Ba Glasses Research Articles

Enhancing radiation shielding efficiency through modifiers in potassium incorporated phospho-tellurite glasses

The current research mainly focuses to delve a prime set of Potassium incorporated phospho-tellurite glasses fabricated by the melt quenching way for radiation prevention applications. In this consideration, the alkaline earth metals such as MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO which acts as modifiers are enclosed separately within the glass network. The crafted glasses indicated by the empirical formula 49P2O5+20TeO2+10K2CO3+10MO+10ZnF+1Dy2O3 (where M = MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO) and these developed glasses were characterized by numerous methods. XRD, FTIR approach was conducted for structural investigation. The functional groups and the corresponding bands associated are analyzed through the FTIR results for the quenched glass samples. The radiation shielding properties of the glasses were calculated using Phy-X software. The Ba-glass has the highest MAC values at most energy, specifically at low and high energies. The LAC values of the Ba glass at the same respective energies are equal to 77.884, 7.881, 0.269, 0.129, and 0.085 cm−1. Similarly, other parameters like LAC and HVL are already prove the efficiency of the Ba containing glass to shield the gamma rays. At 0.15 MeV, the TVL values of the glasses are equal to 3.029, 2.972, 2.897, and 2.387 cm at 2.828, 2.875, 2.979, and 3.004 g/cm3.

An extensive inquisition on the impact of modifier oxides over the luminescent properties of Eu3+ embedded Li-Al tri-former glasses for photonic applications

A novel, tri-former glasses with the composition 45B2O3+12P2O5+8SiO2+3Al2O3+10LiF+20MO+1Eu2O3 with varying metal oxides have been fabricated following the melt-quenching technique. The absorption, luminescence and radiative decay measurements were carried out, and the specific colour emitted by the glass sample was determined employing the CIE chromaticity diagram. While monitoring the excitation at 393 nm, luminescence spectra of all the glass samples exhibit red emission pertaining to the 5D0→7F2 transition at around 615 nm. The local geometry around the Eu3+ ions site and the nature of the Rare Earth ion-ligand bond have been analyzed employing Judd-Ofelt theory and the R/O ratio spectral parameter. The intensity parameters follows the trend as Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6 and the results are co-related well with the R/O ratio spectral parameter values. Radiative properties such as σPE, βR and AR of every glass in the present series possess higher values, and the FWHM exhibits lower value, indicating the potentiality of the BPSAEu:M glasses for lasing applications. Among the prepared samples, BPSAEu:Ba glass exhibit higher values for σPE and AR as 42.3 × 10−22 cm2 and 641.71 s−1 respectively which are apt for laser applications. The quantum yield pertaining to the 5D0→7F2 transition exhibit more than 65 % for all the samples and particularly Barium oxide incorporated glass BPSAEu:Ba exhibits 84 %. The present study suggests that BPASEu:Ba glass is a promising luminescent material for photonic/LED applications.

Forecasting models analysis for predictive maintenance

IntroductionThis study explores the shift toward predictive maintenance through real-time data analytics to minimize machine downtime and improve machinery insights in industrial environments. Predictive maintenance aims to enable proactive interventions by predicting failures, enhancing operational efficiency.MethodsThe research was conducted in three stages. First, BA Glass equipment was sensorized using OPC Router and PowerStudio SCADA to facilitate real-time data extraction. A predictive maintenance algorithm was then developed in Python to analyze sensor data, predict failures, and trigger alarms. Finally, various forecasting models, including Linear and Polynomial Regression, Simple and Double Exponential Smoothing, ARIMA, and Prophet, were evaluated using a combination of blocked cross-validation and rolling window methodologies. The algorithm calculated performance metrics such as MSE, RMSE, and MAE for different parameter configurations and training sizes.ResultsA comparative analysis between wired and wireless sensors concluded that wireless sensors, although more expensive, were more practical and interchangeable in the factory setting. The results from the evaluation of prediction models showed that the Double Exponential Smoothing (DES) model with an additive damped trend and linear models performed best for datasets with daily seasonality and gradual oscillations. For datasets with stable trends and higher frequency oscillations, ARIMA and Prophet models proved to be more accurate.DiscussionThese findings suggest that the choice of sensors and prediction models can significantly impact the effectiveness of predictive maintenance systems. Wireless sensors offer long-term benefits in terms of flexibility and practicality, while the DES model and ARIMA/Prophet models are optimal depending on the dataset characteristics. This research highlights the value of real-time data analytics and predictive models in industrial environments for reducing downtime and improving decision-making.

