Average Individual Weight Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА СТЕПЕНИ ВЛИЯНИЯ СПИРТА В КАЧЕСТВЕ ФИКСИРУЮЩЕГО РАСТВОРА НА МАССУ ТЕЛА БОКОПЛАВОВ (CRUSTACEA, AMPHIPODA)

We discuss results of experiments evaluating effect of fixing solution on the body weight of three species of amphipods, Locustogammarus locustoides (Brandt, 1851), Orchestia ochotensis Brandt, 1851 and Parhyale zibellina Derzhavin, 1937, in order to estimate the degree of influence of 70% ethanol solution on the weight of crustaceans during long-term storage. As a result, we found that during the period of conservation lasting 16 years and 3 months, the average body weight of individuals of the first two species decreased by 21% and 26%, respectively in comparison to the initial weight. In case of P. zibellina, 18% decrease in body weight occurred after 13 years of storage. The need to consider effect of alcohol-containing solutions on the body weight of amphipods is discussed. This is particularly important in studies where weight values are used as input or intermediate data for subsequent calculations. These may include estimation of biological production, determination of energy metabolism rates and modeling of growth processes and etc. It is proposed to use correction coefficients to restore the values of the primary mass of amphipods that were stored in a fixed form.

Современное состояние восточнобалтийской популяции трески Gadus morhua callarias Linnaeus, 1758

A review of scientific literature describing the state and dynamics of the Eastern Baltic cod population over the past 30 years has been conducted. The Eastern Baltic cod is one of the most important commercial species in the Baltic Sea. An ecological regime shift in the early 1990s, resulting from a reduction in the frequency of large North Sea inflows, led to a de­crease in salinity and oxygen levels in the bottom layers of the deep basins of the Baltic Sea. This caused a sharp deterioration in the spawning conditions. Factors influencing the Eastern Baltic cod population and changes in the population under the influence of these factors are described. The decisive impact of North Sea inflows and their prolonged absence on the popu­lation's development, the influence of oxygen saturation levels on all life stages of cod, and the negative consequences of hypoxia for the feeding of Eastern Baltic cod are noted. Among the changes in the population, a decrease in the number of eggs in spawning areas during the peak spawning period, a reduction in the average individual sizes and weights of specimens, and a shift in the spawning peak to later dates are highlighted. The conclusion is drawn about the unsatisfactory state of the population and the impossibility of its recovery in the medium term, regardless of commercial catch rates.

A Note on Experimental Gigantic Eisenia and Dendrobaena Earthworms

Earthworms are iteroparous organisms with indeterminate growth, i.e. they continue to increase in size throughout their life and after completion of sexual development. Terrestrial oligochaetes vary greatly in size. Depending on the species, adult earthworms can reach between 10 mm and 3 m in length and between <1 mm and >25 mm in width, with most being of length 5-15 cm. Among the more than 7000 species described to date, very few (~20) reach lengths greater than 1 m. The longest earthworm on record is Amynthas mekongianus, which is found in the mud banks of the Mekong River in Southeast Asia and which reaches almost 3 m in length. It is about the same size as Megascolides australis, the ‘Giant Gippsland Earthworm’. These atypically giant earthworm species remain a scientific curiosity in terms of their biology, but they cannot be considered cases of gigantism. Gigantism occurs when organisms are much larger than normal or exhibit excessive growth. The biology, life cycle and growth and reproduction rates of Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826) and Eisenia andrei (Bouché 1972), the earthworm species most commonly used in vermicomposting and vermiculture, have been widely reported. Here we present details of the enormous growth of individual specimens of Eisenia andrei and Dendrobaena hortensis reared under particular culture conditions and fed a special diet. Individuals almost 20 times the average weight of individuals of the species have been obtained. Possible explanations for this interesting phenomenon are discussed.

