. In addition, during a cooling period, the organic fertilizer treatment helped to increase the population of oxidative-stress-tolerant bacteria. The application of organic fertilizer during a cooling period to saline–alkali soil is more helpful in improving its nutrient levels.

Isolation, selection, and evaluation of characteristics of potential Bacillusstrains for probiotic products

In the human digestive tract, there resides a very large number of microorganisms, including more than 400 different species of bacteria. Probiotics are defined as live bacteria that when introduced into the body in sufficient quantities will produce beneficial health effects. Probiotics (commonly known as digestive enzymes) are not drugs but are classified as nutritional supplements. In this study, we aim to investigate the probiotic properties of 2 strains of Bacillus bacteria isolated from fecal samples of healthy people, without the use of antibiotics or probiotic products for at least 1 month. The basic properties investigated include the hemolytic ability of bacteria, tolerance to artificial gastric acid and bile salt, and sensitivity to antibiotics. Out of a total of 72 isolates, 2 potential Bacillus strains were selected that did not cause hemolysis, were able to survive and survive in the harsh environment of the digestive system, and were sensitive to antibiotics commonly used for humans. On that basis, we initially evaluated the safety and potential application of these 2 strains to probiotic products.

Synthesis, spectro-themal characterization, DFT calculations and biochemical evaluation of a newly synthesized tridentate Schiff base transition metal complexes

An appropriate conventional method has been utilised to synthesie new tridentate Schiff base ligand 4-chloro-2-((2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)amino)benzoic acid with Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), and Zn (II) complexes. Several spectroscopic(FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV–Vis, Mass), TGA-DTA, powder X-ray diffraction, and DFT calculations, were used to characterise these complexes. According to these spectroscopic investigations, the ligand coordinated with the metals via carboxylic oxygen, azomethine nitrogen, and hydroxyl oxygen, acting as a tridentate ligand. Appropriate geometry for every complex has been proposed based on spectroscopic and analytical data. In tetrahedral geometry with Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and square planner with Cu(II) ion, the ligand functions as a tridentate via ONO donors. The optimal structure (bond length and bond angle) and chemical reactivity of the ligand and its metal complexes from their Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMO) and Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) calculations have been investigated using Density Functional Theory (DFT/B3LYP,6-31G**/6-311G**(d,p), and LanL2DZ basis sets) calculations. In vitro DPPH radical scavenging techniques were used to assess the antioxidant activity of the ligand and its metal complexes. The results indicated that all of the complexes exhibited good antioxidant activity, with the Cu (II) complex being the most potent with the lowest IC50 values. The ligand and complexes in vitro antibacterial activities were further explored by screening them against Gram(+ve) bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram(−ve) bacteria (E. coli). Significant activity was demonstrated by all synthesised compounds against the tested strains of bacteria. The antifungal activity of complexes against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans was determined. The results indicated that Cu(II) complex exhibited good antifungal activity against Candida albicans, but not against Aspergillus niger. The fungal strain Aspergillus niger was not significantly inhibited by complexes. The complexes have greater antimicrobial activity than the Schiff base ligand, as indicated by the MIC values.

Biological Control of Tomato Bacterial Leaf Spots and Its Impact on Some Antioxidant Enzymes, Phenolic Compounds, and Pigment Content.

Tomato bacterial spots, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv1) and X. euvesicatoria (Xe2), as well as bacterial specks, caused by two strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst1 and Pst2), represent significant threats to tomato production in the El-Sharkia governorate, often resulting in substantial yield losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of various biocontrol culture filtrates, including bacteria and fungi agents, in managing the occurrence and severity of these diseases, while also monitoring physiological changes in tomato leaves, including antioxidant enzymes, phenolics, and pigment content. The culture filtrates from examined Trichoderma species (T. viride, T. harzianum, and T. album), as well as the tested bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Serratia marcescens) at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%, significantly inhibited the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria In vitro. For the In vivo experiments, we used specific doses of 5 mL of spore suspension per plant for the fungal bioagents at a concentration of 2.5 × 107 spores/mL. The bacterial bioagents were applied as a 10 mL suspension per plant at a concentration of 1 × 108 CFU/mL. Spraying the culture filtrates of the tested bioagents two days before infection In vivo significantly reduced disease incidence and severity. Trichoderma viride exhibited the highest efficacy among the fungal bioagents, followed by T. harzianum and T. album. Meanwhile, the culture filtrate of B. subtilis emerged as the most potent among the bacterial bioagents, followed by P. fluorescens. Furthermore, applying these culture filtrates resulted in elevated levels of chitinase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activity. This effect extended to increased phenol contents, as well as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in sprayed tomato plants compared to the control treatment. Overall, these findings underscore the potential of these biocontrol strategies to effectively mitigate disease incidence and severity while enhancing plant defense mechanisms and physiological parameters, thus offering promising avenues for sustainable disease management in tomato production.

