Aviation Security Research Articles

Determining possibilities for applying theoretical principles of situational risk management in the aviation safety system

Aviation safety is one of the main criteria for its sustainable development. The object of this study is safety risk management, which is the main tool of the aviation safety management system. The problem that needs to be further solved is the improvement of aviation risk management methods under war, force majeure, and crisis conditions, as well as under conditions of uncertainty, when there is a minimum of time to make a single correct decision. The theory of situational management can be chosen as the theoretical basis for creating decision-making systems. The development of special languages for describing the situation arising at the control object, as well as in its control system, makes it possible to correctly represent the models of control objects and the evolution of knowledge about them. The work solves the task of building a model of the control object, which takes into account the maximum number of its features suitable for implementation. In order to represent the management object based on the method of expert assessments, the weighting coefficients of the risk characteristics’ probabilities and the values of the weighting coefficients of the degrees of severity were calculated, a matrix of risk assessment indicators was built, and risk assessment criteria were developed. Based on the calculations, general approaches to aviation safety risk management were specified. The paper developed a «dramatic script» of an episode of aviation security risk management, which includes the stages of the episode, the content of necessary actions, the corresponding stages of aviation security risk management and the corresponding aviation security risk management. The content of the management itself consists in preventing the transition from the zone of acceptable risk to the zone of permissible and from the zone of permissible risk to the zone of unacceptable risk, as well as the implementation of measures to stimulate the transition from the zone of unacceptable to the zone of permissible risk and from the zone of permissible to the zone of acceptable risk

A Study on Countermeasures for Disruptive Passengers on Board Aircraft

Unlawful acts and unauthorized disruptions by passengers on aircraft have been on the rise post-pandemic with the increased air travel demand. In recent years, the number of such incidents involving passengers has not only increased but also diversified. Depending on the severity of these actions, they can potentially have serious consequences for aviation safety. Therefore, there is a pressing need for strong intervention regardless of means used in some cases. This situation highlights the crucial role of cabin crew more than ever before. However, despite the importance of addressing actions that may pose a safety threat by passengers promptly and decisively, there is a growing confusion in practical scenarios regarding the use of tasers. To address this and enhance aviation safety and security, this study examined the appropriateness of taser usage based on the types of threats posed. As a result of this, a taser usage matrix was developed, taking into account the legal positions, roles of in-flight security personnel and special law enforcement officers of cabin crews on board. The outcome of this research is expected to provide clear and comprehensive guidelines for taser usage, thus improving efficiency in responding to unruly passengers. Also, the intention of the study is to establish specific taser usage regulations for in-flight tasks, deriving practical solutions needed in the field. Through these efforts, the aviation industry will be able to enhance aviation safety and security by equipping itself with more effective means to counter illegal disruptions and ensure the safety of passengers and crew members. Key Words: Tasers, Cabin Crew, Aviation Security, Unruly Passenger, Air Rage, Tasers Usage Manual

Physical Layer Security for L-Band Digital Aeronautical Communication System with Interference Mitigation

As one of the main candidates for future civil aviation communications systems, the L-band digital aeronautical communication system (L-DACS) is expected to achieve secure and reliable transmission. Due to the broadcasting nature of air–ground wireless links, the L-DACS has the risk of being intercepted by malicious eavesdroppers, which negatively affects aviation communication security. In addition, because the spectrum of the L-DACS overlaps with the aviation distance measuring equipment (DME), the pulse interference caused by the DME signal may lead to the wireless link being more fragile and susceptible to wiretapping. In this paper, with a focus on enhancing wireless transmission security, we propose a comprehensive physical layer security (PLS) method for the L-DACS. The key to the proposed PLS method is restraining the transmission of the eavesdropper by injecting artificial noise into the transmitted signal while improving the transmission of the legitimate receiver through the adoption of pulse interference mitigation. First, to characterize the L-DACS in the secure scene, we derive the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the legitimate receiver and any potential eavesdropper by constructing equivalent noise. Next, from the perspective of the information theory, we derive the closed form of the secrecy capacity of the L-DACS by employing the proposed PLS methods with three kinds of nonlinear interference mitigation: including ideal pulse blanking, peak threshold-based pulse blanking, and peak threshold-based pulse clipping. Finally, we compare and analyze different ways to enhance the secrecy capacity of the proposed PLS method using various interference mitigation methods.

