Average Total Energy Research Articles

Examination of different features of fission fragments of the excited compound nucleus Np236 produced in the p+U235 reaction at 10.3≤Ep≤30.0MeV within a stochastic approach

A stochastic approach based on four-dimensional Langevin equations has been used to estimate the mass distributions of fission fragments, the average masses of heavy fragments, the average total kinetic energies of fragments, and the average number of neutrons emitted per fission of $^{236}\mathrm{Np}$ produced in the $p+^{235}\mathrm{U}$ reaction at $10.3\ensuremath{\le}{E}_{p}\ensuremath{\le}30.0\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$. Three collective shape coordinates plus the projection of total spin of the compound nucleus to the symmetry axis $K$ were considered in the four-dimensional dynamical model. The effects of shell corrections and dissipation coefficient of $K {\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{K}$ were considered in the dynamical calculations. Comparison of the theoretical results for the mass distributions of fission fragments, the average masses of heavy fragments, and the average number of neutrons emitted per fission with the experimental data showed that the results of calculations were in good agreement with the experimental data, although the results of calculations for the average total kinetic energies of fission fragments were slightly higher than the experimental data. It was also shown that the number of fission events increased with time, and almost all of the fission events occurred dynamically until $t=4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$ and that the number of fission events became saturated. Furthermore, it was also shown that the average masses of heavy fragments and the average total kinetic energies of fission fragments of $^{236}\mathrm{Np}$ decreased with increasing projectile energy.

Investigation of Energy Consumption and Associated CO2 Emissions for Wheat–Rice Crop Rotation Farming

This study investigates the input–output energy-flow patterns and CO2 emissions from the wheat–rice crop rotation system. In this regard, an arid region of Punjab, Pakistan was selected as the study area, comprising 4150 km2. Farmers were interviewed to collect data and information on input/output sources during the 2020 work season. The total energy from these sources was calculated using appropriate energy equivalents. Three energy indices, including energy use efficiency (ηe), energy productivity (ηp), and net energy (ρ), were defined and calculated to investigate overall energy efficiency. Moreover, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique was used to optimize the input energy in wheat and rice production. Finally, CO2 emissions was calculated using emissions equivalents from peer-reviewed published literature. Results showed that the average total energy consumption in rice production was twice the energy consumed in wheat production. However, the values of ηe, ηp, and ρ were higher in wheat production and calculated as 5.68, 202.3 kg/GJ, and 100.12 GJ/ha, respectively. The DEA showed the highest reduction potential in machinery energy for both crops, calculated as −42.97% in rice production and −17.48% in wheat production. The highest CO2 emissions were found in rice production and calculated as 1762.5 kg-CO2/ha. Our conclusion indicates that energy consumption and CO2 emissions from wheat–rice cropping systems can be minimized using optimized energy inputs.

Determinants of ultra-processed food consumption in Brazilian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.

To analyze the determinants of UPP consumption among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cross-sectional study at a reference hospital for the treatment of diabetes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sociodemographic, anthropometric, dietary, and clinical factors associated with the percentage of total energy intake (TEI) consumed in the form of UPP were investigated. Food consumption was assessed by 24h recall and the foods were classified according to the degree of processing as described in the NOVA classification, after which the TEI of each food group was calculated. Multiple linear regression was adopted in the analysis, and associations with p<0.05 were considered significant. The study included 120 children and adolescents with a mean age of 11.74±2.88 years, 53.3% female. Body mass index z-score was 0.65 (± 0.89) and 31.7% (n=38) were overweight. The average total energy consumption was 1,756.38kcal (± 518.38). The mean percentage of TEI from UPP was 24.2%±17.9, meaning that 425.59kcal (± 380.15) of all calories ingested came from such foods. The independent variables associated with the percentage of ultra-processed foods (UPP) in TEI were: per capita household income up to one the minimum wage (β:-22.03; CI 95%-35.24 to-8.82); and parents/guardians schooling of the up to nine years in formal education (β: 19.86; CI 95% 8.27-31.45). Lower household income and fewer years in formal education seem to determine a preference for UPP over fresh and minimally processed foods.

Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process in a human body weight fluctuation

Body weight fluctuation in an unrestricted free-living adult was investigated by taking daily measurements for a decade. It was found from the time series analyses that the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process defined as the solution of the Langevin equation, is the most dominant factor affecting the body weight fluctuation. This process was shown to reasonably describe the expected weight change in nominally healthy adults in general. Our calculation reasonably expresses the relationships among specific energy, average total daily energy expenditure and the standard deviation of the energy intake and its expenditure, demonstrating the validity of the proposed stochastic model.

