Β-glycerophosphate Disodium Salt Research Articles

Effect of Current Density on Anodised Titanium in Mixture of β-Glycerophosphate (β-GP) and Calcium Acetate (CA)

Anodic oxidation is an electrochemical method for the production of ceramic films on a metallic substrate. It had been widely used to deposit the ceramic coatings on the metals surface. In this study, the surface morphology and crystallinity of titanium foil was modified by anodising in mixture of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA). The experiments were carried out at high voltage (350 V), different anodising time (1, 3, 5 and 10 min) and current density (10 and 20 mA.cm-2) at room temperature. Anodised titanium was characterised by using glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The result of the experiment show that colour, porosity, crystallinity and thickness of the titanium films depended strongly on the current density. More porous surface and large amount of anatase was produced at higher current density. FIB results indicated that the thickness of oxide layer increased as increasing of current density.

Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on Anodised Titanium in Mixture of β-Glycerophosphate (β-GP) and Calcium Acetate (CA)

Anodic oxidation is a surface modification method which combines electric field driven metal and oxygen ion diffusion for formation of oxide layer on the anode surface. Anodised titanium has been widely use in biomedical applications especially in dental implant. This study aimed to investigate the effect of electrolyte concentration on titanium. Specifically, the titanium foil was anodised in mixture of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA) with different concentration (0.02 M + 0.2 M and 0.04 M + 0.4 M), anodising time (10 min), applied voltage (150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 V) and current density (10 mA.cm-2) at room temperature. Surface oxide properties of anodised titanium were characterised by using glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), focused ion beam (FIB) milling and digital camera. With increasing electrolyte concentration, the oxide layer became more porous. The GAXRD results also showed that rutile formed at high applied voltage (≥300 V) when the higher concentration of electrolyte was used.

Amorphous calcium phosphate nanowires prepared using beta-glycerophosphate disodium salt as an organic phosphate source by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method and adsorption of heavy metals in water treatment

Amorphous calcium phosphate nanowires were prepared using β-glycerophosphate disodium salt as the phosphate source by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method.

Physicochemical properties and in vitro cytocompatibility of modified titanium surfaces prepared via micro-arc oxidation with different calcium concentrations

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of calcium concentration in the electrolyte solution on the physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of coatings formed by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) on titanium surfaces. MethodsThe surfaces of pure titanium plates were modified by MAO in an electrolytic solution containing calcium acetate (CA; C4H6CaO4) at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3M and β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP; C3H7Na2O6P·5H2O) at a fixed concentration of 0.02M. Surface topography, elemental characteristics, phase composition, and roughness were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, and a surface roughness tester, respectively. To assess the cytocompatibility and osteoinductivity of the surfaces, MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were cultured on the surfaces in vitro, and cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation were observed. ResultsThe porous MAO coating was composed primarily of TiO2 rutile and anatase. The amount of TiO2 rutile, the Ca/P ratio, and the surface roughness of the MAO coating increased with increasing CA concentration in the electrolyte solution. Ca3(PO4)2, CaCO3, and CaTiO3 were formed on MAO-treated surfaces prepared with CA concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3M. Cell proliferation and differentiation increased with increasing CA concentration, with MC3T3-E1 cells exhibiting favorable morphologies for bone–implant integration. ConclusionsMAO coating improves the surface characteristics and cytocompatibility of titanium for osseointegration. Higher CA concentration in the MAO electrolyte solution has a positive effect on the surface properties, chemical composition, and cell response.

Anodic Oxidation of Titanium in Mixture of β-Glycerophosphate (β-GP) and Calcium Acetate (CA)

Anodic oxidation is an electrochemical method for the production of a ceramic film on a metallic substrate. It involves the use of an electrical bias at relatively low currents while the substrate is immersed in a weak organic acid bath. The films produced are usually dense and stable, with variable microstructural features. In the present work, ceramic films of the anatase and rutile polymorphs of TiO2were formed on high-purity Ti foil (50 μm) using mixtures of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA) solutions. The experiments were carried out at varying voltages (150-350 V), times (1-10 min), and current density (10 mA.cm-2) at room temperature. The ceramic films were characterised using digital photography, glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The thicknesses of the films on Ti were measured using focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The colour, microstructures, and thicknesses of the films were seen to be strongly dependent on the applied voltage. At bias <200 V, single-phase anatase was observed to form on Ti, while at higher bias (250 V), rutile formed due to the arcing process.