THE INFLUENCE OF FLIGHT SAFETY FACILITIES AGAINST SECURITY IN THE CARGO TERMINAL MINANGKABAU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Minangkabau International Airport is an airport located in Padang Pariaman, West Sumatra (ICAO Code : WIEE ; IATA Code : PDG), has a Domestic Terminal, VIP Terminal, International Terminal, and Cargo Terminal. At the cargo terminal, problems were found that arose due to a lack of security facilities and personnel. So we need a study that can provide an explanation regarding aviation security facilities at the Minangkabau International Airport Cargo Terminal. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aviation security facilities on security at the cargo terminal capable of providing security for goods and cargo. The type of this research is descriptive quantitative using data obtained from observations, distributing questionnaires, and literature studies. Respondents from the questionnaire were Aviation Security and Angkasa Pura Cargo personnel, with a total sample of 61 people. The results of the discussion, there is an influence of variable X (aviation security facilities) on Y (security at the cargo terminal) has a relationship or correlation between variables with 0.78 (high, strong correlation) and the R square value is 0.608 or 60.8 % . There are things that need to be optimized in terms of the influence of aviation security facilities on security at the Minangkabau International Airport Cargo Terminal, the need to increase the number of Aviation Security personnel licensed by Junior Avsec to operate 1 x-ray machine with a minimum of 3 people and the need for security facilities is not yet adequate, such as the absence of a Walk Through Metal Detector.

The Implementation of ICAO and Civil Aviation Regulation in Vocational Higher Education

The study focuses on the implementation of ICAO and Civil Aviation Regulations in vocational higher education classrooms by using observation and interviews. This study makes an important contribution to the understanding of the importance of compliance with ICAO and civil aviation regulations in vocational higher education. The results of this study identified the stages of implementing ICAO and civil aviation regulations. Additionally, the study also reveals best practices that can be adopted by educational institutions to ensure full compliance with ICAO and civil aviation regulations. This study serves as a basis for educational institutions to improve curricula, teaching methods and practical training to ensure that their graduates understand and comply with aviation security and safety standards set by ICAO and civil aviation regulations.

THE NUMBER OF AVIATION SECURITY PERSONNEL ON SECURITY CHECK POINT 2 SERVICES

Minangkabau International Airport is one of the air transportation gateways in Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra. When the author conducted research during On the Job Training at Minangkabau International Airport, the author saw that the number of Aviation Security personnel at Security Check Point 2 was not in accordance with existing regulations. Effective and efficient security services at the airport are very important to maintain passenger safety and prevent threats to flight safety. One factor that affects the quality of security services is the number of personnel available to carry out security tasks at the Security Check Point. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the number of Aviation Security personnel on Security Check Point 2 services at Minangkabau International Airport which is important to support passenger safety and comfort and realize excellent service quality for Minangkabau International Airport. This research method uses a quantitative descriptive method by making observations at Minangkabau International Airport, then obtaining data by distributing questionnaires to organic Aviation Security Personnel and service users. The results of this study indicate that service users agree that the number of Aviation Security personnel affects service. The problems in this study are expected to be used to make policies in improving the quality of security services at the airport

Transforming Airport Security: Enhancing Efficiency through Blockchain Smart Contracts

In the aviation industry, the issuance of airside passes often encounters significant delays, posing logistical challenges and hindering crucial operations. This study delves into the potential of implementing blockchain technology, particularly smart contracts, to streamline and expedite airport security processes. Our analysis of data from leading UK airports reveals notable inefficiencies in the current airside pass issuance procedures, necessitating a transformative solution. We advocate for the integration of blockchain smart contracts as a pioneering approach to substantially reduce processing times. By automating execution based on predefined conditions, smart contracts have the potential to revolutionize airport security operations. This research signifies a groundbreaking advancement in the use of smart contracts within the airline industry, underscoring the substantial efficiency improvements that can be achieved. As we conclude this study, we foresee further research and practical implementations to unlock the full transformative impact of blockchain technology on aviation security.