Deviation of the rate of the reaction from Langevin behaviour below 1 K, branching ratios for the and product channels, and product-kinetic-energy distributions

The reactions between ground-state (X ) and forming and were investigated in the range of collision energies between and 10 K using a merged-beam approach. The reaction rates measured experimentally are compared to those obtained for the reaction between and forming under similar experimental conditions. Below 1 K, a clear enhancement of the reaction rate coefficient compared to the Langevin rate measured at higher collision energies was observed in both reaction systems. This enhancement is interpreted as originating from the interaction between the charge of and the quadrupole of para and ortho molecules in the J = 1 rotational level. The enhancement of the reaction with was found to be significantly less than that of the reaction with , reflecting the relative population of the J = 1 rotational level of (75%) and (33%) in natural samples at low temperatures. Simulations of the experimental results based on the theoretical predictions of the reaction cross sections by Dashevskaya et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 145, 244315 (2016)] reveal agreement within the experimental uncertainties. The branching ratio η of the reaction involving and and forming and D () near was determined to be 0.341(15). Time-of-flight measurements of the velocity distributions of the reaction products are compatible with an isotropic product emission with an average total kinetic energy of 0.45(5) eV for both channels, representing about 30% of the total energy released by the reaction.

Dietary Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake over a 7-Day Period in Female Varsity Ice Hockey Players.

This study examined the energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes of female ice hockey players over a 7-d period including game, practice, and rest days. Twenty-three female varsity players (19.0 ± 1.1 yr, 167.1 ± 6.5 cm, 67.0 ± 8.0 kg) volunteered for the study. Average total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was estimated over the 7-day period. Average 7-day energy intake (EI) and TDEE were 2354 ± 353 and 2304 ± 204 kcal. The majority (n = 19) of athletes had an EI ≥ 90% of their estimated TDEE. Macronutrient intake was 52% carbohydrate (CHO), 32% fat, and 16% protein of total EI, although CHO intake was slightly below recommendations (5 g/kg BM/d) on game and practice (4.8 ± 1.4 and 4.5 g/kg BM/d) days. Game day EI was greater than practice and rest days. Recommended micronutrient intakes were not met by most athletes for iron, calcium, vitamin D, and potassium, and intakes were similar between game, practice, and rest days. In summary, the average EI for female varsity ice hockey players appeared adequate to meet their energy needs over a weekly cycle of game, practice, and rest days. However, these female athletes would benefit from increasing CHO intake on game and practice days and selecting foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals.

Exploring terrestrial lightning parameterisations for exoplanets and brown dwarfs

Observations and models suggest that the conditions to develop lightning may be present in cloud-forming extrasolar planetary and brown dwarf atmospheres. Whether lightning on these objects is similar to or very different from what is known from the Solar System awaits answering as lightning from extrasolar objects has not been detected yet. We explore terrestrial lightning parameterisations to compare the energy radiated and the total radio power emitted from lightning discharges for Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, extrasolar giant gas planets and brown dwarfs. We find that lightning on hot, giant gas planets and brown dwarfs may have energies of the order of 1011–1017 ​J, which is two to eight orders of magnitude larger than the average total energy of Earth lightning (109 ​J), and up to five orders of magnitude more energetic than lightning on Jupiter or Saturn (1012 ​J), affirming the stark difference between these atmospheres. Lightning on exoplanets and brown dwarfs may be more energetic and release more radio power than what has been observed from the Solar System. Such energies would increase the probability of detecting lightning-related radio emission from an extrasolar body.

Influence of Mechanical and Intelligent Robotic Weed Control Methods on Energy Efficiency and Environment in Organic Sugar Beet Production

Rapidly warming climate, tightening environmental requirements, an aging society, rising wages, and demand for organic products are forcing farming to be more efficient and sustainable. The main aim of this study was to perform an analytical analysis and to determine the energy use and GHG emissions of organic sugar beet production using different weed control methods. Seven different methods of non-chemical weed control were compared. Mechanical inter-row loosening, inter-row cutting and mulching with weeds, weed smothering with catch crops, and thermal inter-row steaming were performed in field experiments at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania, 2015–2017). The other three, namely, automated mechanical inter-row loosening with cameras for row-tracking, inter-row loosening with a diesel-powered robot, and inter-row loosening with an electric robot were calculated analytically. The results showed that the average total energy use of organic sugar beet production was 27,844 MJ ha−1, of which manure costs accounted for 48–53% and diesel fuel for 29–35%. An average energy efficiency ratio was 7.18, while energy productivity was 1.83 kg MJ ha−1. Analysis of GHG emissions showed that the total average GHG emissions to the environment from organic sugar beet production amounted to 4552 kg CO2eq ha−1, and the average GHG emissions ratio was 4.47. The most sustainable organic sugar beet production was achieved by using mechanical inter-row loosening with a diesel-powered robot for weed control.

