B20 Biodiesel Research Articles

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Chlorella Algae Methyl Ester Fuelled Diesel Engine with Varying Injection Pressure

In the present scenario when the world is facing severe problem related to continuous decrease in the level of fossil fuels and increasing level of green house gases due to their uses in industries and automobiles, there is a high demand from all technologists and environmentalists to find and develop some alternative fuel especially manufactured from biomass like chlorella algae due to its presence in abundance. The mentioned algae is readily available and is being used as a dietary source in many countries especially in Japan due to its rich protein lipids and starch content and highly suitable for extraction of oil that can be used as an alternative to the existing fossil fuel diesel. The blend of B20 chlorella algae methyl ester or biodiesel is tested for its suitability with respect to its combustion performance and emissions characteristics in a variable compression ratio engine at 180 bar, 200 bar and 220 bar injection pressures. The performance data obtained are compared and analyzed for optimum performance with reference to mechanical, combustion properties and emissions of exhaust gases and a comparison is made with the properties obtained for pure diesel in similar conditions.

Study of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of DI Diesel Engine Fuelled with Neem Biodiesel with Carbon Nano Tube as Additive

To tackle one of the major environmental issues concerning modern day mankind, that is air pollution and to reduce dependency on other countries for conventional fuel, finding an alternative fuel is of high priority. Biodiesel is one such alternative. Adding nanoparticles like Carbon nanotubes (CNT) leads to reduction in emissions and enhancement in performance. In this context, in the present paper an experimental investigation was carried out on a computerized single cylinder water cooled diesel engine coupled with an eddy current dynamometer to determine the impact of blending CNT with biodiesel (Neem Oil Methyl Ester or NOME) and a comparative study of various blends using diesel as the baseline was done. The concentration of CNT used were 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm CNT blended with B20 biodiesel. The blends were prepared using homogeniser. Readings were recorded for different loads for all the blends and comparative graphs were drawn for performance, combustion and emission characteristics. There was an improvement in the performance characteristics with 8.1% increase in BTE, lowered emissions with 0.0785% decrease in CO and 8.15% decrease in UBHC emissions along with improved combustion relative to diesel when CNT (50 ppm) was added to B20 biodiesel.

Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission of CI Engine using Alumina Nanoparticles with Waste Plastic Oil and Honge Bio Diesel

Demand for fuel and the use of petroleum products are increasing day by day which causes serious problems such as petroleum depletion, environment degradation etc. So biodiesel is a good alternative for conventional diesel fuel. By using biodiesel there are also some disadvantages such as high oxides of nitrogen, high fuel consumption and higher density. To overcome this problems from biodiesel using additives. Additives play an significant role in enhancing the properties of biodiesel. In this context, oxygenated additives such as Alimina which are rich in oxygen content are used.Biodiesel is obtained from honge oil by transesterification process and waste plastic oil is obtained by pyrolisis process. The experiment work is done by a CI engine using honge biodiesel, waste plastic oil and alumina nanparticles as an additive. The present investigation was to study the combustion and performance characteristics of all the blends by compare them with diesel. Experimental results show that performance and combustion characteristics improved with B20 biodiesel blend with WPO(waste plastic oil) and with or without nanoparticles as additive. The thermal efficiency will increase and SFC( Specific fuel consumption) is better in case of oxygenated additive blend. Considerable reductions parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and increases in nitrogen oxide emissions are attained while using B20 biodiesel blend and B20 biodiesel blend with waste plastic oil compared with diesel. However there is a significant reduction in CO, UBHC and NOx emission parameters for B20 biodiesel blend with WPO and nanoparticles as an additive.