Investigation of different lighting (LED, HPS and FLO) in aquaponics systems for joint production of different plants (Lettuce, Parsley and Cress) and koi carp

We investigated the effects of growth performance of three plant species parsley (Petroselinum crispum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cress (Lepidium sativum) under the three different lighting sources, Light-Emitting Diode lamp (LED; 200w), High-Pressure Sodium lamp (HPS; 200w) and Fluorescent lamp (FLO; 200w) in an aquaponic system. A total number of 43 koi fish (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) with 3628 g total biomass (84.4 g per individual) were used. The fish used in the experiment recorded 36% growth and reached an average individual weight of 132.7 g at the end of the experiment. The parsley plant was measured as 8.76 ±7.32 g; 7.45 ±4.13 g; 2.04 ±1.96 g weight after 45 days, the lettuce plant was 54.09 ± 25.60 g; 60.83 ±19.39 g; 17.81 ±6.40 g weight after 54 days, cress plant was 1.03 ±0.58 g; 1.15 ±0.46 g; 1.31 ±0.58 g weight after 42 days, under the HPS, LED, and FLO light sources, respectively. HPS and LED light sources in lettuce and parsley showed better plant development than the FLO, while no significant difference occurred in cress plants under three light conditions. We conclude that using HPS or LED lights in indoor aquaponics has the potential to produce good quality and adequate amounts of plants.

The Evaluation of Different Feeds on Brine Shrimp, Artemia parthenogenetica Culture

In this study, Artemia parthenogenetica was fed with either Spirulina (S), yeast (Y), rice bran (R), oat (O) or their combinations in 10 experimental groups in triplicate for 20 days in laboratory conditions and growth, biomass, feed conversion rate (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate, crude protein, crude lipid contents were determined. The highest average body length obtained at the end of the experiment was 2.805±0.003 mm in treatments (S) and (SYR), and the highest average individual dry weight was 23.057 µg in treatment (S). The mean biomass changed between 167.2±0.003 mg and 115.7±0.012 mg. The highest biomass value was 20.9 g/m3 in treatment (S), followed by 20.5 g/m3 in treatment (SYR). The highest FCR was found to be similar in (S) and (Y) with 1.14±0.02. SGR was 1.01±0.001 in all experimental groups. The highest survival rate was in treatment (S), and overall it ranged between 78.22±1.78 - 90.64±0.06%. The highest crude protein contents of Artemia were found in (SR) and (S) and the highest lipid content was found in treatment (O). As a result, it is thought that combinations of by-products such as rice bran and yeast together with microalgae will be economical in the cultivation of Artemia parthenogenetica.

EFFECT OF USING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CANOLA OIL ON THE HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO L.

The fish production industry has become one of the most important animal production projects, and fish industry suffer from feed costs, so this study aims to find accessible food additives that increase production or reduce costs. This was done by 126 fish of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Average individual weight 42.72 g ± 2.28 g. and 254.78 g ± 2.95 g biomass weight. were randomly distributed to 21 aquaria, with seven treatments with three replicates, 6 fish per aquarium. Fish were fed 3% by weight of biomass, on a prepared diet with a protein content of 28%. It was divided into seven sections by treatments, T1 without addition, T2, T3and T4 adding sunflower oil 2, 4 and 6 g/kg, consecutively, T5, T6 and T7 adding canola oil 2, 4, and6 g/kg consecutively. The experiment period lasted 70 days, at the end of the experiment blood samples were taken from the experimental fish. The results of the blood and biochemical characteristics of common carp showed that there were no significant differences at the level (P≤0.05) in all experimental treatments.