Energy Consumption Analysis in SCADA: A Case Study in the Glass Container Industry

Given the present geopolitical scenario and global energy crisis, there is a growing demand to cut energy use, particularly in industry. The glass package manufacturing business has been severely hit by the rise in energy prices in recent years, and most likely this trend will continue. There is a lack of instruments for effiectively anticipating furnace usage when it comes to managing the infrastructure's energy expenditure in the glass industry, which is the case of the BA Glass Avintes company. Because the furnaces are the key energy expenditure source in the plant, getting a thorough understanding of their energy consumption is an important step towards making educated decisions. The purpose of this study is to undertake a detailed analysis of gas and electricity usage for the three furnaces at the BA Glass Avintes facility using data obtained from PowerStudio SCADA. It was investigated which regression model produced the best accurate results when precisely adjusted to the BA Glass Avintes shop-floor setting. The findings indicate that linear regression models may not be appropriate for this application, however tree-based methods, notably the decision tree model, provide promising outcomes. Furthermore, for increased model performance, the study emphasises the necessity of a bigger training dataset and a shorter prediction interval.

Radiation-induced luminescence properties of AEO-SiO2 (AE = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) glasses doped with Sn

Optical and scintillation properties of 50AEO-50SiO2-1SnO (AE = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) glasses were investigated. In photoluminescence (PL) and scintillation, the glasses showed a luminescence peak around 400 nm which was attributed to the T1-S0transitions of Sn2+. The afterglow levels of theAE = Mg and Ba glasses were better than that of a commercial Tl-doped CsI scintillator. The light yields of the glasses were quantitatively acquired and theAE = Ba glass showed the highest light yield of 63 ph/5.5 MeV-α of among the glasses.

TEGDMA-Functionalized Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate Resin-Based Composites Prevent Secondary Caries in an In Vitro Biofilm Model.

This study evaluated the efficacy of experimental TEGDMA-functionalized dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (T-DCPD) filler-based resin-based composites (RBC) in preventing caries lesions around the restoration margins (secondary caries, SC). Standardized Class-II cavities were made in sound molars with the cervical margin in dentin. Cavities were filled with a commercial resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) or experimental RBCs containing a bisGMA-TEGDMA resin blend and one of the following inorganic fractions: 60 wt.% Ba glass (RBC-0); 40 wt.% Ba glass and 20 wt.% T-DCPD (RBC-20); or 20 wt.% Ba glass and 40 wt.% T-DCPD (RBC-40). An open-system bioreactor produced Streptococcus mutans biofilm-driven SC. Specimens were scanned using micro-CT to evaluate demineralization depths. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy characterized the specimen surfaces, and antimicrobial activity, buffering effect, and ion uptake by the biofilms were also evaluated. ANOVA and Tukey's tests were applied at p < 0.05. RBC-0 and RBC-20 showed SC development in dentin, while RBC-40 and RMGIC significantly reduced the lesion depth at the restoration margin (p < 0.0001). Initial enamel demineralization could be observed only around the RBC-0 and RBC-20 restorations. Direct antibiofilm activity can explain SC reduction by RMGIC, whereas a buffering effect on the acidogenicity of biofilm can explain the behavior of RBC-40. Experimental RBC with CaP-releasing functionalized T-DCPD filler could prevent SC with the same efficacy as F-releasing materials.

