B-group Vitamins Research Articles

Gluten-Free Flours from Different Raw Materials as the Source of Vitamin B1, B2, B3 and B6.

Gluten-free (GF) products are those with a natural absence or acceptable level (<20 mg/kg) of gluten. They should be a part of a diet for people with gluten-related disorders, like celiac disease. Recently the popularity of a gluten-free diet (GFD) has risen extremely, because a lot of healthy individuals exclude gluten from their menus. According to the literature data on nutritional deficiencies in the GFD, this trend seems to be risky. This paper describes the nutritional value of 14 flours from different GF raw materials from the aspect of B-group vitamin content (B1, B2, B3, B6). Vitamins were determined using high performance liquid chromatography after enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of the samples. The vitamin contents significantly differed in the analysed flours. The content (in 100 g of the product) of vitamin B1 ranged from 0.01 mg (amaranth flour) to 0.60 mg (teff flour), vitamin B2 from 0.03 mg (GF flour with oats) to 0.22 mg (buckwheat flour), vitamin B3 from below 0.01 mg (amaranth flour) to 6.02 mg (millet flour), and vitamin B6 from 0.03 mg (acorn flour) to 0.69 mg (amaranth flour). The content of vitamins in the analysed GF flours was also compared to gluten-containing flours. Obtained results indicate that flours from teff, millet, chestnut, buckwheat, and amaranth are better sources of certain B-group vitamins than flours from corn, rice, and some flours with gluten.

Factors stimulating riboflavin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum CRL 725 grown in a semi-defined medium.

Riboflavin (vitamin B2 ) is one of the B-group water-soluble vitamins and is essential for energy metabolism of the cell. The aim of this study was to determine factors that affect riboflavin production by Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum CRL 725 grown in a semi defined medium and evaluate the expression of its rib genes. The factors found to enhance riboflavin production in this medium were incubation at 30 °C, and the addition of specific medium constituents, such as casamino acids (10 g L-1 ), guanosine (0.04 g L-1 ), and sucrose as carbon source (20 g L-1 ). In these conditions, higher riboflavin concentrations were directly associated with significant increases in the expression of ribA, ribB, and ribC genes. The culture conditions defined in this work and its application to a roseoflavin resistant mutant of L. plantarum allowed for a sixfold increase in riboflavin concentrations in our semi-defined medium which were also significantly higher than those obtained previously using the same strain to ferment soymilk. These conditions should thus be evaluated to increase vitamin production in fermented foods.

Determination of B-group vitamins in Turkish honey using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

ABSTRACTA rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method with electrospray ionization (UPLC–ESI–MS/MS) for analysis of B-group vitamins in honey has been presented. Aim of this study is the characterization of different types of Turkish honeys according to B-group vitamins. Vitamins were determined in 17 different types of Turkish honey samples by UPLC–ESI–MS/MS. Heather honey samples were distinguished among the studied honeys with the richest vitamin content with 286.10 mg/kg, and it is followed by sunflower honey and thyme honey with the total vitamin contents of 206.01 and 163.27 mg/kg, respectively. The presence of vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (nicotinamide, B3N and nicotinic acid, B3H), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), and vitamin B9 (folic acid) was detected in all the honey samples analyzed. Moreover, vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) was observed in most of them. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) and vitamin B7 (biotine) were not detected in the studied honey samples. Turkish honey samples showed efficacious vitamin content for the consumers.

Metformin Treatment and Homocysteine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The aim of this systematic review is to assess whether metformin could change the concentration of serum homocysteine (Hcy) with and without simultaneous supplementation of B-group vitamins or folic acid. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, EmBase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the concentration of serum Hcy in metformin-treated adults. Meta-analysis was applied to assess the association between metformin and the changes of Hcy concentration. Twelve publications were included in this study. In the overall analysis, metformin administration was not statistically associated with the change of Hcy when compared with the control treatment (mean difference (MD), 0.40 μmol/L; 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.07~0.87 μmol/L, p = 0.10). In the subgroup analysis, metformin was significantly associated with an increased concentration of Hcy in the absence of exogenous supplementation of folic acid or B-group vitamins (MD, 2.02 μmol/L; 95% CI, 1.37~2.67 μmol/L, p < 0.00001), but with a decreased concentration of serum Hcy in the presence of these exogenous supplementations (MD, −0.74 μmol/L; 95% CI, −1.19~−0.30 μmol/L, p = 0.001). Therefore, although the overall effect of metformin on the concentration of serum Hcy was neutral, our results suggested that metformin could increase the concentration of Hcy when exogenous B-group vitamins or folic acid supplementation was not given.