Implementation of dual-energy material decomposition technique in stationary CT baggage scanner withπ-angle sparsity for enhancing threat detection

Two-dimensional X-ray inspection systems are widely used in aviation security applications; however, they have inherent limitations in recognizing the three-dimensional (3D) shapes of hidden objects. Therefore, there is a growing demand for the implementation of advanced 3D X-ray inspection systems at airports for more accurate detection of threats in luggage and personal belongings. In this study, we designed a new stationary computed tomography (CT) baggage scanner with π-angle sparsity (i.e., 20 pairs of X-ray sources and line detectors were placed within a scan angle of 180°) and compressed sensing (CS)-based reconstruction, and implemented a dual-energy material decomposition (DEMD) technique in the proposed system to separate soft and dense materials of an examined object to enhance threat detection. To validate the efficacy of the proposed approach (CS/180°/P20), we conducted a feasibility study using numerical simulation before its practical implementation. Polychromatic projections were emulated at X-ray tube voltages of 60 and 140 kVp, and DEMD was applied to the projections prior to CT reconstruction. Conventional and dual-energy CT images were reconstructed using both standard filtered-backprojection (FBP) and state-of-the-art CS-based algorithms to compare the image quality. According to our simulation results, the CS-reconstructed images were almost unaffected by the clearly evident streak artifacts on the FBP-reconstructed images because of the use of 20 extreme sparse-view projections, and the image quality of the dual-energy CT images obtained using the proposed CT configuration was similar to that obtained using the conventional CT configuration with 720 dense projections, indicating the efficacy of the proposed approach. Consequently, high-quality dual-energy CT images of soft and dense materials were successfully obtained using the proposed stationary CT configuration.

Micro-Expression Spotting Based on VoVNet, Driven by Multi-Scale Features

Micro-expressions are a type of real emotional expression, which are unconscious and difficult to hide. Identifying these expressions has great potential applications in areas such as civil aviation security, criminal interrogation, and clinical medicine. However, because of their characteristics such as short duration, low intensity, and sparse action units, this makes micro-expression spotting difficult. To address this problem and inspired by object detection methods, we propose a VoVNet-based micro-expression spotting model, driven by multi-scale features. Firstly, VoVNet is used to achieve the extraction and reuse of different scale perceptual field features to improve the feature extraction capability. Secondly, multi-scale features are extracted and fused using the Feature Pyramid Network module, incorporating optical flow features, and by realizing the interactive fusion of fine-grained feature information and semantic feature information. Finally, the model is trained and optimized on CAS(ME)2 and SAMM Long Video. The experimental results show that the F1 score of the proposed model is improved by 0.1963 and 0.2441 on the two datasets compared with the baseline method, which outperforms the most popular spotting methods.

Pengaruh Beban Kerja terhadap Kedisiplinan Petugas Aviation Security di Bandar Udara Internasional Supadio Pontianak

Airports have a very important role in the smooth process of passengers who will make flights, the workforce at the airport in carrying out their duties needs to be done quickly and precisely as well as the duties and responsibilities of Aviation Security (AVSEC). This includes the duties of AVSEC in ensuring flight security and safety, As an International Airport that has a large number of passengers, Supadio Pontianak International Airport needs to maintain passenger comfort in terms of security and service. This study aims to determine the effect of workload on the discipline of Aviation Security officers at Supadio Pontianak International Airport and to determine how much influence workload has on the discipline of Aviation Security officers at Supadio Pontianak International Airport. This research was conducted on Aviation Security officers at Supadio Pontianak International Airport, while the research time was for 30 days from October 1 - October 31, this study used a quantitative approach method, with Aviation Security officers as Research Subjects, the population in this study amounted to 81 and used a sample of 81 respondents, the data used in this study were primary data in the form of questionnaires through google form, before the research was carried out, the instrument was first tested with a validity test and reliability test involving 81 avsec personnel at supadio pontianak international airport. The results of this study indicate a positive influence on workload (X) on discipline (Y) on Avsec personnel at the international airport supadio pontianak, Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the R square value is 0, 180 or equal to 18%, meaning that the workload variable (X) affects the discipline variable (Y) by 18%, while the remaining 100% - 18% = 82% is influenced by other variables outside the regression equation or variables that are not studied. Keywords: The Effect of Workload on the Discipline of Aviation Security Officers.