Statut nutritionnel des personnes âgées hémodialysées en Tunisie

IntroductionThe nutritional status of old hemodialysis patients determines their prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spontaneous dietary intake of hemodialysis of elderly patients. MethodsThis cross-sectional descriptive study included 40 elderly hemodialysis patients recruited at the M8 nephrology department of Charles Nicolle hospital in Tunis. All patients went through a clinical examination to specify anthropometric measurements and a dietary survey based on food registration for 3 consecutive days to obtain a nutritional assessment. ResultsThe evaluation of patients’ energy intake showed an average daily intake of 25.3±12.3kcal/kg of ideal weight/day. The average total energy intake of patients on dialysis and non-dialysis days was 29.7±17.7kcal/kg and 20.9±6.9kcal/kg, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.001). The average daily protein intake was 0.99±0.57g/kg on the day of no dialysis. It decreased statistically significantly (P=0.005) on the day of no dialysis at 0.73±0.28g/kg. Phosphorus consumption was excessive on dialysis and non-dialysis days respectively in 20% and 3% of cases. Deficiency of calcium intake affected the entire population studied on the day of non-dialysis. Only 6% of patients had a calcium intake satisfactory on the day of dialysis. ConclusionA lot of dietary errors were noticed in our study. The assessment of nutritional intake in elderly people with hemodialysis should be part of their management systematically.

Investigate the fast melting process of 2D SiC model by molecular dynamics

This paper presents the results of the study of fast melting process of 2-dimensional SiC by MD simulation with a sample of 400 atoms which consists of 200 Si atoms and 200 C atoms. The model is melted from 300K to 8000K at a rate of 1013 K/s. Investigation of energy dependence on temperature shows a jump of the average total energy of SiC model at temperature T = 5090K. Investigation of material microstructure by a radial distribution function, ring distribution, bonding angle distribution, even distribution number distribution showed that the phase transition temperature was about 5090K.

Energy optimization in wheat establishment following rice residue management with Happy Seeder technology for reduced carbon footprints in north-western India

Rice residue management (RRM) impacts ecosystems’ sustainability due to change in energy use, C footprints (CFs) and net ecosystem C budget (NECB). The energy input-output and CFs were audited to optimize energy use and C equivalent emissions (CE) in wheat following RRM with Happy Seeder using data collected from 53 farmers during face-to-face interview. Average total energy input (EI) of 23.5 GJ ha−1 produced output energy of 204.8 ± 2.9 GJ ha−1, with energy productivity (EP) of 0.24 kg MJ−1. The net energy gain (NEG) of 181.3 ± 3.0 GJ ha−1 was achieved with energy use efficiency (ER) of 8.81 ± 0.19. Chemical fertilizers were the major hotspots of energy (∼48.4% of EI) and CFs (∼59.2% of CE) in wheat cultivation. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) elucidated 23 decision making units (∼43% of total) as energy efficient, whilst 30 as inefficient with average technical efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) were 0.94, 0.97 and 0.94, respectively. DEA helped energy saving of 1462.8 MJ ha−1 (∼6.2%), mitigation of 107.8 kg CO2e ha−1 (∼7.6%) with significantly higher NECB of 716.4 kg C ha−1 (∼19.1%) due to change in soil organic C (ΔSOC) pool by 34.8 kg C ha−1 at efficient Happy Seeder sown wheat farms.

Inclusive ecological efficiency analysis in China's Hainan Island: an extended meta-frontier DEA approach.

