Ayurvedic Classics Research Articles

An eyeshot on the role of Millets in healthy lifestyle - A Literary Review

In today’s lifestyle, many new diseases are emerging day by day. To overcome these diseases or to maintain the health of an individual, an important key component is Traya Upastambha (three pillars of Ayurveda) i.e., Aahar (food), Nidra (proper sleep) and Brahmacharya. Aahar is one of them. Proper intake of Aahar plays an important role in maintaining the health of an individual and adding Millets in our Aahar or diet is one of the strategies of lifestyle modification to maintain the health of an individual. Acharyas has mentioned twelve categories of Aahar in which millets are to be considered in Trinadhanya and Kshudradhanya of Dhanyavarga. The nutrient profile of Millets is higher than the other cereals. They are rich fibre content, magnesium, phosphorous, vitamins, low calorie and gluten free property. Also, qualities of Kshudradhanya have been mentioned in Ayurvedic classics like Ruksha, Dhatushoshana, Lekhan, due to which they have been indicated in Santarpanjanya Vyadhi i.e., Prameha (Diabetes), Sthoulya (overweight), Medo Roga. Hence, this analysis may help in understanding the benefits of Millets and the most importantly the right way to use millets with precautions to maintain the healthy lifestyle and reduces the risk of lifestyle disorders.

Etiopathological Evaluation of Swasa Roga in Relation to Anxiety

The modern era has seen significant changes in lifestyle that have disturbed people’s physical and emotional well- being. Ayurvedic classics state that unhealthy lifestyle (Apathya Aahar and Apathya Vihar) is the root cause of all the Vyadhis. Many people go through periods of Anxiety at various occasions of their lives. Although these periods of anxiety are not permanent, if the symptoms persist for a long time, it can cause damage to both mind and body. Health is considered as a state free from mental and physical disorders. Anxiety serves as a predisposing factor for disease such as respiratory diseases. In Ayurveda respiratory disorders are mentioned under the Swasa vyadhi. Swasa roga is Vata Kaphajanye vyadhi and its aggravation is directly related to the anxiety. In the Ayurvedic classics, none of the Acharya has given any clear description regarding the role of anxiety in aggravation of Swasa roga. The lack of data drives the need to define the pathophysiogenesis of Swasa roga with respect to Anxiety in order to understand the progression of Swasa roga in a better way.

Evaluation of Raktadushti in Madatyaya Vyadhi: A Cross Sectional Observational Study

All over the world, alcohol consumption is becoming a lifestyle. The fashion of alcohol ingestion leads to habits of chronicalcoholism. Alcoholism (Madyapaan) is a behavioral disorder characterized by repetitive and excessive consumption of alcohol (Madya). It isobserved that long-term consumption of alcohol damages the liver to a very large extent, leading to either Alcoholic liver disease or livercirrhosis. In Ayurveda, this condition can be correlated with 'Madatyaya.' Madya is described as the main etiological factor of various diseasesat multiple places in Ayurvedic classics, but madatyaya is a primary one. Ayurved explains the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment ofmadatyaya, but the specific srotodushti is not explained. When characteristics of madya and causative moolasthanavikruti (Hepatotoxicity) areconsidered, it is assumed that madya may cause raktadushti also. Hence this topic is an attempt to evaluate raktadushti in madatyaya vyadhi. Itis a cross-sectional observational study performed on 50 patients of Madatyaya. Patients were examined thoroughly, and all the details werenoted in a specially designed case record format. A comparative study of madatyaya and raktadushti was conducted; also assessment ofraktadushti was done based on symptoms of raktadushti observed in those patients. Collected data and the observations are then analyzed bystatistical tests such as the chi-square test and correlation regression. This study proves the positive correlation between madyatyaya andraktadushti. It may be the alcohol metabolized primarily in the liver, which is getting damaged by long-term consumption. Ayurveda explainsYakrita and pleeha as the moolasthana (roots) of Raktavaha srotas. This moolasthana dushti (damage to the root) causes damage to the wholesystem (Raktavaha srotas); hence madatyaya vyadhi can be labeled as a disease of Raktavaha srotas.

