Baby Diapers Research Articles

Inconsistency Between Pictures on Baby Diaper Packaging in Europe and Safe Infant Sleep Recommendations

To describe the level of inconsistency between pictures on baby diaper packaging and safe infant sleep recommendations (SISRs) in Europe. We attempted to identify all packaging of baby diapers sold in 11 European countries for infants weighing less than 5 kg through internet searches from July 2022 through February 2023. For each type of package, we extracted whether there was a picture depicting a baby, whether the baby was sleeping, and whether the picture of the sleeping baby was inconsistent with ≥1 of 3 SISRs: (i) non-supine sleeping position, (ii) soft objects or loose bedding, or (iii) sharing a sleep surface with another person. Data were aggregated at the country level, and a random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was used to obtain summary estimates. The outcome was the summary estimate of the proportion of pictures that were inconsistent with SISRs. We identified 631 baby diaper packaging types of which 49% (95% confidence interval CI: 42-57; N=311) displayed a picture of a sleeping baby. Among those 311 packages, 79% (95% CI 73-84) were inconsistent with ≥1 SISR, including a non-supine sleeping position, 45% (95% CI 39-51), soft objects or loose bedding such as pillows or blankets, 51% (95% CI 46-57), and sharing a sleep surface with another person, 10% (95% CI 4-18). Pictures on baby diaper packaging in Europe are often inconsistent with SISRs. The prevention of sudden unexpected death in infancy requires action from manufacturers and legislators to stop parents' exposure to misleading images that may lead to dangerous practices.

Volatile Organic Compounds in Disposable Diapers and Baby Wipes in the US: A Survey of Products and Health Risks.

Many thousands of diapers are worn by young children and the elderly, who have thin and sensitive skin that is highly vulnerable to chemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may be ingredients of these products or present as inadvertent or residual components. The levels and potential health risks of VOCs in diapers have not been reported previously. In this study, we collected 31 disposable hygiene products in the US market based on market share and analyzed 98 target VOCs using purge and trap sampling and thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometer analysis. Exposures and risks were modeled using reasonable upper level exposure scenarios. Adult diapers contained the highest total target VOC concentration (median level of 23.5 μg/g), and the predominant VOCs were alkanes. In some diapers, the estimated noncancer risk from these VOCs was sometimes very large (hazard quotient of 1609) due to n-heptane. Baby diapers contained several known or suspected carcinogens, including benzene and 1,4-dioxane, and the lifetime cancer risk from some diapers approached 1 per million under a worst-case scenario. Store-brand products had higher levels of VOCs than generic brands, and products labeled "organic" or "for sensitive skin" did not necessarily have lower levels. Our results show that toxic VOCs were found in all tested disposable diapers and wipes at trace levels, and risks from using some diapers in high use exposure scenarios are high enough to warrant additional attention and possibly corrective measures. We recommend eliminating and monitoring toxic ingredients and disclosing all chemicals that may be in these products.

Development of a new green analytical methodology for the determination of phthalates in single-use babies diapers using ultrasound-assisted extraction and polypropylene porous membrane

A green extraction strategy was developed and utilized for the extraction and determination of phthalates. The extraction is based on ultrasound-assisted extraction and a polypropylene porous membrane. The Box-Behnken model was performed to optimize the extraction condition. The optimal extraction conditions are 5.5 mL of ethyl acetate, 10 min of extraction time and 55 °C for extraction temperature. The developed green extraction method was successfully applied to extract target phthalate from baby's diapers. Under the optimal condition, the developed method provided acceptable recoveries in the range of 87 to 102% with a relative standard deviation lower than 13%. The developed method exhibited good linearity in the range of 0.05 to 10.0 µg g−1 with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.992 (R2). Applied the developed method coupled with the gas chromatography-mas spectroscopy (GC–MS) method, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) were found in some diaper samples. While low concentrations of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) were detected in almost all diaper samples. The greenness of the developed method was also evaluated. The developed method can be used as an alternative simple, green and efficient strategy for the determination of phthalates in baby diapers. In sum, the presented article is the first step in raising awareness about carcinogenic impurities to which infants and older children are exposed.

Automated AUP (absorption under pressure): A novel method to characterise superabsorbent polymers.