Comparative analysis of bacterial community structure and physicochemical quality in high-temperature Daqu of different colors in Qingzhou production area

To compare the effects of differences in Daqu making technology and production regions on the bacterial composition and physicochemical properties of high-temperature Daqu (HTD), this study analyzed the bacterial community structure of three colors of HTD in the Qingzhou production area and measured their physicochemical quality. At the same time, a comparative analysis was conducted on the bacterial composition of Qingzhou and Xiangyang regions. The results revealed that the HTD in the Qingzhou area exhibited a diverse bacterial community dominated by Lentibacillus, Scopulibacillus, and Staphylococcus. The black HTD displayed the lowest bacterial richness (P < 0.05) and a relatively unique microbial structure. Significant variations were observed in the physicochemical qualities of the three colors of HTD. Notably, white HTD demonstrated higher moisture and ash content, saccharification and liquor-producing power. Yellow HTD exhibited higher amino nitrogen and protein content, and black HTD displayed higher water activity, acidity, and starch content. The variation in Bacillus, Limosilactobacillus, and Weissella distributions across different colors of HTD primarily contributed to these findings. From the HTD samples in the Qingzhou area, Bacillus (61.90 %) and lactic acid bacteria (17.46 %) being the predominant cultivable communities. Cluster analysis identified significant differences in bacterial communities among HTD samples from various production areas. It can enhance the understanding of HTD quality in the Qingzhou area and offer insights for optimizing HTD and Maotai-flavor Baijiu quality.

Characterizing the Contribution of Functional Microbiota Cultures in Pit Mud to the Metabolite Profiles of Fermented Grains.

Elevating the flavor profile of strong flavors Baijiu has always been a focal point in the industry, and pit mud (PM) serves as a crucial flavor contributor in the fermentation process of the fermented grains (FG). This study investigated the influence of wheat flour and bran (MC and FC) as PM culture enrichment media on the microbiota and metabolites of FG, aiming to inform strategies for improving strong-flavor Baijiu flavor. Results showed that adding PM cultures to FG significantly altered its properties: FC enhanced starch degradation to 51.46% and elevated reducing sugar content to 1.60%, while MC increased acidity to 2.11 mmol/10 g. PM cultures also elevated FG's ester content, with increases of 0.36 times for MC-FG60d and 1.48 times for FC-FG60d compared to controls, and ethyl hexanoate rising by 0.91 times and 1.39 times, respectively. Microbial analysis revealed that Lactobacillus constituted over 95% of the Abundant bacteria community, with Kroppenstedtia or Bacillus being predominant among Rare bacteria. Abundant fungi included Rasamsonia, Pichia, and Thermomyces, while Rare fungi consisted of Rhizopus and Malassezia. Metagenomic analysis revealed bacterial dominance, primarily consisting of Lactobacillus and Acetilactobacillus (98.80-99.40%), with metabolic function predictions highlighting genes related to metabolism, especially in MC-FG60d. Predictions from PICRUSt2 suggested control over starch, cellulose degradation, and the TCA cycle by fungal subgroups, while Abundant fungi and bacteria regulated ethanol and lactic acid production. This study highlights the importance of PM cultures in the fermentation process of FG, which is significant for brewing high-quality, strong-flavor Baijiu.

Evaluation of Endophytic Microorganisms (Trichoderma hazianum and Bacillus subtilus) as Biofungicides against Bayoud Disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis) on Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Backgraound: Date palm disease named Bayoud, is the major constraint caused by the soil fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa) in Algeria. This work has the objective to in vivo biocontrol on bayoud disease incidence on three date palm varieties (Deglet-Nour, Feggous and H-mira), using two antagonistic microorganisms, one fungus (Trichoderma harzianum) and one bacterium (Bacillus subtilus). Methods: Foa strains obtained from isolation of the spines carrying the typical symptoms of Bayoud disease. Two strains used T. harzianum and B. subtilus, are isolated from rhizosphere soils of the date palm. Using the greenhouse screening test, the in vivo biocontrol test is carried out on 3-4 month-old date palm seedlings at the rate of 5 ml of inoculum suspension. Result: A significant (P less than 0.01), difference of date palm seedlings reactions against Foa isolate and antagonistic microorganisms was observed. All three date palm varieties present a high susceptibility against Foa until the total mortality of date palm seedlings. The biocontrol test showed that two antagonists showed different reaction, with the complete resistance of three varieties treated by T. harzianum, while, the antagonist B. subtilus protect just two varieties (Deglet-Nour and H-mira) and can’t protect Feggous variety when showed the susceptibility reaction by presentation of typical symptoms of bayoud disease. We can apply of these antagonistic microorganisms to protect our groves contaminated by Bayoud disease and contain just susceptible commercial cultivars of date palm.