Impacts of habitat-specific benthic fishing compared to those of short-term induced variability by environmental drivers in a turbulent Baltic Sea environment

The short term impacts of fishing pressure were compared with the variability induced by environmental drivers on quantitative benthic community impact indicators. The different pressures were evaluated through comparative multifactor statistical analyses of their effects on macrofauna indicators in a Baltic Sea area with high natural disturbance. The area is exposed to a wide range of fishing intensities from long term non-fished areas to seasonal and annually frequently fished areas. Such evaluations are important for comparing the influence and short term variability of impact indicators from both demersal fisheries and the environment, including benthic community biodiversity (species richness), density (abundance in number of individuals), biomass, and average individual mean weight, with high spatio-temporal resolution. Environmental drivers include near bottom water current speed, salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration, considering habitat specific and seasonal conditions. Demersal fishing-induced impacts were evident for all indicators. The highest fishing impacts were estimated in soft muddy and sandy habitats and in the second quarter of the year for all indicators, considering complex interactions. All environmental drivers, especially, current speed, had significant impacts on all indicators. The significant influences and short term variability caused by environmental drivers were of the same or larger order of magnitude as fishing impacts. Consequently, the short term influence of environmental drivers and seasonal differences in fishing pressure need to be considered when using quantitative benthic fishing impact indicators and identifying areas that are more or less resilient to fishing in relation to short- and long-term fisheries management plans.

Effect of Pruning and Fertilizers on Growth, Flowering and Yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under Protected Structure in Panchthar, Nepal

A study was conducted to determine the effect of pruning practices and different fertilizer combinations on Bhaktapur local variety of cucumber under protected structure in Panchthar, Nepal during February to June 2021. The experiment was laid out in two factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Treatments used were two pruning practices (no pruning and 3G cutting) and four fertilizer doses (no fertilizer (control), 30 Mt/ha FYM+ 100% RDF (140:60:100 kg of NPK), 9.4 Mt/ha Vermicompost+ 100% RDF of NPK and 4.3 Mt/ha Poultry manure+ 100% RDF of NPK). Although 3G cutting practice increased the days required for 50 % flowering, it significantly decreased the male: female flowers ratio (1.69) compared to no pruning (4.38). Similarly, number of fruits per plant, individual fruit weight, fruit diameter and average fruit yield (95.21 Mt/ha) were maximum in 3G cutting. In terms of fertilizers, time requirement for 50% male flowering remained unaffected, however, plants treated with fertilizers 30 Mt/ha FYM+ 100% RDF of NPK showed significantly least days required for 50% female flowering, lowest male: female flowers ratio (2.41), maximum number of fruits per plant, maximum average individual fruit weight and highest average yield (105.78 Mt/ha) which are statistically at par with results of 9.4 Mt/ha vermicompost+ 100% RDF of NPK and 4.3 Mt/ha poultry manure+ 100% RDF of NPK for these parameters. The results concluded that combined application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers in recommended dose with 3G pruning practices is best for growth and yield of cucumber.

Effect of Agricultural By-Products as a Carbon Source in a Biofloc-Based System on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Hepatopancreas Histology, and Gut Bacterial Load of Litopenaeus vannamei Post Larvae

The present study evaluated the influence of different commercial agricultural by-products as a carbon source in a bifloc-based (BFT) culture system on growth performance, whole-body proximate composition, digestive enzyme activities, gut microbial abundance, and hepatopancreas histology of Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei post larvae (Pls). Three groups were designed, the first group was the control group, where the shrimp was reared in clear water (without carbon source addition and water exchange rate of 100% two times a week) and fed with a commercial diet, in the second and third groups shrimp were reared in BFT systems using two different carbon sources, sugarcane bagasse (SB) and rice bran (RB) without additional feeding or water exchange. The initial stocking density was 16 Pls/liter with an average individual shrimp weight of 0.01 ± 0.002 g and age (PL20). The experiment lasted 90 days. The water quality parameters were maintained at optimum levels during the experiment. The final body weight and specific growth rate of shrimp were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher in the control group than those reared in both SB and RB-based BFT. Meanwhile, the survival rate was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in BFT groups than in the control. The protease activity in shrimp stomach did not differ significantly. Meanwhile, protease, lipase, and amylase in the intestine showed a significant increase (p < 0.01) in BFT groups than those obtained in the control group. The total heterotrophic bacteria were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in BFT groups. Furthermore, the hepatopancreas histological status of shrimp reared in the SB-based BFT group showed an increase in the hepatopancreas tubules in the distal and B-cell zones (blister-like cells) by 16.83 and 34.89%, respectively, compared to the control. This study revealed that BFT could be used as a natural feed without artificial diets, which influenced the gut microbiota of shrimp, increased digestive enzyme activities, as well as improved the histological structure of the hepatopancreas of shrimp. However, the success of this conditions under high stocking density still needs more investigation.