A Clinical Study of Nisha Amalaki Churna in Prameha Purvarupa (Pre-Diabetic State)

The incidence of Prameha is increasing rapidly because of changes in dietetic habits and lifestyle. If the Prameha Purvarupa (Pre-diabetic) clinical features are treated by formulation Nisha-amalaki Churna is recommended in Ayurvedic Classics, Proven efficacious and widely practiced in the management of Prameha (Diabetes). Materials and methods- 30 patients from OPD and IPD of Govt. Ayurvedic College & Hospital, Balangir, fulfilling the Subjective and Objective Parameters were registered for clinical trial. After diagnosis they were under trial with Ayurvedic formulation Nisha-amalaki Churna treated in a dose of 3gm twice daily empty stomach, for a period of 30 days with Ushna Jala. The assessment of subjective and objective parameters were evaluated in 10th, 20th and 30th day from the day of initiation of trial up to 30 days in order to find the efficacy of the trial by statistical paired ‘t’ test

PAIN MANAGEMENT IN AYURVEDIC CLASSICS: AN ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW

Pain can be described as any physical and mental suffering or discomfort caused by illness or injury. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage." Pain always lands a person in discomfort and interferes with daily tasks, regardless of severity or location. Different terminologies viz. vedana, shool, ruja, etc. are used for pain in Ayurvedic classics. It is mentioned as a premonitory sign as well as a symptom of many diseases. According to Acharya Sushruta “Vatat rute nasti ruja” i.e., the root cause of all types of pain is Vata dosha. The effectiveness and safety of the therapeutic drugs that are currently utilised to relieve pain are often limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need for research into novel analgesics that are safe, efficacious, and tolerated well. Description of a variety of therapeutic approaches for pain management is available in the Ayurvedic classical text. Agnikarma, Jalaukavacharana, Marma chikitsa, and other Ayurvedic treatment modalities provide immediate pain relief without untoward effects. Along with these therapies, there are descriptions of many other therapeutic procedures such as Vedhankarma, Bastikarma, Lepa, Snehana, Swedana, and internal use of medicine in Ayurvedic classical texts. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the concept of pain and its practical utility, which necessitates the development of pain management techniques recognised in Ayurveda.

CONCEPT OF ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING IN AYURVEDA: A REVIEW

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding is one of the most common problems seen in a gynecological OPD. It is characterized by excessive bleeding per vaginum in amount and duration both. Asirgdhara is a condition in which there is Dirana (excess excretion) of Raja (menstrual blood). Abnormal Uterine Bleeding is almost parallel to Asrigdhar mentioned in Ayurvedic classics. Vata and Pitta Dosha vitiation mainly leads to Asrigdhar hence drugs predominant in Kashaya Rasa and Pitta Shamak properties are used. Kashaya Rasa plays an important role in relieving bleeding due to Stambhak property. Rakta Dhatu Poshak Ahar should be advised. Therefore, treatment line should be Raktavardhaka and Raktasthambhak. Hence this study aims in understanding what is Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, it's pathogenesis and treatment modalities according to both Ayurveda and modern science.

The Potential of Herbal Management in Gallstone (Pittashmari) – A Case Study

In India, cholelithiasis (gallstones) is now the leading problem. Some patients have a single gallstone, while others develop multiple gallstones at the same time. It could be as big as a golf ball or as small as a grain of sand. The risk factors for gallstones include middle age, inconsistent eating patterns, extended fasting, and metabolic syndrome. Surgical treatment is usually required, such as the removal of the entire gall bladder (cholecystectomy). In Ayurveda, it is not texted directly. There is a description of ashmari (urinary calculi), so by considering the symptoms and pathology of cholelithiasis, it can be correlated with pittashmari, as that site was given for Accha pitta according to the Ayurvedic classics. Pittashamri pathophysiology includes kapha-pitta vitiation and an obstructed Vayu marga (path). A 40-year-old male patient complained of pain in the upper abdomen along with bloating, chest discomfort, and constipation for the past 6 months. The patient had been taking modern medications. But patient experienced only temporary relief of symptoms. So, the patient came to the OPD for Ayurvedic treatment. Investigating with ultrasound, the patient was diagnosed with cholelithiasis and treated purely with herbal drugs as the patient was unaffordable. Pittarechaka (cholagogue), yakruta-pleehaghna, ashmarighna, and drugs with choleretic properties, such as kokilaksha, haritaki, bhumyamalaki, and rohitakarishta, were chosen. Within 15 days, the patient’s symptoms had significantly improved. The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was used to assess abdominal pain. A reduction in the size of the gallstone was seen within three months, and a completely normal ultrasound after one year, as discussed here.

A CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF GUDA AS A PRANAYATANA

Ayurveda is an ancient health science devoted to the cure for human suffering and for the care of the health of the people. Pranayatana is a unique concept of ayurveda mentioned in Charak samhita. Guda is a very important segment of the gastrointestinal tract, present at its distal end, which serves the function of expulsion of mala and apana vayu, formed as residue after the metabolic transformation of the ingested food. It is the vital part of the body, the injury to which leads to fatal outcome. Ayurvedic classics describe that prana is made up of twelve components and there involment in homeostatic function is responsible to sustain the life of an individual. There are ten such places in the body where prana is situated and are referred as pranayatana. By observing the functional and structural vitality diagnosis these area as marmasthana. Guda is one such pranayatana mentioned in all acharya in their samhitas. It has been given much importance that it is mentioned both in the context of pranayatana and marma. In these areas an attempt is made to understand and review guda in the context of pranayatana.

Effect of Pre-conceptional care in the management of Repeated Pregnancy Loss with TORCH Infection – A case report

Introduction – Pregnancy is a complex phenomenon which includes physiological, psychological and social changes. RPL is a distressing condition that affects millions of women worldwide. RPL is defined as the loss of two or more consecutive pregnancies before 20 weeks of gestation. RPL can be correlated with Putraghni Yonivyapada and Garbhastravi Vandhya explained in Ayurvedic classics. Aim- To evaluate the effect of Pre-conceptional Ayurvedic protocol in RPL with TORCH infection. Methodology – A female patient aged 32 years having previous history of two pregnancy loss visited in the OPD of PTSR department, ITRA Jamnagar on September 2022. She took allopathic medications for 1 year. Her investigation revealed positive TORCH Pannel test and follicular study showed oligo-ovulation. Pre-conceptional care plan includes Shodhana Chikitsa followed by Shamana Chikitsa. Result – After 4 months of pre-conceptional care she conceived without any complications. Now she is having healthy pregnancy of 7 Months 22 days. Discussion - Putraghni is a Yoniroga characterised by repeated pregnancy losses due to the excessive use of Rooksha Ahara and Vihara which leads to Vata Prakopa further causing Shonita Dushti and Artava Dushti which in turn results in repeated loss of pregnancy. The overall TORCH infection positivity rate was 61.1%. Pre-conceptional care plays important role to stabilizing the previous disease conditions, to prevent any reproductive disease and to ensure that women enter pregnancy with optimal state of health which would be safe for both fetus and her. Keywords – RPL, TORCH, pre-conceptional care, Putraghni Yonivyapada, Garbhastravi Vandhya.

A review of Karnapaligata Rogas with possible contemporary correlation and pictorial representation

Shalakya Tantra, one of the Asthangas of Ayurvade deals with anatomical, physiological, pathology, and therapeutic aspects pertaining to Gyanendriyas. The ears are one of the Gyanendriya and hearing is one of the important senses to gain knowledge. It enables us to take forward our existence without limitations and helps us to express, socialize and communicate with the world. The ear is not only the organ of hearing but also maintains balance. In Ayurvedic classics, Karna is the word that represents the organ ear. Karna is divided into 3 parts Bahya Karna (Outer ear), Madhya Karna (Middle ear), and Abhyanthara Karna (Inner ear). Karnapaligata Rogas are those which occur to the outer ear i.e., Bahya Karna. Acharya Susruta laid down the principles of plastic surgery centuries ago, which are relevant even in the present era of advanced plastic surgery. Karna Sandhana is one of the techniques Acharya has mentioned as a treatment modality for Karnapaligata Rogas. This article is aimed to compile various opinions on Karnapaligata Rogas by different Acharya and exhibit the nearest correlation in the contemporary view of the disease.