Interaction of humic acid salts with drug preparations

The use of natural polymers that form complexes with drug preparations is promising in the development of drugs of new generation. The possibility of complex formation on the interaction of humic acid salts with papaverine, benzohexonium, and B-group vitamins was demonstrated by calorimetric and potentiometric titration. These interactions can occur between the charged groups of a humic acid macroanion and the positively charged centers of drug molecules. The degree of binding of drug preparations by a natural polymer macromolecule can be determined by the charge and the structure of their molecules.

Development and application of novelty pretreatment method for the concurrent quantitation of eleven water-soluble B vitamins in ultrafiltrates after renal replacement therapy.

Continous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is particularly recommended for septic shock patients in intensive care units. The CRRT technique used most frequently is high volume continuous veno-venous haemofiltration. It provides a high rate of clearance of uremic toxins and inflammatory cytokines. However, it should also be taken into account that substances important for homeostasis may be concurrently unintentionally removed. Accordingly, water-soluble vitamins can be removed during continuous renal replacement therapy, and the estimate of the loss is critical to ensure appropriate supplementation. The aim of this work was to develop a simple methodology for a purification step prior to the LC-MS/MS determination of water-soluble vitamins in ultrafiltrate samples. For this purpose, two types of resin and a mix of resins were used as sorbents for the purification step. Moreover, parameters such as the amount of resin and the extraction time were optimized. The LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for final determination of 11 vitamins. The results demonstrated the high purification capability of DEAE Sephadex resin with recoveries between 65 and 101% for water-soluble vitamins from ultrafiltrate samples. An optimized method was applied to assess the loss of B-group vitamins in patients after 24h of renal replacement therapy. The loss of vitamins B2, B6 pyridoxamine, B6 pyridoxal, B7, B1, and B5 in ultrafiltrates was similar in all patients. In the native ultrafiltrates, vitamins B6 pyridoxine, B9 and B12 were not detected.

A Systematic Approach for the Determination of B-Group Vitamins in Multivitamin Dietary Supplements by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection and Mass Spectrometry.

This paper describes a practical approach using an LC diode-array detector (DAD) and MS for the quantitation of B-group vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin) in multivitamin supplements. The purpose of this study was to optimize the extraction and chromatographic conditions without application of internal standards to determine B-group vitamins in multivitamins. Chromatographic separation on a C18 column was optimized on the basis of chromatographic behavior depending on pH variation of the mobile phase. The optimized methods showed good r values, with RSD values lower than 2.44 and 3.09% for most of the B-group vitamins (except cyanocobalamin) using LC-DAD and LC-MS, respectively. The methods were also proved to be reproducible, with RSD values of 0.96 and 2.48% being obtained with LC-DAD and LC-MS, respectively. In addition, the developed analytical methods for B-group vitamins were validated using certified reference materials and were applied to commercially available multivitamin tablets.

Ancestral Andean grain quinoa as source of lactic acid bacteria capable to degrade phytate and produce B-group vitamins

The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) microbiota of quinoa grains (QG) and spontaneous sourdough (QSS) was evaluated. Different strains of Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum (7), L. rhamnosus (5), L. sakei (1), Pediococcus (Ped.) pentosaceus (9), Leuconostoc (Leuc.) mesenteroides (1), Enterococcus (E.) casseliflavus (2), E. mundtii (3), E. hirae (1), E. gallinarum (12), Enterococcus sp. (1), and E. hermanniensis (2) were isolated, identified and characterized. Only four strains isolated from QSS and eight strains isolated from QG showed amylolytic activity. L. plantarum CRL 1973 and CRL 1970, L. rhamnosus CRL 1972 and L. sakei CRL 1978 produced elevated concentrations of folate with strain CRL 1973 producing the highest concentration (143±6ng/ml). L. rhamnosus, isolated from QSS, was the LAB species that produced the most elevated concentrations of total riboflavin (>270ng/ml) with strain CRL 1963 producing the highest amounts (360±10ng/ml). Phytase activity, evaluated in forty-four LAB strains from quinoa, was predominantly detected in L. rhamnosus and Enterococci strains with the highest activities observed in E. mundtii CRL 2007 (957±25U/ml) followed by E. casseliflavus CRL 1988 (684±38U/ml), Leuc. mesenteroides CRL 2012 (617±38U/ml) and L. rhamnosus CRL 1983 (606±79U/ml). In conclusion, this study shows that a diverse LAB microbiota is present in quinoa with important properties; these microorganisms could be used as potential starter cultures to increase the nutritional and functional properties of Andean grains based foods.