The dependence of the growth of carp yearlings (cyprinus carpio) on the density of planting in cages in the conditions of the Karkidon reservoir of Uzbekistan

The effect of stocking density on the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in cages was studied. Common carp yearlings (22 g) from the pond hatchery were stocked at 30, 60, 90 ind./m3 (in triplicate). Fish were fed with “Huvalon siliao” aquafeed (Uzbekistan) (35% protein) with ratio 3% of the fish biomass per day. The growth rates of fish in different variants, both in absolute terms and in relative terms (growth rate, specific growth rate), were the same. Carp yearlings were brought from a pond fish nursery and planted evenly in cages. A week was allo-cated as a period of adaptation of fish to the conditions of cages, during this period they were fed at the rate of 3% of the fish biomass. At the beginning of the experiment (May 10) the fish were planted in 30, 60, 90 yearlings of carp in a cage (in triple repetition), the average individual weight of carp (w1, g) in each of the nine cages was 22 g.

PEMBERIAN PAKAN BUATAN DENGAN PERSENTASE YANG BERBEDA PADA PERTUMBUHAN IKAN NILA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS LINN) MENGGUNAKAN HAPPA DI KOLAM KECAMATAN MARTAPURA KABUPATEN BANJAR KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Tilapia is a superior variety fish and is the result of crossing several tilapia varieties in several countries in the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the artificial feeding with different proportions on the growth of tilapia reared using happa in the pond. This research was conducted in Martapura sub-district, Banjar district for 2 months using happa. The test fish in this study had an average weight of 25-33 grams with a standard length of 8-10 cm. The maintenance area uses a pool equipped with 9 pieces of happa measuring 1m x1m x1m. The design method used RAL (Completely Randomized Design) with 3 treatments and 3 replications, namely treatment A (percentage of feed 7%), treatment B (percentage of feed 5%) and treatment C (percentage of feed 3%). Parameters observed included relative weight growth, relative standard length growth, condition factors, feed conversion, survival rate, mortality and water quality as supporting data. The results of the Liliefors normality test and the homogeneity of the Barlett variance showed that all data were normally distributed and homogeneous. The results of the analysis of Diversity (Anova) the growth of the average relative weight of individuals (A=409.69%, B=309.33%, C=259.99%), the relative growth of the average standard length of individuals (A= 73.32 ) %, B=50,98%, C=47,37%). Condition factor (A=4.73, B=4.94 and C 4.99), from the condition factor value, it can be said that the fish is fat (value >4). Conversion of food (A=2.30, B=1.90, C=1.18), water quality during rearing were generally still within the tolerance limits or general range so that they could support the life and growth of the test fish until the end of the rearing

Addition of turmeric (Curcuma longo LINN) extract on artificial feed to increase feed eficiency and the growth of gouramy fry (Osphronemus goramy