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are a key constituent in baby diapers and adult incontinence products. To develop new SAPs, lab tests are used to measure properties that are considered important for these products. However, these manual tests are often time-consuming and tedious. This paper introduces an automatic method to measure absorption under pressure (aAUP) using industry robots. The new robotic method addresses limitations in an industry standard absorption under pressure (AUP) method. The new aAUP method can run continuously, generating more and better data to aid in product development. It enables to put the Buchholz theory on SAPs for predicting their properties to practice by reduction of manual effort and by producing excellent data quality. This has been shown on commercial polymers from different production processes, with varied particle size distributions and shapes. The aAUP data has also been shown to accurately predict other properties of SAPs relevant for their application in hygiene articles, making it a useful tool for understanding the underlying science and facilitating product development.

Exposure scenario and risk assessment of infants and newborns to bisphenols and their derivatives from diapers

Newborns and infants are more sensitive to harmful compounds such as bisphenols and their derivatives because of their not fully developed detoxification mechanism. Exposure to these substances can lead to developmental problems and health consequences in adulthood. Since disposable baby diapers are used from the first days of life and remain in contact with the baby skin, it seems important to monitor the levels of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in such products. Ultrasound assisted solvent microextraction of porous membrane-packed solid sample (UASE-PMSS) was used in sample preparation. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used at determination step. Bisphenol A was quantified with the highest frequency at 81 % of samples tested, ranging from 5.0 to 520 ng/g. BADGE·2HCl was also quantified in high concentrations (from 6.8 to 530 ng/g), but was found in only 15 % of the tested samples. The daily exposure dose (DED) of bisphenols was calculated. In addition health risk assessment was conducted using previous (4 µg/kg BW) and actual (0.2 ng/kg BW) values of tolerable daily intake (TDI) of bisphenol A recommended by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

Insights into baby disposable diapers sustainable application

The sustainable use of baby disposable diapers is one of the issues currently being discussed to reduce the undesirable impact on the environment and improve the public's understanding of the proper use of diapers. This issue is a step toward promoting a cleaner, greener, and waste-less environment. In this article, the authors discuss options for a viable future for both people and the planet. We believe that it inspire others in the field of sustainable use of diapers as well as future education in this area. In addition, we believe that it will be a motivation for a researchers working in industry to be focused on the production of new, biodegradable baby diapers as well as on recycling baby diapers waste (for example as composite material for a structural and architectural component of the building).

Counseling on The Benefits of Virgin Coconut Oil on The Cure of Diaper Rush in Babies at Eka Sri Wahyuni Clinic

Infection, irritation and allergies are diseases that are prone to occur in infants due to the relatively thin layer of the baby's skin. diaper dermatitis/diaper rash is one of the most common skin problems in infants and children. Diaper rash occurs due to moisture in the baby caused by diapers that are too full of feces and urine. Virgin Coconut Oil is pure coconut oil that is processed without using high temperatures and the addition of chemicals. VCO contains saturated fatty acids and natural moisturizers contained in VCO absorb the inner layers of the skin and can help maintain skin flexibility and elasticity. The content of Lauric acid and capric acid in virgin coconut oil can kill viruses. This counseling activity aims to provide knowledge to mothers about virgin coconut oil which can be used for their baby's diaper rash. This community service is an educational process through counseling and training for mothers, especially teaching mothers how to make virgin coconut oil and informing them of the benefits contained in virgin coconut oil, as well as mothers knowing how to deal with diaper rash in non-pharmacological babies, namely by giving pure coconut oil (VCO).

Infant Posture Analyzer and Wet Diaper System

Abstract: Monitoring the well-being of infants is of utmost importance for ensuring their safety and providing timely care. This paper presents a novel approach to enhance traditional baby monitors by integrating intelligent classification of infant cries and real-time monitoring of sleep positions. The proposed smart baby monitor employs advanced signal processing techniques, machine learning algorithms, and computer vision methods to analyse audio and visual cues, providing valuable insights into a baby's needs and sleep patterns. This research paper presents the development of a Smart Baby Monitoring System equipped with one machine learning module and a wet diaper detection model. The system aims to enhance infant safety and improve caregiving practices. The first module employs YOLO and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for position detection, identifying whether the baby is on their belly, back, or side. The position detection model achieves an average accuracy of 90%, with precision and recall rates 85%, ensuring reliable identification of the baby's needs Second module is a wet diaper detection module is incorporated to detect if the baby's diaper needs changing. The integration of these machine learning modules in the Smart Baby Monitoring System offers realtime monitoring, timely alerts, and improved infant care.