China is advocating the ecological civilization for a sustainable society and resource-economic-environmental system due to its environmental and climate problems. As a special resource-economic-environmental system, island systems are facing severe challenges due to the vulnerable coordination ability between ecological environment and economic development. To measure the sustainable performance of island systems more directly and specifically, this paper extends the concept of ecological efficiency to inclusive ecological efficiency. For the first time, we analyze the inclusive eco-efficiency of Hainan Island, the second largest island in China, from 2008 to 2017. Due to the large technological heterogeneity among the diverse industries, this paper combines inclusive eco-efficiency with meta-frontier data envelopment analysis (DEA). And we propose a revised meta-frontier slack-based measure (SBM) model and meta-frontier non-radial directional distance function (NRDDF) model, which makes the technology gap rate (TGR) no larger than 1. The empirical results show that the average inclusive total factor energy efficiency (ITFEE) of the tertiary industry under the group-frontier is the largest while the average ITFEE of the primary industry is the highest under the meta-frontier. Moreover, the technology gap rate of the primary industry is the largest. Policy implementations are presented based on the empirical results.

Energy assessment of different rice–wheat rotation systems

AbstractFood and energy security are important issues that threaten human survival and development. The rice–wheat rotation system provides a stable source of food for more than 20% of the world's population, but there have been no reports on the energy balance of different rice–wheat rotation systems. This study evaluates the energy inputs and outputs of three rice–wheat rotation systems and their energy production efficiency through the study of dry direct‐seeded, wet direct‐seeded, and transplanted rice–wheat rotation systems. The results of the study showed that the average total energy inputs in the dry direct‐seeded, wet direct‐seeded, and transplanted rice–wheat rotation systems were 58,677, 74,083, and 69,022 MJ ha−1, respectively. The production resources with more energy input in rice–wheat rotation system were all related to water and fertilizer. The energy input in the rice season accounts for more than 50.69% of the total energy input in the rice–wheat rotation system. At the same time, rice–wheat rotation production is highly dependent on nonrenewable energy. Among the three rice–wheat rotation systems, the transplanted rice–wheat rotation system had the highest total energy output and net energy, while the dry direct‐seeded rice–wheat rotation had the highest energy use efficiency, energy productivity, energy profitability, and human energy profitability. The results showed that the key to reducing the energy input in the rice–wheat rotation system is to reduce the amount of water and fertilizer. The transplanted rice–wheat rotation system is more suitable for promotion in rice–wheat rotation production areas with good irrigation conditions, while the dry direct‐seeded rice–wheat rotation system is highly compatible with the current development direction of low energy consumption and high energy efficiency in agricultural production and is suitable for promotion in rice–wheat production areas with poor irrigation conditions.

Investigation of Cloud-to-Ground Flashes in the Non-Precipitating Stratiform Region of a Mesoscale Convective System on 20 August 2019 and Implications for Decision Support Services

AbstractInfrequent lightning flashes occurring outside of surface precipitation pose challenges to Impact-Based Decision Support Services (IDSS) for outdoor activities. This paper examines the remote sensing observations from an event on 20 August 2019 where multiple cloud-to-ground flashes occurred over 10 km outside surface precipitation (lowest radar tilt reflectivity &lt; 10 dBZ and no evidence of surface precipitation) in a trailing stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system. The goal is to demonstrate the fusion of radar with multiple lightning observations and a lightning risk model to demonstrate how reflectivity and differential reflectivity combined provided the best indicator for the potential of lightning where all of the other lightning safety methods failed. A total of 13 lightning flashes were observed by the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) within the trailing stratiform region between 2100 and 2300 UTC. The average size of the 13 lightning flashes was 3184 km2, with an average total optical energy of 7734 fJ. A total of 75 NLDN flash locations were coincident with the 13 GLM flashes, resulting in an average of 5.8 NLDN flashes [in-cloud (IC) and cloud-to-ground (CG)] per GLM flash. In total, five of the GLM flashes contained at least one positive cloud-to-ground flash (+CG) flash identified by the NLDN, with peak amplitudes ranging between 66 and 136 kA. All eight CG flashes identified by the NLDN were located more than 10 km outside surface precipitation. The only indication of the potential of these infrequently large flashes was the presence of depolarization streaks in differential reflectivity (ZDR) and enhanced reflectivity near the melting layer.