Artificial feed consisting of anting spinach flour (Acalypha indica L) and mung bean sprout waste (Vigna radiata) with the addition of turmeric extract is a fish feed that has not been widely used as a source of vegetable protein raw materials. This study aims to determine the effect of adding turmeric extract (Curcuma longa LINN) to the feed formula on increasing feed efficiency and growth of Osphronemus gourami. Materials and methods, the test fish used was gourami with an average individual weight of 5.04±0.5 g/head. Feeding at 08.00, 12.00 and 16.00 with feeding at satition. The test fish were reared with a stocking density of 13 fish/20 L, using a 30 liter bucket container with a maintenance period of 42 days. This research was conducted by experimental method using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. Each treatment contains 31.5-32.33% crude protein. The treatment is A: without spinach anting flour and bean spout flour, B: 100% spinach anting flour and 0% bean sprout flour, C: 50% spinach anting flour and 50% bean sprout pulp flour, D : 100% test feed of bean sprout pulp flour and each treatment was repeated three times. The treatment tested was the same dose of turmeric extract added to the feed with treatments A, B, C and D, each dose was given the same (15 ml/kg feed). The observed data included feed consumption rate (TKP), feed utilization efficiency (FUE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein eficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU), relative growth rate (RGR), survival rate ( SR) and water quality. The best EPP treatment was C 95.92±2.49%, and FCR value 1.67±0.03. PER value 3.00±0.077%. NPU value... The treatment with the best growth was treatment C, which was RGR 6.11±0.07%/day. The water quality in the rearing media was in the appropriate range for rearing the test fish.

Effect of skip-feeding and re-feeding regimes on compensatory growth, body composition, feed utilization, feeding cost and survival of monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in pond aquaculture system

Monosex tilapia has great acceptability particularly among the lower income people due to its lower price. However, due to increased feed price the price of tilapia has been increased in recent years. Compensatory growth (CG) of fish that is achieved after a period of feed deprivation can potentially reduce the feed cost. The present study aimed to get CG in tilapia farming so as to reduce the production cost of this popular fish. Tilapia fry of 0.54 g body weight were nursed in hapa for one month and then stocked in earthen ponds where two different restricted feeding regimes were imposed for next two months followed by one month feeding at satiation level. Sampling was done fortnightly to record average weight gain in control and treatment groups. Average individual weight in restricted feeding group (T1) reached to 170.11±4.6 g in a three months experimental period and it did not significantly (p>0.05) differ with the weight gained in control group (182.79±5.32 g) where fish were fed on regular basis. The specific growth rate (SGR) also showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between T1 (SGR 2.66±0.011 % day-1) and control group (SGR 2.69±0.012 % day-1). Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) in T1 (1.26) was found significantly (p<0.05) lower to that of control group (1.47), hence the per unit production cost was also found significantly lower in T1 (BDT 75 Kg-1) compared to that of control (BDT 88.23 Kg-1). On the other hand no significant difference was evident in biochemical parameters between the control and restricted feeding groups. Thus, this study suggests skip feeding as an appropriate tool to achieving CG in monosex tilapia and to trim down the production cost as well.

Effect of the Feeding on Artificial Diet or Alfalfa Plant on the Growth of Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val. 1844) Fingerlings Cultivated in the Earthen Ponds

The current study aims to compare the growth of young grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella fed on either artificial diet or alfalfa. The experiment was carried out in the earthen ponds of the Aquaculture Unit in the Agricultural Researches and Experiments Station (College of Agriculture, University of Basrah), which is located in the Al-Hartha district, approximately 16 km north of Basra (300 65' 64.6''N, 470 74' 79.5''E). The experiment begun from 26 July 2019 to 10 December 2019. Six ponds with an area of 600 square meters each were used for treatments. Fish were distributed equally to the culture ponds (600 fish per pond) at average individual weight of 6.3±0.28 g. Fish in artificial diet treatment were fed 5 % of the body weight and in alfalfa treatment 50 % of the body weight. Samples of fish were weighed every twenty days for the purpose of controlling growth parameters subsequently adjusting the daily feed provided based on the new weight. The growth criteria (final weight, weight gain, daily growth rate, specific growth rate, relative growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio) were calculated. Results of the current study showed that the water temperature is the most variable factor, for example, the highest temperature was 27.2oC in July, while the lowest temperature was 18.7oC in December. Results of growth criteria of the current study showed that grass carp in earthen ponds preferred alfalfa rather than the artificial diet, as the final average weight were 97.35, 47.18 g, the weight gain rate were 91.73, 40.75 g fish-1, the daily growth rate were 1.27, 0.42 g day-1, relative growth rate 1707.77, 629.99 %, specific growth rate were 3.92, 2.04 % day-1, feed conversion ratio were 11.75, 2.51and protein efficiency ratio were 1.75, 0.45 for fish fed on alfalfa plant and the artificial diet respectively.