ENERGY RISK MANAGEMENT AND COST OF ECONOMIC PRODUCTION BIODIESEL PROJECT

Although electricity in Thailand is still sufficient to provide services, but there may be a risk in future from relying solely only on oil energy. Therefore, alternative energy is a good way to distribute fuel. The growth rate of community brings higher levels of imported energy from foreign countries including expansion of large projects resulting in opening of exploration and production rights for petroleum to increase energy security and reduce domestic risks. This research aims study of economic production cost analysis for community biodiesel production from remained kitchen oil case of community management. The collecting information is on price and use of raw materials for biodiesel production to calculate. According to studies, it has been found that total variable cost of biodiesel production process for 1st time is equal to 33.42 baht/L comparing to 2nd time on total variable cost only 23.62 baht/L. Most of variable cost for 2nd time is used kitchen oil representing 51% of total cost price. This research analyzed production potential for the use of biodiesel B100 reflecting on reduction of diesel used in community’s agricultural machine. It was found that community has potential to produce biodiesel for their own use causing savings within community around 134,220 baht per year if community produce 1,500 L. If the government encourages community members to understand and produce biodiesel for themselves, it will be able to reduce oil imports many million baht and overall positive impact on economic, social and environmental sectors of Thailand.

The increase of biodiesel B20 oxidation stability using antioxidant obtained from soursop leaves extraction through microwave assisted extraction technique

The purpose of this research is to study the performance of soursop leaves extract as an antioxidant to inhibit biodiesel B20 oxidation. The antioxidant extraction was conducted with ethanol as the solvent (1:13 v/v) using microwave assisted extraction at powers of 300, 450, and 600 W for 2-10 min. In addition, the biodiesel oxidation was performed with air (2.3 L/min) at temperatures of 100, 110, and 120 °C for 0-70 min. The extraction results show that microwave power and extraction time strongly influence the extraction yield. The highest total phenolic concentrations of soursop leaves extract antioxidant obtained at 600 W and 8 min is about 0.608 mg/mL. From the oxidation results, it can also be seen that temperature and time influence the acid numbers of biodiesel B20. In 10 min, at 100, 110, and 120 °C, the acid numbers of biodiesel B20 are 0.09, 0.12, and 0.13 g NaOH/g. The mixture acid numbers of biodiesel B20 and soursop leaf extract are 0.126, 0.13, and 0.15 g NaOH/g. The optimization result shows that the activation energy of biodiesel B20 oxidation is 37.7 kJ/mol and the mixture of biodiesel B20 and soursop leaf extract is 41 kJ/mol. Therefore, it can be concluded that antioxidant additional is proven to inhibit the oxidation of biodiesel B20, as much as 47%.

Comparative study of the performance and economic value of a small engine fueled with B20 and B20-LPG as an effort to reduce the operating cost of diesel engines in remote areas

Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has remote locations. In such areas, the price of diesel fuel might be very costly. Hence, it is very burdensome for the community because this type of fuel is needed by diesel engines to drive generator sets, agricultural and production purposes. The utilization of dual-fuel diesel-gas engine is expected as a solution to this problem. This experimental study was carried out to compare the performance and economic value of operating a small diesel engine both with B20 biodiesel fuel and B20-LPG dual-fuel, with a variation of engine operating parameters, namely engine speed, LPG fraction and engine throttle opening. The performance parameters observed were torque, power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency. Experiments were carried out in the laboratory at throttle openings of 50% and 100% with an LPG fraction of 10% to 70%. It was found that the best performance of the dual-fuel engine occurred at the throttle opening of 100% and an LPG fraction of 70%. In this condition, there was a 20% reduction in BSFC maximum, and a maximum power increase of 12%, compared to a single-fuel engine. The BTE increased by 9%, and the engine torque increased by nearly 5%. It is concluded that the performance of the dual-fuel engine generally increases compared to the single file mode. Another exciting conclusion is that the use of dual-fuel B20-LPG engines reduces operating costs by up to 40%.