Review of Trivrit (Operculina turpethum Linn.) in Ayurvedic literature

Trivrit (Operculina turpethum Linn) was well renouned drug for its wide spectrum of therapeutic benefits. It was considered as Agra Dravya in Samhitha Kala and was used in many preparations. There are number of preparations mentioned in Ayurvedic classics namely Sarangadhara Samhitha, Chakradatta and Bhaishajya Ratnavali where Trivrit was formulated as key ingredient. Even in the Nighantu Kala it was mentioned as important drug in Vargas like Guduchyadi Varga, Pippalyadi Varga, Oshadi Varga etc. by various Nighantukaras.

Pushkarmoola (Inula racemosa Hook. F.): A Healing Legacy Unveiled - Exploring its Potent Anti-Pyretic and Medicinal Significance

Pushkarmoola, scientifically known as Inula racemosa Hook. F., is a robust herb belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is renowned for its potent medicinal properties, particularly in the realm of cardio-pulmonary health. In contemporary times, it enjoys significant recognition and popularity in both folk and traditional medicinal practices. Its versatility in addressing various health conditions such as fever (Jwara), cardiac diseases (Hridroga), wasting (Kshaya), cough (Kasa), respiratory diseases (Svasa), and tuberculosis (Rajayakshma) has been firmly established over the years through a combination of traditional wisdom and scientific investigation.
 Objective: This article provides a concise overview of the historical significance of Inula in medicine. Inula is a valuable source of natural compounds, and this article covers their pharmacological, biochemical, and clinical studies conducted in both in-vitro and in-vivo settings. Furthermore, it places particular emphasis on Inula's widespread use in Ayurvedic literature particularly as a remedy for fever (Jwara).
 Data Source: The available literature on Pushkaramoola from original Ayurvedic scriptures, classical Ayurvedic texts from different periods, Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, and scientific databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar.
 Review Methods: Numerous references to Pushkaramoola, found in Ayurvedic classics, journals, and traditional knowledge sources, were thoroughly compiled, and analyzed. The extensive data revealed its potential as a potent antipyretic, as it is prominently featured in formulations designed to alleviate fever. Additionally, both in vivo and in vitro studies have provided evidence of its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antifungal properties.
 Conclusion: This article encourages future researchers to delve deeper into the anti-pyretic properties of Pushkarmoola, as it has been extensively documented in ancient texts for its effectiveness in treating various types of fever (jwara). This historical evidence serves as a compelling reason for scholars to explore and expand upon the potential anti-fever benefits of Pushkarmoola.

Effect of Agnikarma with Kshoudra over Ankle and Foot in Sciatica due to L4-L5 Intervertebral Disc Prolapse

Sciatica is a syndrome characterized by pain radiating from the low back into the buttock and into the lower extremities along its posterior or lateral aspect and most commonly caused by prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc. The term is also used to refer the pain anywhere along the course of sciatic nerve. Modern medical practice for sciatica includes oral NSAIDs, opioid and non-opioid analgesics, muscle relaxants, localized corticosteroid injections, physiotherapy and if the above measures fail finally surgery. Sciatica can be correlated with Gridhrasi mentioned under Vata vyadhi in Ayurvedic classics. Various treatment modalities like Snehana, Swedana, Vasthi etc are indicated in Gridharsi. These are very effective treatment procedures but take relatively a more time for pain relief. Agnikarma is very beneficial in painful conditions caused by Vata as it gives immediate relief of pain. Here the patient was treated with Agnikarma using Kshoudra over the tender spots of ankle and foot of affected lower limb. Outcome measures like pain, numbness, tenderness, SLR and ODI were assessed before treatment, after treatment, 7th day and on 14th day. The result showed that Agnikarma with Kshoudra done over ankle and foot gives immediate relief of pain and numbness of sciatica due to L4-L5 intervertebral disc prolapse.