Effect of mixed leaf litter of four mangrove species on shrimp post larvae (Penaeus monodon, Fabricius, 1798) performance in tank and mesocosm conditions in Bangladesh

Mangrove leaf litter is a potential source of nutrients for shrimp post larvae. To introduce mangrove trees in shrimp farms it is necessary to identify the combination of trees which is most beneficial for shrimp. The present study evaluated the effects of mixed leaf litter of four mangrove species (Avicennia officinalis (Ao), Sonneratia apetala (Sa), S. caseolaris (Sc) and Heritiera fomes (Hf) on shrimp post larvae performance and water and soil quality. Leaf litter with and without supplemental feed was applied to shrimp culture tanks according to a 4 × 2 factorial design and followed by testing a subset of treatments in mesocosm pond conditions. Shrimp post larvae of 15-days old (PL15) with an average weight of 0.01 g were used for both experiments, each with a 4-week duration without water exchange. Under controlled conditions in the tanks, leaf litter and feed resulted in 22 to 32% higher weight gain of PL shrimp than combined weight gain realized when receiving only leaf litter or only feed, indicating synergism. Based on this, the pond experiment was designed with combined application of leaf litter and feed. The pond experiment resulted in higher shrimp weight gain than realized in the tanks. In tanks, the highest average individual weight gain of PL was observed for the leaf litter mixture SaAoHf (0.23 g)followed by SaScHf (0.21 g), ScAoHf (0.21 g) andSaScAoHf (0.20 g). Paralleling the results of the tank experiment, SaAoHf leaf litter also gave the highest average individual weight gain (1.2 g) of PL shrimpin the ponds but other leaf litter treatments followed by SaScAoHf (0.95 g), ScAoHf (0.84 g) and SaScHf (0.69 g) leaf litter. The different mixtures of mangrove leaf litter also resulted in significant differences in biological oxygen demand (BOD5), phytoplankton and zooplankton concentrations in pond water and organic carbon in soil. Both phytoplankton (P < 0.01, Pearson correlation r = 0.910)and zooplankton (P < 0.05, r = 0.535) abundance was positively correlated to shrimp weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the treatments combining leaf litter and supplemental feed as compared to treatments using only feed indicated extra food benefits for shrimp PL from decomposing leaf litter. Overall, mixed mangrove leaf litter had a positive effect on shrimp performance and this effect was highest for SaAoHf leaf litter.

The Effectiveness of Three Biofilter Media on Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) Removal and Survival Rate of Tilapia Gift Seeds (Oreochromis niloticus) in Recirculation Aquaculture System

Efforts to increase tilapia production are carried out through intensive culture by taking into account various aspects that support fish survival. The culture system that supports intensive culture is the Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS). The RAS technology has the ability to support aquaculture with very high density and high yields compared to open culture systems. This study aims to determine the effect of different biofilter media in RAS on decreasing TAN concentration and growth of tilapia seeds. The method used was experimental with three treatments and four replications. Tilapia with an average individual weight of 3.40 ± 0.15 g were maintained in RAS with three different biofilter media treatments, sand (A), polystyrene microbeads (B) and kaldnes (C). The parameters observed were pH, DO, temperature, TAN removal efficiency, specific growth rate (SGR) and survival rate (SR). The results showed that different biofilter media had a significant effect (P &lt;0.05) on the TAN removal efficiency value but had no significant effect (P&gt; 0.05) on the SGR and SR values. The sand biofilter treatment (A) gave the best TAN removal efficiency of 36.61±4.82%.Key words: Kaldnes, Polystyrene, Sand, TAN, Tilapia