Influence of Propyl gallate antioxidant on performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine fueled with Madhuca Indica B20 ester blends

ABSTRACT Biodiesels have received much attention due to depletion of world fossil reserves and increased environmental concerns. However, the biodiesel has lower oxidation stability which degrades its properties. Hence, biodiesel is treated with antioxidants to enhance the oxidation stability which also affects the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel. In this investigation, the influence of synthetic antioxidant Propyl Gallate (PG) on the diesel engine performance and emissions was studied at 1,500 rpm by varying the engine load from no load to full load by using non-edible Mahua biodiesel, and PG was added to the B20 biodiesel blend with the concentrations of 0, 250, 500, and 750 ppm. The addition of PG marginally decreases the brake-specific fuel consumption and significantly reduces the NOx emission. This is because of free-radical scavenging property of PG which reduces the combustion temperature. However, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission levels are higher than the B20 blend without antioxidant.

Comparison of Various B20 Biodiesel Blends in Diesel Engines

Comparison of Various B20 Biodiesel Blends in Diesel Engines

Engine performance and emission of biodiesel fuel prepared from different Ukrainian natural oils

A range of natural oils such as rapeseed, sunflower, corn, linseed, and mustard ones has been used for fatty acid ethyl esters synthesis. The last as pure biodiesel B100 were mixed with fossil diesel B0 to form blends B20, B40, B60, and B80. This study reports the effects of engine load and biodiesel percentage on the performance and emission of a tractor diesel engine fueled with biodiesel–diesel blends. It is stated that mixed fuels little inferior to mineral diesel in engine performance, but the observed reduction is not critical. The results showed that the engine performance (effective power and torque) depends primarily on the content of acids with C18 carbon chain in the oil. It was also found that the highest performance among the blended fuels is introduced by ethyl esters of rapeseed oil, while corn and mustard oil ethyl esters presented the lowest emissions level. The emissions of rapeseed, sunflower, corn, linseed, and mustard ethyl esters are all lower than the base mineral fuel.

The genotoxicity of organic extracts from particulate truck emissions produced at various engine operating modes using diesel or biodiesel (B100) fuel: A pilot study

An analysis of the toxic effects of emissions should reflect real traffic conditions. The exhaust emissions of particulate matter from diesel engines strongly depend on their operating conditions, with low-speed, low-load "urban creep" conditions, common for truck traffic in heavily congested urban areas, being one of the worst. We aimed to detect the genotoxicity of organic extracts from particulate matter in the exhaust of the diesel engine Zetor 1505 running on diesel and biodiesel (B100) fuels at characteristic modes of extended "urban creep", typical for transit truck traffic in Prague, comparing the first 5 min of idling with extended (20–80 min) idling, full load after idle, "stabilized" full load, and 30% load. The diluted exhaust was sampled with high volume samplers on glass fiber fluorocarbon coated filters. The filters were extracted with dichloromethane and DNA damage was analyzed in A549 cells using comet assay, with the inclusion of formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG) and endonuclease III (ENDOIII) to recognize oxidized DNA bases. The cells were exposed to extractable organic matter (EOM) for 4 and 24 h at non-cytotoxic dose corresponding to 0.001 m3 of undiluted exhaust gas per ml cell media. At the 4 h exposure interval, all samples from B100 and diesel emissions induced DNA damage. EOM from the extended idle engine mode exerted the strongest genotoxic effect for both fuels. Twenty hours later, the cells exposed to diesel EOM exhibited a further increase of DNA strand breaks compared to the preceding interval. In contrast, DNA damage seemed to be fully repaired in cells treated with EOM derived from biodiesel B100. The preliminary results suggest that (i) diesel emissions are more genotoxic than the emissions from B100, (ii) biodiesel induced DNA lesions are repaired within 24 h.

Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions

Energy production is heavily dependent on fossil fuels that are not only diminishing, but also are considered the main cause of harmful emissions and global warming. Therefore using vegetable oils such as Jatropha, palm, algae and waste cooking oils as alternative fuels in diesel engines has drawn a great attention. Biodiesel from Jatropha, palm, algae and waste cooking oils has been produced using the transesterification process. Biodiesel from different feedstock is mixed with diesel oil in different proportions e.g. B10 and B20. Biodiesel physical and chemical properties are measured according to ASTM standards. A “single cylinder diesel engine” is employed as the test engine in the present work. Exhaust emissions such as CO, CO2, NOx, HC, and smoke are measured and compared with diesel oil. CO, HC, CO2 and smoke emissions are lower for biodiesel mixtures B10 and B20 (Jatropha, algae and palm) compared “to diesel fuel”. CO2 emissions from biodiesel blends B10 and B20 produced from waste cooking oil are higher compared to diesel fuel. NOX emissions from all biodiesel mixtures B10 and B20 increases than diesel fuel for all biodiesel blend B10 and B20.