Effect of Siravedha in the Management of Viswachi with special reference to Cervical Radiculopathy

Radiculopathy, commonly referred as pinched nerve, refers to a set of conditions in which one or more nerves are affected and their functioning is hampered. Cervical radiculopathy is a clinical condition resulting from compression of nerve roots due to disc herniation or degenerative stenosis which leads to neck pain, numbness and radiating arm pain in the distribution of the affected nerve root. Often this radicular pain is accompanied by motor or sensory disturbances also. The main treatments available are use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, epidural steroid injection and surgery in the last stages. But the side effects of NSAID’s, incomplete neurologic recovery, loss of full cervical range of movement and surgical complications are the main hurdle in the management of cervical radiculopathy. In Ayurvedic classics, clinical picture of cervical radiculopathy can be explained under the heading of Viswachi. It is a Vatavyadhi mainly affecting the Kandaras leading to restricted movements and loss of function of upper limb. At present, there is no specific treatment procedure, which can offer quick relief of pain and other associated symptoms of cervical radiculopathy. Acharya Susruta mentioned Siravedha in the management of Viswachi. It is one of the most effective methods of Rakthamoksha by which vitiated Doshas can be eliminated in a faster way. In the present study, 150ml of blood was withdrawn from corresponding cephalic vein as a onetime procedure. Assessments were done before procedure, immediately after procedure, on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after procedure. The results showed Siravedha is an effective treatment procedure in the management of Viswachi.

Umbilical Cord Care by Topical Application of Kushta Tail

Newborn health & survival depends on the care given to the newborn, although care is a very essential element in reducing child mortality, it often receives less than the optimum attention. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that ~ 4 million children die during the neonatal period each year, with most deaths occurring in developing countries. About 25% of global neonatal death / year occur in India alone & amongst them bacterial infections count for about 36%, of which umbilical cord infections are an important precursor. Application of topical antimicrobials having ample of side effects like local irritation, allergic & contact dermatitis and local tissue destruction. Topical medications being one amongst the routes of drug administration have also been appreciated in our ayurvedic classics also. The importance and necessity of nabhinalparicharaya are very clearly understood by Acharyas and are vividly stated in the samhitas. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of our classical method to cut the cord at 4 angul (7.5cm) and medication kustha taila local application in protecting umbilical sepsis in healthy new born. This study provide nil discharges, no swelling& redness and minimal microbial growth percentage from the sample of umblical stump culture, till the day 15 of new born.

Acceptance of Millets in Aspects of Nutritional Profiles, Health and Environmental Benefits

Millets are one of the oldest crops known to humans. Millets are small-seeded grasses belonging to the botanical family Poaceae. In Ayurvedic classics they are named as Kshudra dhanya. Common Millets available in India are Sorghum, Pearl Millet, Finger Millet, Foxtail Millet, Barnyard Millet, Kodo Millet, Little Millet, Proso Millet. Millets are good for the environment as they are the carbon neutral crops and also minimum fertilizers as well as pesticides are used for their cultivation. Millets are the most dependable crops to small farmers due to their short crop rotation characteristic and they are the resilient and climate adaptable crops in dry, hot and drought environments. Millets have significant role in traditional diets of different regions throughout the India. Millets are rich sources of nutrients like carbohydrate, protein, good-quality fat, dietary fibre and have sufficient amounts of minerals like calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and B complex vitamins. Hence, millets may be an excellent choice of food for fortification of under nutrition or combating malnutrition and exerting health-promoting benefits and also they play efficient role in body immune system. Millets are rich with phytochemicals, hence millet have health promoting effects specifically anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidaemic and also show therapeutic effects due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Phytochemicals and the dietary fibre of millets can hinder the absorption of minerals and different food processing methods are commonly used to eliminate the anti-nutritional factors of millets.

Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Seringe): A known Visha but potent medicine W.S.R. Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya

Ayurveda is an ancient science dominantly focuses on healthy living and mindful life in contrary to other medical sciences. Ayurveda specifically uses herbs and herbo-mineral combinations for the treatment. The herbs described in the classics also include some Vishadravya (poisonous plants) as potent medicine. Anything that results in "Vishannatva" (stress) or "Vishada" (sadness) in the body is "Visha" (poisonous material). Depending on the intensity of toxicity, Ayurvedic classics have classified all poisons into two categories: Mahavisha and Upavisha (less potent toxin). Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Seringe) is classified under the Sthavara Visha (poison of plant origin) and Mahavisha. It is the only Mahavisha that is still recognised and available. All Vishadravya should be used after some specific Shodhana (purification). While administering Vatsanabha in the form of Ayurvedic medicines, Shodhana (purification) is an effective technique for minimising its hazardous effects. Although it is Vishadravya, the compounds containing Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Seringe) are listed in ‘Essential Ayurveda Medication for Ayurvedic dispensaries, operated under centrally supported programmes of the Government of India. This enlistment affirms its significance in other ways. Nearly 17 percentage of the formulations mentioned in RRS have Vatsanabha as their constituent. Modern research has already proven the analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and many other activities of Vatsanabha. Thus, the present review is designed to extensively discuss and understand the safety profile of Vatsanabha and utility in various diseases, along with its probable mode of action.