Aviation Safety Management System Arrangements to Realize Security and Safety at Halim Perdana Kusuma Airport

Regulation of aviation safety management system to realize security and safety at Halim Perdana Kusuma Airport. This thesis raises the issue of aviation safety arrangements based on international rules at the airport in relation to the application of safety management systems and the implementation of these rules in accordance with Law Number 1 of 2009 concerning Aviation and its implementing regulations, especially at Halim Perdana Kusuma Airport. The safety and security of national aviation regulated in the Aviation Law includes guidelines that are in accordance with ICAO provisions regarding the State Safety Program. ICAO standards require Indonesia as a member state to develop a National Aviation Safety and Security Program to achieve an Acceptable Level of Safety (AIoS) and a safety management system for aviation service providers. Furthermore, researchers conduct legal analysis of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials related to the problems studied. The type of research that the author uses is an empirical juridical research method conducted by means of field research through interviews and examining library materials or secondary data. In the discussion of this research, it is known that aviation safety arrangements based on international rules at the airport in relation to the application of the Safety Management System are regulated based on the provisions of ICAO Annex 14 which has introduced the application of the Safety Management System in the operation of the Airport, and the provisions of ICAO Annex 19 concerning Safety Management, the framework of the Safety Management System in its implementation is in accordance with Law Number 1 of 2009 concerning Aviation as a guideline in implementing aviation security and safety arrangements at Halim Perdana Kusuma Airport.

We Fly Congress: Market Actions as Corporate Political Activity in the U.S. Airline Industry

The literature on corporate political activity (CPA) generally views nonmarket actions aimed at influencing political actors (e.g., lobbying or campaign contributions) as related but separate activities from market actions. This study demonstrates how firms’ core market actions (e.g., market entry or geographic expansion) can function as CPA. We theorize two mechanisms through which firms leverage market actions as CPA: “pork” (i.e., ones that primarily benefit a politician’s constituents) and “perk” (i.e., ones that directly benefit the politician). We document these mechanisms through an empirical analysis of data from the U.S. airline industry in 1990–2019. Specifically, we find that airlines increase the supply of flights from the airports in the home district of the chair of the Transportation Committee in the U.S. House of Representatives (pork). We also find that the airlines increase the supply of nonstop flights to Washington, DC. from the Chair’s district (perk). We use counterfactual estimation methods and exogenous turnovers in committee leadership to provide causal evidence. Moreover, the observed increase in flight supplies is negatively associated with formal policy changes in Congress, and with text mining techniques, we find that this effect is stronger for bills related to aviation safety and security. We contribute to the literature on CPA by demonstrating a blurred boundary between market and nonmarket actions, which helps explain firms’ competitive actions that cannot be explained by market considerations alone. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.17026 .

Implementation of Safety Culture at the Aviation Security Unit at Betoambari Airport, Baubau City

Aviation security and safety must be considered in every operation. To prevent accidents, actions that increase safety are needed, such as adopting a safety culture. Safety culture is formed through organizational, professional and national culture that is implemented to maintain flight safety. The aim of this research is to find out how far the safety culture is implemented at the Aviation Security unit at Betoambari Airport. This study uses a research method in the form of a qualitative approach using primary data in the form of interview and observation data and secondary data in the form of literature studies, report data in the form of SOP (Operational Standard) archives related to safety culture and events that have been documented and related to the subject matter. research discussion. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. While the data analysis technique uses data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. Then in measuring the validity of the researchers used the technique of triangulation of sources and methods. The results of this study looked at the implementation of the safety culture at Betoambari Airport with the implementation of AVSEC officers: performance, work shifts, work coordination, safety briefings with other units according to the SOP in force in the Ministry of Transportation regulation SKEP 2765/XII/ 2010. the obstacles faced by AVSEC officers are related to the need to improve the quality of human resources, coordination with other units such as customs to work optimally and the addition of incomplete facilities to support AVSEC's performance in aviation safety and security.