Sorption of dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds onto iron-doped ceramic sand

Sorption-based processes are widely used in the wastewater treatment. We present results of a study contrasting the sorption behavior of several dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) compounds and phosphate onto three ceramic sands with different physicochemical properties. The synthesized sorbent materials were characterized by nitrogen adsorption analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The DOP compounds were chosen to represent different molecular weights and structures. The effects of solution pH, P concentration and contact time on sorption capacity was investigated by kinetic and equilibrium sorption isotherm studies. The order of maximum sorption capacity observed for the three P compounds onto iron-doped ceramic sand samples, on a per gram dry weight basis, is phosphate (DIP)>β-glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate (β-GP)>adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate (ATP-P). Langmuir isotherm sorption equation well describes the experimental sorption isotherms. Kinetic studies revealed that the sorption process followed both pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models. The iron-doped ceramic sand samples had a higher phosphorus removal capacity than the raw, which could be attributed to its better intra-particle diffusion and higher binding energy. P compound size and structure, and the nature of the sorbents all appear to play a role dictating relative sorption capacity. The sorption process was complex; both surface sorption and intra-particle diffusion were simultaneously occurring and contribute to the sorption mechanism.

Effects of leucine and its metabolite β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism

Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is contingent upon the dynamic equilibrium (fasted losses–fed gains) in protein turnover. Of all nutrients, the single amino acid leucine (Leu) possesses the most marked anabolic characteristics in acting as a trigger element for the initiation of protein synthesis. While the mechanisms by which Leu is ‘sensed’ have been the subject of great scrutiny, as a branched-chain amino acid, Leu can be catabolized within muscle, thus posing the possibility that metabolites of Leu could be involved in mediating the anabolic effect(s) of Leu. Our objective was to measure muscle protein anabolism in response to Leu and its metabolite HMB. Using [1,2-13C2]Leu and [2H5]phenylalanine tracers, and GC-MS/GC-C-IRMS we studied the effect of HMB or Leu alone on MPS (by tracer incorporation into myofibrils), and for HMB we also measured muscle proteolysis (by arteriovenous (A–V) dilution). Orally consumed 3.42 g free-acid (FA-HMB) HMB (providing 2.42 g of pure HMB) exhibited rapid bioavailability in plasma and muscle and, similarly to 3.42 g Leu, stimulated muscle protein synthesis (MPS; HMB +70%vs. Leu +110%). While HMB and Leu both increased anabolic signalling (mechanistic target of rapamycin; mTOR), this was more pronounced with Leu (i.e. p70S6K1 signalling ≤90 min vs. ≤30 min for HMB). HMB consumption also attenuated muscle protein breakdown (MPB; −57%) in an insulin-independent manner. We conclude that exogenous HMB induces acute muscle anabolism (increased MPS and reduced MPB) albeit perhaps via distinct, and/or additional mechanism(s) to Leu.

Injectable and biodegradable thermosensitive hydrogels loaded with PHBHHx nanoparticles for the sustained and controlled release of insulin

Biodegradable PHBHHx (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)) nanoparticles containing insulin phospholipid complex were loaded in chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogels for long-term sustained and controlled delivery of insulin. The injectable hydrogels, prepared by adding β-glycerophosphate disodium salt (GP) solution to chitosan (CS) solution under stirring, showed a rapid solution-to-gel transition at 37°C, a porous structure and a comparative degradation and swelling rate in vitro. In the in vitro release studies, only 19.11% of total insulin was released from the nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel (NP-CS/GP) within 31days. However, 96.41% of total insulin was released from the free insulin-loaded hydrogel (INS-CS/GP) within 16days. Most importantly, the hypoglycemic effect of NP-CS/GP following subcutaneous injection in diabetic rats lasted for >5days, much longer than the effect caused by INS-CS/GP or other long-acting insulin formulations. The pharmacological availability of NP-CS/GP relative to INS-CS/GP was 379.85%, indicating that the bioavailability of insulin was significantly enhanced by NP-CS/GP gels. Therefore, biodegradable and thermosensitive NP-CS/GP gels have great potential for use in novel ultralong-acting insulin injections. In addition, the NP-loaded hydrogel system also paves the way for long-term delivery of other proteins and peptides.