Pulse Phytonutrients: Nutritional and Medicinal Importance

Pulses are important food crops which offer significant nutritional and health advantages due to their high protein content and a unique nutritional profile, i.e., low fat source of digestible protein, dietary fibre, complex carbohydrates, resistant starch and a number of essential vitamins, especially, the B-group vitamin B9 (folate). In addition to these vitamins and minerals contributing to a healthy diet, pulses contain a number of non-nutritive bioactive substances including enzyme inhibitors, lectins, saponins, phytates, phenolic compounds and oligosaccharides. The latter contributes beyond basic nutritional value and is particularly helpful in the fight against non-communicable diseases often associated with diet transitions and rising incomes. Phytic acid exhibits antioxidant activity and protects DNA damage, phenolic compounds have antioxidant and other important physiological and biological properties, and galacto-oligosaccharides may elicit prebiotic activity. Research findings on different phytochemicals in pulse seeds and their role in preventing the lifestyle diseases has been discussed. Encouraging awareness of the nutritional value of pulses can help consumers adopt healthier diets and also could be an important dietary factor in improving longevity.

Effect of Traditional Canning in Acetic Brine on the Antioxidants and Vitamins inBoletus edulisandSuillus luteusMushrooms

The effect of canning in traditional acetic brine on antioxidants and vitamins in Boletus edulis and Suillus luteus mushrooms was determined. Fresh mushrooms were canned in mild and strong acetic brine (containing 0.7 and 1.5% acetic acid in the final product respectively). Analysis was carried out on fresh and canned (over 12 months of storage) mushrooms; 100 g of fresh mushrooms contained 78.0–203.8 mg of total polyphenols, 18.0–33.7 mg of total flavonoids, 2.9–17.0 mg of l-ascorbic acid, 57.06–61.84 µg of total tocopherols, 139.9–238.9 µg of B1 vitamin, 171.1–418.6 µg of B2 vitamin, 2601–2648 µg of B3 vitamin, and 47.61–75.14 µg of B6 vitamin. Antioxidant activity was 36.9–132.3 mmol TE determined with ABTS, 25.6–27.2 mmol TE with DPPH and 64.4–246.4 mmol Fe2+ by FRAP assay. Canning and subsequent storage resulted in changes in all the parameters analysed: antioxidants −13 to −64%; B-group vitamins −84 to + 38%; antioxidant activity −68 to + 107%. Practical Application Wild edible mushrooms are very popular foodstuffs due to their exceptional taste and texture. Fresh mushrooms are highly perishable and processing techniques that can maintain their nutrition value as well as quality parameters are necessary. In Central Europe canning mushrooms with spices and vegetables with addition of acetic acid brine has traditionally been used for preserving mushrooms. The practical application of this research is to evaluate effect of preserving two wild mushroom species by canning in traditional acetic brine on the quality parameters of those mushrooms. The results can be used to determine whether this method of mushroom processing can be used on a larger scale by the industry to substitute currently used methods providing better quality and nutritional value.

Complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum LZ227, a potential probiotic strain producing B-group vitamins

B-group vitamins play an important role in human metabolism, whose deficiencies are associated with a variety of disorders and diseases. Certain microorganisms such as Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been shown to have capacities for B-group vitamin production and thus could potentially replace chemically synthesized vitamins for food fortification. A potential probiotic strain named Lactobacillus plantarum LZ227, which was isolated from raw cow milk in this study, exhibits the ability to produce B-group vitamins. Complete genome sequencing of LZ227 was performed to gain insights into the genetic elements involved in B-group vitamin production. The genome of LZ227 contains a circular 3,131,750-bp chromosome, three circular plasmids and two predicted linear plasmids. LZ227 also contains gene clusters for biosynthesis of both riboflavin and folate. This genome sequence provides a basis for further elucidation of its molecular genetics and probiotic functions, and will facilitate its applications as starter cultures in food industry.

Complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum LZ95, a potential probiotic strain producing bacteriocins and B-group vitamin riboflavin

Lactobacillus plantarum LZ95 is a potential probiotic isolated from newborn infant fecal and it is identified to produce riboflavin with great antimicrobial activity. The complete genome sequence of this strain was reported in the present study. The genome contains a 3,261,418-bp chromosome and two plasmids. Genes, related to the biosynthesis of bacteriocins and riboflavin, were identified. This work will facilitate to reveal the biosynthetic mechanism of bacteriocins and B-group vitamins in lactic acid bacteria and provide evidence for its potential application in food industry.

High-performance liquid chromatographic method for profiling 2-oxo acids in urine and its application in evaluating vitamin status in rats.

B-group vitamins are involved in the catabolism of 2-oxo acids. To identify the functional biomarkers of B-group vitamins, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for profiling 2-oxo acids in urine and applied this method to urine samples from rats deficient in vitamins B1 and B6 and pantothenic acid. 2-Oxo acids were reacted with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenebenzene to produce fluorescent derivatives, which were then separated using a TSKgel ODS-80Ts column with 30 mmol/L of KH2PO4 (pH 3.0):acetonitrile (7:3) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Vitamin B1 deficiency increased urinary levels of all 2-oxo acids, while vitamin B6 deficiency only increased levels of sum of 2-oxaloacetic acid and pyruvic acid, and pantothenic acid deficiency only increased levels of 2-oxoisovaleric acid. Profiles of 2-oxo acids in urine samples might be a non-invasive way of clarifying the functional biomarker of B-group vitamins.

Dynamic metabolome profiling reveals significant metabolic changes during grain development of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Metabolites in wheat grains greatly influence nutritional values. Wheat provides proteins, minerals, B-group vitamins and dietary fiber to humans. These metabolites are important to human health. However, the metabolome of the grain during the development of bread wheat has not been studied so far. In this work the first dynamic metabolome of the developing grain of the elite Chinese bread wheat cultivar Zhongmai 175 was analyzed, using non-targeted gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for metabolite profiling. In total, 74 metabolites were identified over the grain developmental stages. Metabolite-metabolite correlation analysis revealed that the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, amines and lipids was interrelated. An integrated metabolic map revealed a distinct regulatory profile. The results provide information that can be used by metabolic engineers and molecular breeders to improve wheat grain quality. The present metabolome approach identified dynamic changes in metabolite levels, and correlations among such levels, in developing seeds. The comprehensive metabolic map may be useful when breeding programs seek to improve grain quality. The work highlights the utility of GC/MS-based metabolomics, in conjunction with univariate and multivariate data analysis, when it is sought to understand metabolic changes in developing seeds. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Urinary Branched-Chain 2-Oxo Acids as a Biomarker for Function of B-Group Vitamins in Humans

To find a functional biomarker of B-group vitamins, we collected 24-h urine samples from young Japanese women who lived in the community (n=29) to measure branched-chain 2-oxo acids such as 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoic acid, 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoic acid, and 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoic acid because B-group vitamins are involved in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. The relationships between each pair of the three urinary 2-oxo acids were very high (2-oxo-3-methylbutanoic acid and 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoic acid, p<0.001; 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoic acid and 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoic acid, p<0.001; 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoic acid and 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoic acid, p<0.001). The participants were divided into three groups using the upper (n=10), middle (n=9), and lower tertiles (n=10) based on the urinary excretion amounts of the sum of the three branched-chain 2-oxo acids. The administration of capsules containing the daily necessary amounts of B-group vitamins led to a decrease in the urinary excretion of the sum of the three types of branched-chain 2-oxo acids in participants belonging to the upper tertile. A similar phenomenon was observed in the middle tertile, but not in the lower tertile. Intakes of B-group vitamins and the urinary excretion amounts of B-group vitamins were not observed to be significantly different among the upper, middle, and lower tertiles. These results indicate that some young Japanese women need much higher levels of B-group vitamins than the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese. Thus, urinary branched-chain 2-oxo acids are useful functional biomarkers for B-group vitamins in humans.