Smart Baby Cradle using Sensor Technology

Abstract: In today's busy world, it can be challenging for people to care for an infant around the clock, especially for working parents. As a result, many children are looked after by grandparents, housemaids, or babysitters during the day. In our research, we have proposed a highly efficient and user-friendly technology that utilizes IoT technology for detecting baby crying through a sound sensor and playing a lullaby through speakers. Additionally, an app-controlled servo motor has been integrated into the baby cradle, and a wet sensor has been used to alert parents about their baby's diaper status through in-app notifications.

Giving Olive Oil to Diaper Rash in Infants Aged 6-12 Months in The Work Area Of The Nambo Health Center

Background: Diaper rash is one of the most common skin diseases experienced by infants and toddlers with a high incidence and prevalence. Diaper rash occurs because the cause of diaper rash is fungus and bacteria. Treatment of diaper rash can be done in a non-pharmacological way, one of which is by using olive oil. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving Olive Oil on diaper rash in infants aged 6-12 months in the working area of the Nambo Health Center. This type of research is a quasi-experimental design with one group pretest-posttest on 16 respondents through total sampling. Result: The results of this study indicate that before administration of olive oil, the most diaper rash in infants was moderate, namely 8 respondents (50%) while after administration of olive oil, diaper rash in infants recovered the most (no diaper rash). Namely 6 respondents (37.5%). Wilcoxon test shows the P value = 0.001 (≤ 0.05). Conclusion: So it can be concluded that there is an effect of giving olive oil to reduce the degree of baby diaper rash.

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Pemilihan Karyawan Terbaik Dengan Menggunakan Metode MABAC

1001 Mart is a minimarket which is engaged in selling basic daily needs such as rice, sugar, cooking oil, milk, baby diapers and others. The leadership of 1001 Mart always holds the best employee selection every year, the selection of the best employees is done to increase motivation or morale for employees to work even harder. The problem that occurs in this case is that it is difficult for 1001 Mart to make decisions in selecting the best employees. In this research, to solve the problems experienced by the 1001 Mart, the author designed a decision support system for selecting the best employees at 1001 Mart using the MABAC method. The design of this application uses the php programming language and the MySQL database as data storage media into the system. This decision support system will later assist 1001 Mart in determining the best employees based on predetermined criteria. The MABAC method is also expected to give accurate decision results so that no more mistakes will occur in selecting the best employees at 1001 Mart.

IoT Based Baby Monitoring System using Smart Cradle

Nowadays current number of working mothers are increased. For that Parents are sending their children’s to the baby care houses they are worried about the secureness, health of the baby So we have proposed a smart Cradle with so many benefits to help a working mother. By this cradle with So many benefits to help working mother. By this cradle working mother can also monitor the babies activities. This cradle is connected to the parents mobile to monitor the babies activities. We have used a many of the sensors to Sense & send the intimation alert messages to the parent, mobile Suppose it the baby is crying then the cradle Start automatically swinging & plays melody songs. the until the baby a Stops Crying Sound Sensors are attached to the cradle by hearing the Sound of the baby the cradle Starts Swinging. we have used a sensor to check the heartbeat, room & baby temperature of the baby. Moisture sensor is used to check whether the baby's diaper is condition is wet. To avoid sending childerns to the baby care houses use this Smart cradle for more benefits & they helps the mother

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in disposable baby diapers: A facile determination method via salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

In this paper we demonstrate the development of the extraction procedure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from baby diapers along with their quantification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Apart from covering plastic foil, disposable baby diapers contain sorbents intended to absorb urine and feces. A hygroscopic, adsorptive, and tough-to-homogenize fibrous sorbent, represents an analytical challenge to analytical chemists. To address this issue we optimized and validated a novel extraction protocol including cryogenic homogenization, liquid-liquid extraction and further preconcentration by evaporation. By using deuterated internal standards in conjunction with matrix-matched calibration, high precision and accuracy were achieved. The limit of detection is estimated in the range of 0.041–0.221 ng/g (for fluorene and fluoranthene, respectively), which is far below the concentration currently assumed to be dangerous for children. The method was successfully applied to real samples available on the Polish market, and it was found that the amount of PAH compounds varies between manufacturers. Most diapers do not have all 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in their composition, but there is no diaper that is free of these compounds. The most abundant in diapers was acenaphthalene, where the concentration ranged from 1.6 ng/g diaper up to 362.4 ng/g. The lowest concentration in diapers is chrysene, which is not detected in most diapers. The article is a response to the lack of a harmonized analytical method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in disposable sanitary products for children.