Protection of Cells in Physiological Oxygen Tensions against DNA Damage-induced Apoptosis

Oxygen availability has important effects on cell physiology. Although hyperoxic and hypoxic stresses have been well characterized, little is known about cellular functions in the oxygen levels commonly found in vivo. Here, we show that p53-dependent apoptosis in response to different DNA-damaging agents was reduced when normal and cancer cells were cultured at physiological oxygen tensions instead of the usual atmospheric levels. Different from what has been described in hypoxia, this was neither determined by decreases in p53 induction or its transactivation activity, nor by differences in the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species. At these physiological oxygen levels, we found a constitutive activation of the ERK1/2 MAPK in all the models studied. Inhibition of this signaling pathway reversed the protective effect in some but not all cell lines. We conclude that a stress-independent constitutive activation of prosurvival pathways, including but probably not limited to MAPK, can protect cells in physiological oxygen tensions against genotoxic stress. Our results underscore the need of considering the impact of oxygen levels present in the tissue microenvironment when studying cell sensitivity to treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Preparation of porous anatase titania film

A porous anatase titania film was prepared by a composite oxidation method on pure titanium surfaces, which was in a combination of pre-anodic oxidation and micro-arc oxidation treatment. In the pre-anodic oxidation treatment, the sample was immersed in oxalic acid solution using a DC power supply. In micro-arc oxidation treatment, the sample was put into β-glycerophosphate di-sodium salt and calcium acetate electrolytic solution by using an asymmetry pulse power supply. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS spectrum instrument were employed to characterize the phase, composition and microstructure of the film. A micro-hardness tester was employed to test the hardness of the formed film and a scratching machine to evaluate the bond strength of the film. XRD indicated that the film formed by pre-anodic oxidation was composed of a thin anatase film, which was uniform and even. While the film prepared by micro-arc oxidation treatment was porous and uneven, with a porous size of 1–3 μm. XRD showed that the porous film was also made up of anatase. The micro-hardness of the porous film was 645 HV 0.2 and the bond strength of the porous film 36.3 N. The formed film is expected to have significant applications as medical implants.

Biomimetic apatite coatings on micro-arc oxidized titania

Biomimetic apatite coatings on micro-arc oxidized titania films were investigated and their apatite-inducing ability was evaluated in a simulated body fluid (1.0SBF) as well as in a 1.5 times concentrated SBF (1.5SBF). Titania-based films on titanium were prepared by micro-arc oxidation at various applied voltages (250–500 V) in an electrolytic solution containing β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate ( β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA). Macro-porous, Ca- and P-containing titania-based films were formed on the titanium substrates. The phase, Ca and P content, morphology, and thickness of the films were strongly dependent on the applied voltage. In particular, Ca- and P-containing compounds such as CaTiO 3, β-Ca 2P 2O 7 and α-Ca 3(PO 4) 2 were produced at higher voltages (>450 V). When immersed in 1.0SBF, a carbonated hydroxyapatite was induced on the surfaces of the films oxidized at higher voltages (>450 V) after 28 days, which is closely related to the Ca- and P-containing phases. The use of 1.5SBF shortened the apatite induction time and apatite formation was confirmed even on the surface of the films oxidized at 350 V, which suggests that the incorporated Ca and P in the titania films play a similar role to the Ca- and P-containing compounds in the SBF.

Structure and in vitro bioactivity of titania-based films by micro-arc oxidation

Titania-based films on titanium were formed by micro-arc oxidation in electrolytic solutions containing sodium carbonate, sodium phosphate, acetate monohydrate and β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate using a pulse power supply. The morphology, elemental composition and phase components of the films were investigated as a function of the electrolytes composition and the applied voltage (in the range of 200–500 V). In vitro bioactivity of the films was evaluated in a most commonly used simulated body fluid as proposed by Kokubo et al. The results showed that the films were porous with 1–8 μm pores and nano-crystallized, without apparent interface to the titanium substrates. The phase components of the films could be anatase, rutile, CaTiO 3, β-Ca 2P 2O 7 and α-Ca 3(PO 4) 2, strongly depending on the electrolytes composition and the applied voltage. The pore size and the content of Ca and P tended to increase with the applied voltage. Among the prepared titania-based films, only the film containing CaTiO 3, β-Ca 2P 2O 7 and α-Ca 3(PO 4) 2 could induce an apatite layer on its surface, exhibiting bioactivity. The bioactive response of the micro-arc oxidized films to the structural factors and the apatite-induced mechanism were discussed.