Evaluation of different artificial light technologies for indoor aquaponic production of Bibb lettuce, Lactuca sativa var. capitata, and compact basil, Ocimum basilicum var. Genovese

AbstractAquaponic production in temperate climates is often conducted in insulated buildings to reduce heating costs and therefore must rely on artificial lighting to replace natural sunlight. However, there are several different light technologies available to producers. We conducted two aquaponic growth trials to compare four lighting technologies for the indoor production of Bibb lettuce, Lactuca sativa var. capitata (Trial 1), and basil, Ocimum basilicum var. Genovese (Trial 2). Light types evaluated included metal halide (MH), fluorescent (FLO), light‐emitting diode (LED), and induction (IND). Using a complete block design, each of the four identical aquaponic systems included all four light types. Juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, (Trial 1:145 g; Trial 2:169 g) were stocked into each replicate system and fed at a rate of 60 g feed m−2 of plant grow‐space per day. In Trial 1, Bibb lettuce plants grown under LED lights had significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) average individual weights (164 g), higher production per unit area (3118 g m−2), and higher production per unit energy (84 g m−2 kWh−1) compared to those grown under the other light types. Bibb lettuce grown under IND and FLO lights had significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) average individual weights (82.0 and 78.0 g, respectively) and production per unit of area (1762 and 1700 g m−2, respectively) than those grown under MH lights (1382 g m−2). In Trial 2, Basil grown under LED lights had significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) average individual weights (188 g), production per unit area (4970 m−2), and production per unit of energy (1483 g m−2 kWh−1) than basil grown under the other three light types. There was no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) in average individual weight or production per unit area among basil plants grown under MH, IND or FLO. Analysis of leaf tissues indicated several statistically significant differences among the light treatments. However, the actual magnitudes of these differences were relatively small. Evaluation of emitted wavelengths indicate that production differences may be related to the amount of red light spectra (600–699 nm), and the ratio of red light to blue light (400–499 nm) (R:B ratio) produced by the different light types. The LED had a greater production of red spectra and higher R:B ratios than other lights which appears to be advantageous for growth of Bibb lettuce and basil.

Interactive effects of dietary protein and lipid on growth of Indian climbing perch, Anabas testudineus fry

Aim: To assess the optimum protein and lipid requirement of Anabas testudineus at its fry stage, based on the growth performance, feed efficiency and nutrient gain efficiency. Methodology: Eight experimental diets were prepared with four protein (35, 40, 45 and 50 %) and two lipid (9 and 13%) levels. The diets were designated as D1 (35 P/9L), D2 (35 P/13 L), D3 (40 P/9 L), D4 (40 P/13 L), D5 (45 P/9 L), D6 (45 P/13 L), D7 (50 P/9 L) and D8 (50 P/13 L). Each of the experimental diets was fed to triplicate groups of 10 fishes with an average individual body weight of 1.23 g in 24 glass aquaria. The diets were fed at about 4 % body weight per day in two equal rations for a period of 60 days. Results: Significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher weight gain (428 %), specific growth rate (2.77 % day-1), feed efficiency ratio (0.69) and protein efficiency ratio (2.34) and lower (p &gt; 0.05) food conversion ratio (1.45) was observed in fish fed with diet D5 (45% protein and 9% lipid). The nutrient retention parameters like protein retention, protein productive value, lipid productive value and apparent net protein utilization were also significantly (p &lt; 0.05) high in the treatment group D-5 fed with diet containing 45% protein and 9% lipid. Significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher whole body protein content was observed in the treatment group D5 (45% protein / 9% lipid) along with D4 and D6. Interpretation: The present findings on optimum protein and lipid requirement of 45% and 9%, respectively will help in formulating the cost-effective practical diets for Anabas testudineus fry, which is essentially required for quality seed production and grow out culture of this species in a commercial scale.