Convenient synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of new bipyrazolyl and pyrazolopyridazine derivatives utilizing 4‐acetyl‐5‐methyl‐N‐phenyl‐1‐(p‐tolyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide as a versatile precursor

Abstract4‐(3‐(Dimethylamino)acryloyl)‐5‐methyl‐N‐phenyl‐1‐(p‐tolyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide was prepared via refluxing of 4‐acetyl‐5‐methyl‐N‐phenyl‐1‐(p‐tolyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. The target bipyrazoles were obtained from regioselective reaction of the latter enaminone with different hydrazonoyl halides at reflux in chloroform in the presence of trimethylamine. The regioselectivity was confirmed chemically upon refluxing with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of their elemental analyses and spectral data. The specified compounds were tested for antibacterial activity against gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a gram‐positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and (Staphylococcus aureus) using disk diffusion method. Antibacterial studies revealed that compounds 8a, 10b, 10c, 11d, and 14b showed weak to moderate activity against the tested bacteria compared to ampicillin.

Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine Scaffold Based Amide Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors for Bacterial Activity

AbstractA series of fifteen novel amide derivatives based on imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine scaffold were synthesized by taking imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine‐3‐carboxylic acid intermediates with respective substituted amines to yield good to excellent. The molecular structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques (1H NMR, 13C NMR, and LCMS) and supported by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SXRD) for the two compounds, 9 and 18. These compounds were evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity against two Gram‐positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilis) and two Gram‐negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). Interestingly, compounds 10 and 16, displayed comparable antibacterial activity to the positive control (Tetracycline: 6.25 μg/mL) against Gram‐negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 μg/mL. Compound 17 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity with an MIC of 10 μg/mL against the Gram‐positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis, whereas the positive control demonstrated an MIC of 6.25 μg/mL. These antibacterial activities were found to have a good correlation with Insilco computational molecular docking experiments using the receptor UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine‐enolpyruvate reductase, Mtb MurB.

Transformation and Degradation of PAH Mixture in Contaminated Sites: Clarifying Their Interactions with Native Soil Organisms.

Soil contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially caused by the mixture of two or more PAHs, raised great environmental concerns. However, research on the migration and transformation processes of PAHs in soils and their interactions with native communities is limited. In this work, soil samples from uncontaminated sites around the industrial parks in Handan, Hengshui, and Shanghai were artificially supplemented with three concentrations of anthracene (Ant), 9-chloroanthracene (9-ClAnt), benzopyrene (BaP), and chrysene (Chr). Ryegrass was planted to investigate the degradation of PAHs and its interaction with native soil organisms in the constructed ryegrass-microbe-soil microcosmic system. The bacterial and fungal communities in soil were affected by PAHs; their species diversity and relative abundance changed after exposure to different concentrations of PAHs, among which Lysobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Massilia bacteria were correlated to the degradation of PAHs. On the 56th day, the contents of BaP, Chr, and Ant decreased with the degradation process, while the degradation of 9-ClAnt was limited. Nineteen intermediates, including hydroxylation and carboxylated compounds, were identified. The present research would help clarify the potential interactions between PAHs and native organisms in contaminated sites, providing fundamental information for evaluating the transformation risks of PAHs in the natural environment.

Effect of the Bacillus subtilis BS20 on physiological and immune parameters in mutant mice Muc2–/–

Introduction. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common pathology that cannot be completely cured and requires lifelong therapy. One of the promising and sparing therapeutic strategies is the use of probiotics. Unlike Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which represent the basis of most classical probiotics, Bacillus spp. are spore-forming bacteria that contributes to their resistance to the acidic environment of the stomach. It has been shown that the bacteria Bacillus spp. is an effective therapeutic drug for the relief of intestinal diseases with signs of inflammation and bacterial origin. Since the main factors causing IBD are dysbiosis and inflammation, and strains of Bacillus spp. as probiotics can be potential modulators of immunity and influence the intestinal microbiome, it is necessary to search for new strains of probiotic bacteria, including representatives of Bacillus spp., which have an effect on immunity and physiological indicators in experimental models of IBD. The aim of the scientific research — to study the effect of Bacillus subtilis BS20 spores on the physiological and immune parameters of the mutant mouse line Muc2–/–. Research objectives: Investigate survival of Muc2–/– mice, weight, immune parameters (cytokines and immune cells) and amino acid composition of muscles. Materials and methods. Muc2–/– females were fed spores of Bacillus subtilis BS20 in the amount of 109 CFU for 2 months. Analysis of the amino acid composition of the femoral muscle was performed by capillary electrophoresis. The concentration of cytokines in the supernatant was measured using the Magnetic Luminex assay kit. Determination of the number of lymphocytes was performed by flow cytometry. Results. The addition of Bacillus subtilis BS20 to the diet of mice reduced mortality and body weight loss in Muc2–/– females. We found a decrease in interleukin-6 and an increase in interleukin-17 in the descending colon and an increase in B and T helper lymphocytes in the spleen. Conclusion. B. subtilis BS20 improves the general condition of Muc2–/– mutant mice, has an anti-inflammatory and immunostimulating effect, reducing the level of the cytokine interleukin-6 and increasing the percentage of B cells and T helper cells in the spleen.