Determination of Alkali and Alkaline-earth Metal Content of Bio-diesel Produced from Palm Oil, Palm Kernel Oil and Neem Seed Oil Feed stocks

Standards are prescribed for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) used as biodiesel fuels. For its adequate use, biodiesel must conform to these strict standards. The determination of Na, K, Mg and Ca is part of biodiesel characterization of pure biodiesel B100 or blends with petroleum diesel (B2, B5 and B10). Regulations by means of standard methods such as EN 14108, EN 14109, EN 14538 and ASTM D6751 establish a limit of 5 mg/kg as the maximum allowed concentration for Na plus K or Ca plus Mg. Alkali (Na + K) and alkaline earth (Ca + Mg) metal content of biodiesel samples produced from different feed stocks such as palm, palm kernel and neem seed oils was determined using the direct solvent method and a Buck 210VGP Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean concentrations of Na, K, Mg and Ca are 19.1, 5.17, 1.8 and 0.00 mg/kg for palm biodiesel, 49.15, 73.2, 1.56 and 0.24 mg/kg for palm kernel biodiesel and 0.26, 111.3, 1.49 and 0.2 mg/kg for neem seed biodiesel respectively. The concentration for Ca plus Mg in all the biodiesel samples was within the maximum limit of 5 mg/kg. This however is not so for Na plus K as its concentration in all the samples exceeded this limit. Analysis of the fuel properties of the biodiesel produced from these feed stocks agreed closely with ASTM D 6751 .

Effects of phenolic antioxidants on biodiesel oxidative stability and emission

Biodiesel is a high‐quality diesel alternative fuel, but it can get easily oxidized on long‐term storage. The addition of antioxidants can effectively improve the oxidation stability of biodiesel. In this study, the mechanism of phenolic antioxidants to inhibit the oxidation of biodiesel and reduce the NOX emission is discussed based on the experimental investigation. Antioxidants (0.8 wt%) 3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methoxyphenol (BHA), rosemary (K1), and tea polyphenols (K2) were added to biodiesel B100. The antioxidant test was carried out at atmospheric temperature for 4320 h, and the peroxide value, acid values were measured. Then, 0.8 wt% of K1, K2, and BHA were added to B20, named as K1B20, K2B20, and BHAB20. The 186F diesel engine bench test was carried out under 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% load at 3000 rpm, with HC, CO, NOX, and smoke emissions of various types of fuel (B20, BHAB20, K1B20, and K2B20) were measured. The results of antioxidant test showed that the antioxidant effect of rosemary was best, displaying a decrease in acid and peroxide values by 25% and 48%, respectively. The diesel engine bench test results showed that antioxidants had little effect on HC, CO, and smoke emission; however, the antioxidants significantly reduced NOX emission. The effect of natural antioxidant rosemary to reduce NOX emission is the best one. At 3000 rpm and 75% load, the NOx of B20 reduced by 9.4%. Among the three antioxidants, the experimental results verified the mechanistic analysis and provided the basis for the selection of antioxidants for biodiesel. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019

Experimental investigation of emission characteristics on ricebran biodiesel–alcohol blends in a diesel engine

The present investigation is meant to research and look at influence of biodiesel–propanol and biodiesel–pentanol blends on emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Investigations were led on D100 (diesel), B100 (biodiesel), B50 (50% biodiesel and 50% diesel), BPen20 (80% biodiesel and 20% pentanol), BPro20 (80% biodiesel and 20% propanol) at different engine loads. With respect to emission characteristics, the influences on CO, HC, Nox and smoke emissions were investigated. On considering all engine loads, the BPro20 and BPen20 blends increase CO emission by 31.8% and 40.9%, and HC emission by 25.8% and 8.6%, respectively, but reduces NOx emission by 14.1% and 8.9%, and smoke emission by 17.7% and 6.7%, respectively. In general, the BPro20 blend is further effective in decreasing smoke and NOx emissions whereas the BPen20 blend would prompt to less increment in HC emissions.