EFFECT OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHERRY TOMATO VARIETIES IN SOILLESS CULTURE

Nutrient solution and its nutritional compositions may have the effect on growth and fruit quality attributes of cherry tomato. To avoid the build-up of toxins, mineral deficiencies, nutrition abnormalities, or the spread of disease, producers should use optimum level of nutrient solution. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to identify a suitable strength of nutrient solution for cherry tomato in hydroponic system. Treatment considered six levels of nutrient solution [viz., S1: ½ strength Rahman and Inden (2012), S2: ¾ strength Rahman and Inden (2012), S3: Full strength Rahman and Inden (2012), S4: ½ strength Hoagland and Arnon No. 2(1940), S5: ¾ strength Hoagland and Arnon No. 2 (1940) and S6: Full strength Hoagland and Arnon No. 2 (1940)] and two varieties [viz., V1: Local market cherry tomato (red), V2: Irelands cherry tomato (yellow)]. Growth and yield contributing characters, quality parameters, physiological traits and biochemical composition were analyzed. The maximum plant height, number of leaves per plant, first flowering, number of flowers per cluster, number of fruit per cluster, number of cluster per plant, average individual fruit weight and average cluster weight per plant were found in S3. Meanwhile, V2 performed better in respect of plant height, number of leaves per plant, first flowering, number of flowers per cluster, number of fruit per cluster, number of cluster per plant, average individual fruit weight and average cluster weight per plant. Therefore, cherry tomato cv. V2 can be cultured in hydroponic system with applying S3 (Full strength Rahman and Inden nutrient solution).

До апробації галицького масиву коропа

Purpose. To evaluate the reproductive indicators and exterior characteristics of the breeding brood stock of the Galician carp group at the original farms, namely farms "Korop" and "Dzherelo", State Enterprise "Lviv Experimental Station". Methodology. The study was conducted according to generally accepted methods in fish farming and breeding using statistical processing and data analysis. The productive features of the Galician carp were improved by the method of mass selection and directional selection. The tasks of the selection were to obtain a breeding stock of the Galician group, which will ensure the production of offspring with high individual weight in the first year of life. Findings. The age of maturity in brood Galician carp was 3-4 years in males and 4-5 years in females. After pituitary stimulation in the conditions of industrial reproduction, a positive reaction of the brood fish was established, which exceeded 92%. When forming breeding stocks of Galician carp in the first year of life, the intensity of selection was 15%. Directional selection on the basis of average individual weight started on the second year of life. The intensity of selection of age-1+ Galician carp group was 50%, then this parameter exceeded 85%. Reproduction of the Galician carp group occurred in spawning ponds and in industrial conditions. Working fertility of females was 1256.0 ± 132.80 thousand eggs, relative fertility - 127.5 ± 5.52 thousand eggs/kg, which was quite high in comparison with the Ukrainian framed carp. During the reproduction of Galician carp in ponds, the yield of three-day-old larvae from one nest amounted to 241 thousand individuals. According to the obtained data, based on the exterior indicators, the Galician carp group is characterized by a high-backed physique and fleshy structure, which is preserved throughout life. In view of the conducted study, the Galician carp group fully complies with the requirements of the Regulation on approbation of selection achievements in animal husbandry and can be submitted to the relevant authorities for consideration and approval as an intrabreed type of Ukrainian framed and scaly carp breeds. Originality. The analysis of reproductive indicators of the breeding brood stock of Galician carp will serve as a basis for the presentation of this group in the status of intrabreed type and its approval as a selection achievement. Practical value. The obtained results will contribute to the expansion of the Galician carp group both in the aquaculture of Ukraine and abroad. Breeding brood material as an object of selection will be involved in work with framed carp mixes. Key words: breeding, carp, inventory, grading, crossbreeding, organization of spawning, reproduction.