Effect of contact load upon attrition-corrosion wear behavior of bio-composite materials: In vitro off-axis sliding contact-chewing simulation

Background: In recent years, the use of composite materials as biomaterials has been increasing in dentistry. It is important to perform in vitro experiments of biomaterials before living tissue. Aim: The purpose of this work was to examine the effect of contact load upon attrition-corrosion wear behavior of bio-composite materials: in vitro off-axis sliding contact chewing simulation. Material and Method: In this study, 2 mm × 12 mm (weight × diameter) cylindrical test specimens were prepared from Filtek Supreme and Clearfil AP-X bio-composite materials with different filler structure. The surface roughness and Vicker's Hardness values of the bio-composites were measured before the wear test procedures. Then, the test specimens were subjected to off-sliding abrasion test procedures under different mechanical loads in artificial saliva and citric acid medium. Wear volume loss of bio-composite materials was determined after wear test procedures using the three-dimensional noncontact profilometer. Results: As the mechanical loading increased, the loss of wear volume in both composite materials increased irrespective of test medium. However, this increase in wear volume loss in test specimens was more pronounced in the citric acid environment. Conclusion: As a result of, the organic matrix structure (such as Ba glass particle) of the composite material contributes to more volume loss in corrosive environment.

Effect of experimental resin cements containing thio-urethane oligomers on the durability of ceramic-composite bonded interfaces

Thio-urethane oligomers improve conversion and mechanical properties of resin cements. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of resin cements formulated with thio-urethane (TU) oligomers on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of ceramics to composites subjected to thermal/mechanical cycling.Methods: BisGMA/UDMA/TEGDMA (50/30/20 wt%) containg 0 (control, EC) or 20 wt% aliphatic or aromatic thiourethane (HDDI and BDI, respectively) were mixed with CQ/amine (0.2/0.8 wt%) and 25 wt% 0.7um Ba glass. Rely X Ultimate (RU-3M ESPE) was used as the commercial control. The cements were sandwiched between ceramic (IPS e.max Press) and resin composite blocks (Filtek Supreme, 3 M-ESPE). Eight bonded blocks were produced per experimental group. Prior to bonding, ceramic surfaces were etched (20 s – 10% HF) and silanized. Composite surfaces were treated with Single Bond Universal (3 M ESPE). Specimens were stored for 24 h in distilled water at 37 °C, and then either tested immediately, or subjected to thermal (10,000, 5 °C and 55 °C) or mechanical cycling (300,000 cycles). Sticks (1 mm2, average of 25 sticks per block) were cut and tested for µTBS (1.0 mm/min). Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA/Tukey’s test (α = 5%). Fracture surfaces were analyzed to determine failure modes.Results: The µTBS for HDDI and RU was significantly higher than BDI and EC cements. BDI led to significantly higher µTBS than EC after 24 h, Tc and Mf. µTBS decreased significantly after thermal/mechanical cycling for all groups. Failure modes were predominantly adhesive or mixed.Significance: The use of selected thio-urethane oligomers was able to increase the µTBS of composite-cement-ceramic specimens. Tc and Mf reduced µTBS for all resins cements.

Compositional effects on the properties of high nitrogen content alkaline-earth silicon oxynitride glasses, AE = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba

A series of alkaline-earth element containing high nitrogen content oxynitride glasses ( AESiON), with AE = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, were prepared in order to investigate the compositional effects on the physical properties of the alkaline-earth element. The physical properties were found to change linearly with the concentration of AE elements. The density of the glasses increases substantially with an increase in the AE atomic mass and slightly with an increase in nitrogen ratio. Ba containing glasses shows the value of density 4.16 g/cm 3. Glass transition temperatures are found to be higher for Mg glasses, ca. 1020 °C, in comparison with Ba glasses, ca. 895 °C. The hardness of Mg containing glasses shows high values, up to 12.2 GPa and decreases for Ca, Sr and Ba containing glasses. Ba, containing glasses shows high values of refractive index in comparison with the Sr, Ca and Mg containing glasses.