Improvement of the efficacy and safety of the treatment of patients with low back pain

Low back pain (LBP) is an extremely widespread syndrome in the population. Nonsteroidal Inflammatory drugs are most frequently used in treatment of patients with LBP. The use of these drugs causes adverse effects, the risk of which can be minimized. To decrease the risk, B-group vitamins are used in the complex treatment. The possibility of simultaneous using of artrozan (meloxicam) and cyanocobalamine (B-group vitamin complex) in the treatment of LBP is considered.

B VITAMIN COMPLEX IN THE TREATMENT OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

The spectrum of the nervous system diseases in which administration of B vitamins is pathogenetically justified, especially thiamine, pyridoxine and cyanocobalamin, is varied. The diseases include dysmetabolic, toxic, infectious lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system, neurological manifestation of degenerative spine diseases, and pain syndromes. B-group vitamins possess neuroprotective and analgesic properties, can be combined with other pharmacological classes of drugs, thus allowing to achieve a positive therapeutic effect with a lower dose of those and reducing the risk of adverse effects.

The effect of B vitamin supplementation on wound healing in type 2 diabetic mice.

The aim of this study was to test the effects of B-group vitamin supplements on wound healing in diabetic mice. The mice in the experimental group were treated daily with 1 g/L B6, 1.25 mg/L B12, and 62.5 mg/L folic acid in their drinking water. Full-thickness excision wounds were created with 6-mm skin biopsy punches. Each wound closure was digitally photographed. Beginning on day 3 after wounding, the wound area in the diabetic mice was statistically larger than that of normal mice (p<0.05 vs diabetic mice). The diabetic mice treated with B vitamins displayed accelerated wound closure on day 3 (wound area 42.8 ± 11.3%, p<0.05). On day 9 after wounding, the wound area in the diabetic mice was also statistically larger than that of normal mice (p<0.05 vs diabetic mice). The diabetic mice treated with B vitamins displayed accelerated wound closure on day 3 (wound area 13.2 ± 16.8%, p<0.05). In addition, the high glucose level in the diabetic animals decreased significantly in response to B vitamin treatment. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that B vitamin supplementation may improve wound healing in diabetic mice.

MTHFR Gene Mutations: A Potential Marker of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease?

Recent epigenome-wide association studies have confirmed the importance of epigenetic effects mediated by DNA methylation in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Metabolic folate pathways and methyl donor reactions facilitated by B-group vitamins may be critical in the pathogenesis of LOAD. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutations were studied in consecutive Alzheimer's Disease & Memory Clinic patients up to December 2014. DNA analyses of MTHFR-C667T and - A1298C homozygous and heterozygous polymorphisms in 93 consecutive elderly patients revealed high prevalence of MTHFR mutations (92.5%). Findings require confirmation in a larger series, but MTHFR mutations may become a LOAD marker, opening novel possibilities for prevention and treatment.

Composition and antioxidant properties of wild mushrooms Boletus edulis and Xerocomus badius prepared for consumption.

Wild edible mushrooms Boletus edulis and Xerocomus badius were prepared for consumption by braising with 10% canola oil (half of the batch was blanched prior to braising). Fresh X.badius had comparable to B.edulis amounts of proximate components and higher levels of most B-group vitamins and antioxidants. Analyzed mushrooms prepared for consumption fulfilled 7-14% RDA of vitamin B1 for healthy adults and 15-35, 18-37 and 1% RDA of B2, B3 and B3 respectively. Prepared for consumption mushrooms were rich in antioxidants containing in 100g dry weight 164,601mg total polyphenols, 19-87mg total flavonoids, 22.1-27.4mg L-ascorbic acid, 0.531-1.031mg β-carotene, 0.325-0.456mg lycopene and 38.64-44.49mg total tocopherols and presented high antioxidant activity against ABTS (4.9-36.5mmol TE), against DPPH (7.8-21.3mmol TE) and in FRAP assay (15.0-28.1mmol Fe(2+)). Mushrooms prepared for consumption with blanching prior to culinary treatment showed lower antioxidant properties and vitamin content in comparison to mushrooms braised raw.