AYURVEDA AND YOGAS ROLE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MANASROGAWSR TO UNMAD

Living a healthier and more fulfilling life in the present has become increasingly difficult due to modern lifes unforgiving pace and intricacy. Globalization, industrialization, and industry-specific rivalry all cause emotional stress and strain in life, which is harmful physically and mentally. According to Ayurvedic classics, chinta(stress) and atichintan (overthinking) are the root reasons forRasavahasrotodushti, which results in a variety of illnesses. The prevalence of mental disorders has dramatically increased globally in recent years. Depression is a psychiatric disorder that affects 4.3% of the worlds populace. One of the NijaUnmadas described in the Samhitas, KaphajaUnmada, has many parallels to depression. The incidence of psychiatric disorders is rising daily as a result of poor eating practices, lifestyle changes, and environmental changes. Ayurveda has outlined several disciplines that can help maintain a healthy mind and body, including Achararasayana, Dinacharya, Panchakarma, and yoga. We will discuss the importance of Ayurveda in treating depression in this section.

MANAGEMENT OF PANDU ROGA AS PER AYURVEDIC PRINCIPLES - A CASE STUDY

Pandu roga is elaborately discussed in various Ayurvedic Classics. Based on the clinical manifestations, it can be closely correlated with Iron deficiency Anaemia. It is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or Haemoglobin concentration within them is lower than normal. Various causes may lead to these conditions- poor dietary intake , chronic blood loss, chronic illness, excessive indulgence in substances which hampers Iron absorption like tea, coffee etc. In Modern medical science it is treated with iron rich diet and iron supplements which is mostly associated with certain side effects like Gastric irritation, constipation, hypersensitivity reactions to drugs etc. Materials & Methods- Three medicines Punarnava Mandur, Arogyavardhini vati and Kumariasava were selected to treat a patient of pandu roga. Case Report - A 36-year female patient came with complaints of weakness, anorexia, bodyache, paleness of skin, leg cramps and haemoglobin level of 7.8gm/dl. She was relieved from the symptoms and a raise in haemoglobin level (11.2gm/dl) after treatment. She was treated for 2 months with a two follow, ups one after 15 days and another after 40days. Discussion- Pandu roga can be effectively managed by Ayurvedic haematinic drugs, which are palatable, economically feasible and does not affect the feeling of well-being of the patient. In this study, the follow ups showed gradual improvement in the condition. Conclusion- Ayurvedic medicines have great potential in treating deficiency conditions as established in the study.

Ayurvedic Management of Shwitra : The Case Study

Kushtha is one among the Ashtamahagad explained in Ayurveda as there is structural changes in appearance of skin[i]. In Ayurveda Vitiligo is known as "Shwitra”. It is one of the varieties of Kushta in Ayurvedic classics, caused due to vitiation of Tridosha and Dhatus like Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa and Medas. Unbalanced diet (Virrudhahara) is also an important cause. It signifies production of toxic metabolites as an important cause for the development of the disease. Vitiligo is a specific type of a acquired leukoderma and this is idiopathic, patterned, circumscribed hypomelanosis of the skin and hair in which other cause of leukoderma have been excluded. The disease is important principally because of the social stigma associated with vitiligo. Diet restriction and psychological counselling was also a necessary part of the treatment. Leech saliva is reported to have many therapeutic contents like hirudin, bdellins, Hyaluronidase, etc.; among them, eglins and bdellins have anti-inflammatory and antifungal property which gives relief in symptoms. The Shamanaushadhis are also had a crucial part in easing the symptoms by reducing the size of lesion, and restoring normal skin colour.
 
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