The Influence of Performance on Service Quality in Dangerous Goods Inspection at Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Bima Airport

Aviation security and safety are very fundamental things that need to be considered by the airport. In terms of aviation security and safety, the role of the Aviation Security (Avsec) unit is certainly not spared. Avsec itself is a very important unit and has a very big role in aviation safety and security. The purpose of this study is to examine how performance influences service quality in the inspection of dangerous goods at Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Bima Airport. The research method used is descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The data analysis used is the Research Instrument Test and Simple Linear Regression Test. The results of this study indicate that: 1.) Based on the results of the t-test, performance influences service quality significantly. 2.) Based on the coefficient of determination test, it can be concluded that the magnitude of the influence of performance on service quality can be seen in the R Square value indicating a value of 0.771, which means that the independent variable has an influence on the dependent variable of 77.1% while the remaining 22.9% is influenced by other variables outside of the model used.

Evaluating Avatar Designs for On-Person Screening in Aviation Security

In aviation security, on-person screening quality is dependent on security screeners accurately translating the location of a digital 2D alarm to a 3D passenger using mental spatial scaling. Currently, security screeners are shown an alarm on a generic human figure (avatar) designed to protect passenger privacy. The problem is that the avatar may be overly generic and it can be challenging for security screeners to quickly and confidently locate the threat. To compensate, security screeners may increase their search area to guarantee that the threat is found. In prior work, an avatar design with relevant landmarks improved location accuracy. For this study, we compared the redesigned avatar to three other avatar designs that are used by on-person screening vendors. The results of the study showed that screeners had significantly smaller search areas (30% smaller) and were closer to the true target location (15% closer) when using the redesigned avatar.

Security Examination Procedures in the New Normal Period and Performance of Aviation Security Officers at Morowali Airport, Central Sulawesi Province

Aviation Security officers play an important role in carrying out inspections to maintain the security and safety of prospective passengers. In the initial interview with AVSEC officers at Morowali Airport, Central Sulawesi Province, changes in policy, especially in the New Normal Era, can affect the performance of AVSEC officers, apart from conducting security checks on passengers, AVSEC officers also direct passengers who have or are identified with symptoms of COVID-19 to checked separately and also carry out separate checks on passengers who carry sharp weapons or firearms that can threaten and endanger flight security and safety. With this additional performance, it can affect the performance of AVSEC officers, apart from conducting security checks, officers also conduct briefings for passengers. This study aims to find out the security inspection procedures during the new normal period at Morowali Airport, Central Sulawesi Province. And analyze the performance of Aviation Security (AVSEC) officers at Morowali Airport, Central Sulawesi Province. This study uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques using observation methods, structured interviews, and documentation collected from relevant informants when the writer is in the field. The results of this study indicate that the inspection procedure in the era of adaptation to new habits is the same as the previous examination but there are additional checks or rules such as passengers must wear masks, maintain a minimum distance of 1 meter and examine health documents for passengers who will travel with the help of supporting equipment such as Walk Through Metal Detector, Hand Held Metal Detector, X-Ray Machine. And the performance of Aviation Security personnel at Morowali Airport is in accordance with the SOP set at Morowali Airport, Central Sulawesi.

Implementation of Article 3 Paragraph (2) PM 33 of 2015 Concerning Perimeter Requirements at Abdulrachman Saleh Airport Malang

Perimeter requirements regulations for domestic airports have been regulated in Article 3 Paragraph (2) PM 33 of 2015. Abdulrachman Saleh Malang Airport as a domestic airport must meet the perimeter requirements stipulated in the minister of transportation regulation. This study aims to find out how the Implementation of Article 3 Paragraph (2) PM 33 of 2015 regarding perimeter requirements at Abdulrachman Saleh Airport Malang. This study uses primary data and secondary data. The subjects in this study were Aviation Security officers. Data collection methods used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The location of this research was carried out at the East Java Transportation Service UPT for placement in the Aviation Security (Avsec) and Apron Movement Control (AMC) sections. Data analysis used descriptive qualitative. The research results obtained show that Abdulrachman Saleh Malang Airport has implemented most of the perimeter requirements that have been stipulated in Article 3 Paragraph (2) PM 33 of 2015 such as the perimeter fence is mostly 2.44 meters high, provision of trellis on drainage, available visibility around the barrier, inspection roads are available and equipped with emergency exits. The perimeter requirements that have not been met at Abdulrachman Saleh Airport are that there are still found a perimeter that is less than 2.44 meters high, there are gaps that can be easily penetrated by people and wild animals and there are no lights around the perimeter fence.