Spallation recoil II: Xenon evidence for young SiC grains

Abstract— We have determined the recoil range of spallation xenon produced by irradiation of Ba glass targets with ˜1190 and ˜268 MeV protons, using a catcher technique, where spallation products are measured in target and catcher foils. The inferred range for 126Xe produced in silicon carbide is ˜0.19 μm, which implies retention of ˜70% for 126Xe produced in “typical” presolar silicon carbide grains of 1 μm size. Recoil loss of spallation xenon poses a significantly smaller problem than loss of the spallation neon from SiC grains. Ranges differ for the various Xe isotopes and scale approximately linearly as function of the mass difference between the target element, Ba, and the product. As a consequence, SiC grains of various sizes will have differences in spallation Xe composition. In an additional experiment at ˜66 MeV, where the recoil ranges of 22Na and 127Xe produced on Ba glass were determined using γ-spectrometry, we found no evidence for recoil ranges being systematically different at this lower energy. We have used the new data to put constraints on the possible presolar age of the SiC grains analyzed for Xe by Lewis et al. (1994). Uncertainties in the composition of the approximately normal Xe component in SiC (Xe-N) constitute the most serious problem in determining an age, surpassing remaining uncertainties in Xe retention and production rate. A possible interpretation is that spallation contributions are negligible and that trapped 124Xe/126Xe is ˜5% lower in Xe-N than in Q-Xe. But also for other reasonable assumptions for the 124Xe/126Xe ratio in Xe-N (e.g., as in Q-Xe), inferred exposure ages are considerably shorter than theoretically expected lifetimes for interstellar grains. A short presolar age is in line with observations by others (appearance, grain size distribution) that indicate little processing in the interstellar medium (ISM) of surviving (crystalline) SiC. This may be due to amorphization of SiC in the ISM on a much shorter time scale than destruction, with amorphous SiC not surviving processing in the early solar system. A large supply of relatively young grains may be connected to the proposed starburst origin (Clayton 2003) for the parent stars of the mainstream SiC grains.

Effect of the initial stages of leaching on the surface of alkaline earth sodium silicate glasses

The effect of the nature of the alkaline earth cation R (R=Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba) on the chemical composition, structure and mechanical properties of the surface of leached (RO) 15 (Na 2O) 15 (SiO 2) 70 glasses has been investigated during the initial stages of interaction with water. The glasses were leached by immersion in deionized water, at near neutral pH, at different temperatures, and for different periods of time. Compositional analysis was carried out using several depth profiling techniques, viz., RBS, ERD and SIMS. The chemical bonding state of the glass was investigated using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) reflection spectroscopy. UV–VIS reflection spectroscopy was used to study the optical properties of the glass surface. The Ba and Ca glasses were subjected to Vickers indentation at different loads to study the effect of leaching on the mechanical properties of the glass surface. For all glasses, the H penetration depth after leaching is shown to be approximately equal to the depletion depth of Na. The Na depletion and H penetration depths generally increase with leaching temperature and time. For Ba and Sr glasses, Ba and Sr cations are depleted to the same extent as Na. However, for Ca and Mg glasses, depletion of Ca and Mg is shown to be negligible as compared to Na depletion. The Na depletion depth is similar for the Sr, Ca and Mg glasses while much larger for Ba glass. In addition, Ba glass indented after immersion yields a larger indentation diagonal length and a lower corresponding Vickers hardness in comparison with Ba glass indented before immersion. Moreover, Ba glass exhibits a larger increase in radial crack size after immersion in water in comparison with Ca glass. On this basis, it is inferred that the mechanical properties of the Ba glass surface after leaching are controlled by the Ba and Na depletion depth.