Impact of two-stage injection fuel quantity on engine-out responses of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with coconut oil methyl esters-diesel fuel blends

Two-stage injection with different biodiesel percentage is investigated where first and second injections were implemented with different SOI timings at various mass ratio under constant speed of 2000 rpm and 60 Nm of torque. The results reveal that maximum BTE of 32.4% and minimum BSFC of 245.5 g/kWh can be achieved simultaneously with injection mass ratio of 50:50 at advanced SOI timing using baseline diesel. A considerably lower level of NOx below 90 ppm is achievable via late SOI timing by using B20 or B50 biodiesel blends with injection mass ratio of 25:75. Specifically, the lowest NOx of 82 ppm can be achieved with smoke emission level still remains below 5% when B50 biodiesel blend and 25:75 injection mass ratio is tested. The highest reduction of 5.3% of smoke compared to diesel was achieved when B50 was used with 50:50 mass ratio at retarded SOI of 2°ATDC. It was found that simultaneous NOx and smoke reduction compared to that of fossil diesel is feasible with the application of B50 biodiesel blend and execution of retarded SOI timing and injection mass ratio of 25:75. Lastly, two-stage fuel injection is a practical strategy to simultaneously decrease NOx and smoke emissions.

Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of juliflora biodiesel fuelled DI diesel engine

The focus of this investigation is on biodiesel produced from juliflora seeds using the 2-stage acid transesterification process followed by alkali transesterification process producing 80% yield of Juliflra Oil Methyl Ester. Experiments were conducted on single cylinder diesel engine using juliflora biodiesel and its diesel blends. The experimental results of fuel blends (B20, B30, B40, and B100) were compared with those from diesel (D100). The results indicated the performance and combustion characteristics of B20 as almost in line with those of diesel fuel trend. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) for blends B20 and B30 (0.27kg/KWh) at full load was closer to diesel (0.26 kg/KWh). The BTE for Juliflora Biodiesel B100 is 31.11% and it was closer to diesel (32.05%) at full load. However the emission characteristics of CO, HC and smoke for biodiesel and its blends were smaller or equal compared to diesel throughout the experiment. At full load, the NOx for biodiesel B100 was 1832 ppm which was a little higher than diesel fuel (1821 ppm). This led to the conclusion of B20 being most suitable blend of other blends and it is substitute of diesel which will reduce diesel consumption by 20%.

A simple, rapid and low cost reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of Na, K, Ca and Mg in biodiesel

In this work a method based on reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (RP-DLLME) as sample preparation for the extraction and preconcentration of Na, K, Ca and Mg in biodiesel samples was developed. The analytes determination was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), operating in emission mode for Na and K and in absorption mode for Ca and Mg. The extraction/preconcentration step of the analytes was performed by using a mixture of dispersant and extractant solvents (isopropanol and HNO3, respectively) and the aqueous phase containing the analytes was separated by centrifugation. Some parameters such as sample mass, type and volume of dispersant and extractant solutions, HNO3 concentration (extraction solution), use of ultrasound, centrifugation time and temperature were evaluated. During the optimization of RP-DLLME, biodiesel samples were spiked with a multi-element biodiesel B100 (Conostan®) with final concentration of 1.0 μg g−1 of the analytes. Analytes determination was performed by FAAS using external calibration with aqueous reference solutions. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for Na, K, Ca and Mg were 0.04; 0.02; 0.05 and 0.08 µg kg respectively. The accuracy was evaluated by recovery tests, which ranged from 93.9% to 108.1%, with relative standard deviation lower than 3% for all analytes. Then, the proposed method was applied for analytes determination in five biodiesel samples produced from different raw materials. Comparing to conventional methods for elements determination in biodiesel (e.g., dilution with organic solvent, sample digestion, etc.), RP-DLLME combined to FAAS is simple, low cost, low reagents consumption and provides LOQs values significantly below compared to the limits established in the legislation for these elements in biodiesel.