Analysis of Monitoring Performance by AMC Officers at Juwata Tarakan International Airport, North Kalimantan

Every airport operator is required to provide facilities that meet the requirements for aviation safety and security. In order for airport facilities to function properly, the operator is required to carry out supervision within a predetermined period of time. Each airport is required to provide a Follow Me Car and provide parking stand supervision by AMC according to the applicable SOP. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the performance of supervision by AMC officers at Juwata Tarakan International Airport, North Kalimantan. The research used a qualitative descriptive approach, the research was conducted from September to October 2023 by conducting structured interviews with 3 informants, namely the person in charge of the unit, senior and junior AMC by using a data validity test. Secondary data is in the form of documents, books, journals and SOPs as supporting and complementary data for writing this research. Data analysis techniques used in this study are data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions and verification. Researchers use technical triangulation so that the data in this study proves its validity. Obstacles faced by AMC unit officers are the lack of AMC officers, lack of coordination between AMC officers and ground handling officers, and the absence of CCTV facilities in the parking stand area. These obstacles can be overcome by AMC officers coordinating with each other accompanied by the person in charge, conducting ramp checks on the apron once every 3 hours using a follow me car so that the parking stands are always safe and protected from dangerous goods, providing marshallers guiding the aircraft to the parking stands using the follow me car service.

Analysis of the Implementation of Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting Unit Operations in Efforts to Improve Aviation Security and Safety at Adi Soemarmo Boyolali International Airport

ARFF is a work unit that must exist at an airport. ARFF has three main tasks, namely operation, maintenance and training. The training aims to maintain the quality of ARFF personnel in dealing with unexpected events that we don't expect, maintenance aims to prepare the ARFF operating vehicle so that it is always ready when needed for operations, while operation is the culmination of what we do in training and maintenance. The role of the ARFF officer unit is to be responsible for operating and carrying out maintenance or maintenance of ARFF vehicles and handling emergencies at the airport. The purpose of this research is to find out the role of ARFF unit officers in supporting flight security and safety at Adi Soemarmo Boyolali Airport. In this research or study, researchers used qualitative research methods to collect data using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The research was conducted from 1 February 2023 to 1 March 2023. Observations in this study involved efforts to increase flight security and safety by the Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting Unit at Adi Soemarmo Boyolali International Airport. ARFF Unit personnel at Adi Soemarmo Boyolali International Airport are the informants or respondents to the research interview activities. Documentation in this study involves recording activities in the work area of the ARFF Unit including the performance of the ARFF Unit and the ARFF Unit's efforts to improve flight security and safety at Adi Soemarmo Boyolali International Airport. The results of the study show that the level of flight security and safety carried out by the ARFF Unit at Adi Soemarmo Boyolali International Airport is trying to improve its performance at Adi Soemarmo Boyolali International Airport in order to maintain the level of flight security and safety.

Analisis Perawatan Fasilitas Kendaraan di Unit Pertolongan Kecelakaan Penerbangan dan Pemadam Kebakaran (PKP-PK) Bandar Udara Internasional Juwata Tarakan


 Every airport operator is required to provide facilities that meet aviation safety and security requirements so that airport facilities can function properly, the operator is required to carry out maintenance within a certain period. Each airport is required to provide and provide PKP-PK services according to the airport category for PKP-PK required. The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the causes of damage, find out how to maintain facilities, and find out the standard of vehicle eligibility at the PKP-PK unit of Juwata Tarakan International Airport. The research used a qualitative descriptive approach, the research was conducted in March 2023 by conducting structured interviews with 3 informants, namely the person in charge of the unit, senior and junior PKP-PK using a data validity test. Secondary data in the form of documents, books, journals and regulations as supporting and complementary data for writing this research. The obstacle faced by PKP-PK unit officers is that the vehicle is damaged on the engine part and there is no shop manual, this problem can be handled by optimizing maintenance. Treatment by officers refers to KP 04 of 2013. The vehicle eligibility standards in the PKP-PK unit are feasible to operate and meet the vehicle type standards starting from acceleration, beam distance, and top speed.
 Keywords: PKP-PK, Maintenance