Analisa Prediksi Hasil Produksi Popok Bayi Metode Naïve Bayes

PT. Elleair Interantional Manufacturing Indonesia is a company engaged in the field of manufacturing baby diapers. With the increasing market demand causing an increase in the production process, what is often experienced is that there is often a lack of finish good product to meet consumer de mand due to delays in the production process. To make it easier for companies to look for factors that can increase production result, the authors coduct research with data mining using the naïve bayes method. In this study the training data and testing data were tested using the RapidMiner application with the naïve bayes algorithm where the tested data were 500 data. Testing is done by calculating the value of precision, recall, AUC dan accuracy using the RapidMiner Application and using Microsoft Excel and calculating the final probability of each class to calculate predictions of product result. With the naïve bayes method we can calculate predictions of production result based on data from the previus year as training data to anticipate shortages in production due to factors that can hider the production process. From the results of the analysis obtained factors that affect production result, namely, the number of materia used for the production of 318 data. The human error factor with the category of “No” as much as 305 data also influences because the less the occurrence of human error the production results are also high. Stop delivery factor with the category “No” as many as 299 data, with fewer cases of stop delivery, the more finish good product that can be sold

New 3D knitted absorbent pad for a prospective safer and ecological reusable baby diaper

Disposable diaper is one of the most polluting products in the world and presents many potential health risks for children. In this paper, to avoid those diaper problems, propose a safer reusable baby diaper with the same performances as disposable diapers with non-harmful materials. A comparative study has been conducted on the developed 3D knitted reusable diaper and some commercial disposable diapers including the most popular diaper goods. Thus, diaper performances have been measured and limit values have been checked. The obtained results prove that the properties of the developed reusable diaper are comparable to those of the disposable baby’s diapers available on the market. Finally, using chromatography analysis, we prove the non-harmful compounds in the developed baby diaper. For further investigation, a a new design of the risk assessment matrix related the menace trigger has been also prepared. The developed reusable diaper can be a promising alternative of the diaper with an efficient quality and functionality.

Baby diaper's super absorbent polymer derived carbon templated NiCuP@NiCu nanostructures for green hydrogen production

Water electrolysis is considered as the most favorable method to generate hydrogen because of its environmentally friendly approach. As an upgradation of this process, the introduction of urea gives improved energy conversion efficiency and can also be used for the treatment of urea-rich wastewater. Inspired by the above, a bifunctional electrocatalyst, namely NiCuP@NiCu supported on graphitic carbon, is prepared for the first time via high-temperature pyrolysis and in-situ phosphidization process. The carbon support endorses better electron transference, and the presence of mixed active metal redox couples (Mx+/My+, M = Ni&Cu) and their M-O/O–C bonds formation with urea molecule collectively leads to substantial UOR activity. Under alkaline conditions with 0.33 M urea in 1.0 M KOH, the NiCuP@NiCu/C drives 10 mA cm−2 current density with a minimum potential of 1.242 V and overpotential of 98 mV for urea oxidation reaction (UOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), respectively. What is significant is that NiCuP@NiCu/C is explored as a bifunctional electrocatalyst to construct two electrode electrolyzer, which only requires the minimum potential of 1.313 V to drive 10 mA cm−2 current density. Furthermore, the NiCuP@NiCu/C equipped electrolyzer is used under human urine sample and achieved the maximum H2 production of 0.387 mmol. From the aforementioned outcomes, this works delivers a facile method for exploring an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for urea electrolysis and providing a new path to real-time fuel approach enabled H2 production.

DNA-functionalized carbon quantum dots for electrochemical detection of pyocyanin: A quorum sensing molecule in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The electrochemical biosensing strategy for pyocyanin (PYO), a virulent quorum-sensing molecule responsible for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, was developed by mimicking its extracellular DNA interaction. Calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) functionalized amine-containing carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were used as a biomimetic receptor for electrochemical sensing of PYO as low as 37 nM in real urine sample. The ct-DNA-based biosensor enabled the selective measurement of PYO in the presence of other interfering species. Calibration and validation of the PYO sensor platform were demonstrated in buffer solution (0–100 μM), microbial culture media (0–100 μM), artificial urine (0–400 μM), and real urine sample (0–250 μM). The sensor capability was successfully implemented for point-of-care (POC) detection of PYO release from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains during lag and stationary phases. Cross-reactivity of the sensing platform was also tested in other bacterial species such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Potential clinical implementation of the ct-DNA-based sensor was manifested in detecting the PYO in P. aeruginosa cultured baby diaper and sanitary napkin. Our results highlight that the newly developed ct-DNA-based sensing platform can be used as a potential candidate for real-time POC diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in clinical samples.