Combustion, performance, and emissions of a compression ignition engine using Pongamia biodiesel and bioethanol.

Concerns over the depletion of conventional fuels have increased interest in new renewable energy sources like alcohol- and vegetable-based oils. Major drawbacks of using esters of vegetable oils, known as biodiesel, include reduced engine performance and increased emissions of oxides of nitrogen. In the present study, the effects of ethanol on biodiesel and mineral diesel blends in a diesel engine are experimentally investigated. The ethanol is produced from cashew apple juice by fermentation. Experiments are conducted using B20 Pongamia biodiesel with ethanol in proportions of 5, 7.5, and 10% by volume at varying load conditions. The results indicate that a B20 biodiesel blend with 7.5% ethanol yields a higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake-specific energy consumption than pure B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel), as well as significantly reduced emissions such as oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and smoke.

Application of Low-Temperature Phase Change Materials to Enable the Cold Weather Operability of B100 Biodiesel in Diesel Trucks

The use of B100 biodiesel for compression ignition engines during the winter poses a challenge due to gelling and plugging of engine filters and fuel lines. The most common method to prevent this issue is blending it with petroleum diesel and many engine manufacturers limit the biodiesel in blends to 20% or less for warrantee purposes; as low as 5% may be set for winter months. In this research, an experimental analysis is performed using a scaled model of the fuel tank with canola oil as a test fluid in the tank. An insulated tank is subjected to an ambient temperature of −20 °C in an icing tunnel facility with air velocity at 10 m/s. The results show that the time for the oil to drop from 20 °C to 5 °C was increased from 18.6 h to 22.5 and 33 h, respectively, when 4 and 12 tubes containing phase change materials (PCM) were inserted in the tank containing 33 l of canola oil. A numerical model was further formulated to predict the transient temperature of the oil and comparison with experimental results showed excellent agreement. Finally, the developed numerical model was used to simulate different designs to investigate the effect of tank filling level, overall heat transfer coefficient, number of PCM modules, and diameter of PCM modules on the tank performance. The results show that B100 can be implemented in diesel engines in cold climates using a passive approach using engine coolant.

A comparative study on performance characteristics of diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel blends with and without Ge-132 additive.

The demand for growing fuel in everyday life and its risk requires a serious problem for this world. Great attention is needed to solve this problem. Biodiesel considered as alternatives to minimize the usage of conventional fuels. However, by using biodiesel, the main drawbacks are like higher density, lower heat value, high-level consumption and high nitrogen oxides that contribute to produce less engine performance and increase the exhaust emission. In order to avoid the above disadvantages, fuel additives help plays a very important role in minimizing the disadvantages of biodiesel and maintaining international fuel standards. In this experimental study, the organic germanium Ge-132 with 5ppm,8ppm and 10ppm were added into blend biodiesel B20 to investigate the effect of the additive to the biodiesel blends. The blended fuels were experimentally tested with YANMAR TF120M diesel engine at engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% at a constant 1800 rpm engine speed. The addition of Ge-132 causing no significant negative effect on physicochemical properties. The result performance reveals the brake fuel consumption improve by 1.22%,2.38% and 3.09% for B20Ge5, B20Ge8 and B20Ge10 compared to B20. Compare to B20, the percentage different of B20 with Ge-132 improve about 0.41%-6.17% and 0.51%-8.89% for brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature, respectively. The analysis of additive Ge-132 in biodiesel blends show the potential to be further researched as an additive due to significant improvement in performance characteristics.