Factors predicting pro-environmental behavior: the case of baby diapers

PurposeIn addition to being one of the most commonly purchased items by infant caretakers, disposable baby diapers (DBDs) are among the most detrimental products to the environment. Shifting to a diapering method that is less harmful to the environment is an example of pro-environmental conduct. Hence, this study aims to examine how motivation, subjective norms, perceived benefits and perceived threats influence pro-environmental behavior (PEB) intention.Design/methodology/approachThis research uses a two-stage disjoint approach of partial least squares structural equation modeling to examine the data. In the conceptual model, a combination of reflective-reflective second-order constructs is used in the motivation, perceived benefits and perceived threats. A total of 233 respondents from a developing economy in Southeast Asia provide the data.FindingsThis study suggests that perceived benefits (i.e. environmental, monetary and symbol) and threats (i.e. susceptibility and severity) are significant determinants of PEB. Surprisingly, motivation and subjective norms had no significant relationship with consumers' adoption of non-DBD alternatives.Research limitations/implicationsTo persuade caretakers to act in an environmentally responsible manner, the findings of this study imply that, where relevant, considerations for a wide variety of benefits and health risks should be made apparent. Environmental, financial and symbolic benefits should be shared with prospective target audiences. Caretakers should be warned of probable health effects of not being environmentally friendly. This study argues that caretakers' lack of information of non-DBD options may explain the insignificance of subjective norms and motivation.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the social marketing literature by examining the influence of motivation, subjective norms, perceived benefits and perceived threats on the intention to use more-environmentally friendly alternatives to DBDs as a manifestation of PEB.

Sustainable and circular management of used baby diapers

Kullanılmış bebek bezlerinin yönetimi, doğal kaynaklar üzerindeki küresel tüketimin hızlı şekilde artması ve bu tüketimin sebep olduğu çevresel etkiler nedeniyle giderek artan kritik bir konudur. Dünya çapında sürekli üretimle birlikte 2023 yılı itibariyle 222 milyar adet (yaklaşık 90 milyon ton) bebek bezinin atık olarak oluşması beklenmekte ve bu miktar her yıl giderek daha da artmaktadır. Kimyasal kompozisyonlarına bağlı olarak, bu materyaller sentetik polimerler (SAP) içeriklerinden dolayı biyolojik olarak parçalanamayan atıklar olarak nitelendirilse de özellikle SAP, plastikler ve selülozik bileşenler depolama sahalarına veya yakma tesislerinde bertaraf edilmek yerine geri kazanılabilir özelliklerdedir. Ancak henüz gelişmekte olan ülkelerde alternatif geri dönüşüm ya da kullanım seçenekleri mevcut olmadığından, uygun maliyetli ve verimli teknolojiler hızlı gelişme gösteren araştırma alanı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın amacı da, sürdürülebilirlik ve döngüsel ekonomi çerçevesinde SAP, selülozun ve plastiğin değerlendirilmesine ve atık yönetimi ile ilgili sera gazlarının (GHG) ve maliyetlerin azaltılmasına olanak sağlayacak yenilikçi geri dönüşüm teknolojilerinin geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması hakkında bilgi birikimi oluşturmaktır. İleri teknolojilerin hayata geçirilmesi ile hem geri dönüşüm en üst düzeye çıkarılacak hem de kaynak israfı ile atık miktarı da en aza indirilecektir.

Determination of Selected Harmful Substances in Baby Diapers Available on the South African Market.

Baby diaper rash is a common problem, especially allergic contact dermatitis, which could be due to heavy metals, pH, formaldehyde, or allergens in the diapers. This study reports on the determination of formaldehyde, heavy metals (Pb, As, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sr, Fe, and Cd), and pH in diapers purchased from low-, medium-, and high-end stores. Inductively coupled plasma was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals after extraction using artificial urine and artificial sweat. All heavy metals were found in all diapers except Sr, which was not found in sample M7. All samples had concentrations of heavy metals within the Oeko-Tex limits, except samples H2 and L2, whose Ni concentrations were above permissible limits. Fifty percent of diapers had a formaldehyde concentration above the Oeko-Tex recommended limits. The highest formaldehyde concentration of 17.62 mg/kg was found in diaper M2 and the lowest (ca. 10.4 mg/kg) in H1. All samples had pH values in the alkaline region, with only five samples having pH values within the recommended limits. The research concluded that the diaper rash experienced by some babies, among other factors, could be due to high alkaline skin pH and formaldehyde levels, which are higher than the Oeko-Tex recommended limits.