Meta-Analysis on Energy-Use Patterns of Cropping Systems in Iran

We present a meta-analysis of energy-consumption and environmental-emissions patterns in Iranian cropping systems using data collected from articles published between 2008 and 2018 for 21 different crops. The results show that the crops consuming the most energy per hectare are tomato, sugarcane, cucumber and alfalfa, while sunflower consumed the least. The average total energy input for all crops in Iran during the study period was 48,029 MJ ha−1. Our analysis revealed that potato has the highest potential to reduce energy consumption and that electricity and fertilizer inputs have the most potential for energy savings in cropping systems. Not all studies reviewed addressed the factors that create energy consumption patterns and environmental emissions. Therefore, eight indicators were modeled in this meta-analysis, which include Total Energy Input, Energy Productivity, Energy Use Efficiency, Net Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Technical Efficiency, Pure Technical Efficiency and Scale Efficiency. The effects of region (which was analyzed in terms of climate), year and crop or product type on these eight indicators were modeled using meta-regression and the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test. To create a comprehensive picture and roadmap for future research, the process of the agricultural-systems analysis cycle is discussed. This review and meta-analysis can be used as a guide to provide useful information to researchers working on the energy dynamics of agricultural systems, especially in Iran, and in making their choices of crop types and regions in need of study.

Excitation energy dependence of prompt fission γ -ray emission from Pu241*

Prompt fission $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays (PFGs) resulting from the $^{240}\mathrm{Pu}(d,p\mathrm{f})$ reaction have been measured as a function of fissioning nucleus excitation energy ${E}_{\text{x}}$ at the Oslo Cyclotron Laboratory. We study the average total PFG multiplicity per fission, the average total PFG energy released per fission, and the average PFG energy. No significant changes in these characteristics are observed over the range $5.75&lt;{E}_{\text{x}}&lt;8.25$ MeV. The physical implications of this result are discussed. The experimental results are compared to simulations conducted using the computational fission model FREYA. We find that FREYA reproduces the experimental PFG characteristics within $8%$ deviation across the ${E}_{\text{x}}$ range studied. Previous excitation energy-dependent PFG measurements conducted below the second-chance fission threshold have large uncertainties, but are generally in agreement with our results within a $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ confidence interval. However, both a published parametrization of the PFG energy dependence and the most recent PFG evaluation included in ENDF/B-VIII.0 were found to poorly describe the PFG excitation-energy dependence observed in this and previous experiments.

Energy Efficiency Indicators for Hotel Buildings

Hotels are energy-intensive buildings; therefore, in this study, we investigate the indicators used for measuring the energy efficiency of one- to five-star hotels, in temperate and tropical regions of Asia, Europe, and Africa. There are several indicators for measuring energy intensity, but we found that the “total average annual energy use intensity index”, measured in kilowatt-hours per square meter per year (kWh/m2 year), was most often used. Surveys and energy audits are the methods used most often to collect the indicator data. Hotels in the tropics tend to consume more energy than those located in temperate zones, with four- and five-star hotels consuming the most energy.

Investigating the fast cooling process of silicene by MD simulation

This paper presents the results of two-dimensional silicene cooling studies by MD simulation with a sample of 6400 atoms. Silicene after melting to 3500K, it is cooled at a rate of 1013K/s to a temperature of 300K. Investigation of the dependence of energy on temperature shows a jump in the average total energy of molten silicene at the temperature T = 1772K. Investigations on the radial distribution function g(r), coordinate number distribution, ring distribution, and angular distribution all show that the freezing temperature of silicene is about 1772K. When cooled to 300K, silicene is in crystalline form, but the ratio of the defects is quite high and approximately 37.5%.

In-situ application of an ANN algorithm for optimized chilled and condenser water temperatures set-point during cooling operation

In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) based real-time predictive control and optimization algorithm for a chiller based cooling system was developed and applied to an actual building to analyze its cooling energy saving effects through in-situ application and actual measurements. For this purpose, we set the cooling tower's condenser water outlet temperature and the chiller's chilled water outlet temperature as the system control variables. To evaluate the algorithm performance, we compared and analyzed the electric consumption and the COP when the chilled and condenser water temperatures were controlled conventionally and controlled based on the ANN. As a result, the ANN model's accuracy was high, with a Cv(RMSE) of 4.9%. In addition, the ANN based control algorithm's energy analysis showed that the average energy saving rate for the chiller was 24.7% and that the total average energy saving effect for the chiller and cooling towers was 7.4%. The results confirmed that the proposed MPC algorithm could contribute to improved HVAC energy efficiency in commercial buildings.

The Relationship between Urbanization and Domestic Energy Consumption: An Empirical Study of Shandong Province, China

The rapid development of urbanization has led to a rapid increase in total energy consumption. The proportion of domestic energy consumption to total energy consumption has gradually increased and has become the major driving force for energy consumption. With the pressure from urbanization and domestic energy consumption, it is necessary to study the impact of urbanization on domestic energy consumption of the regional level and to explore the function paths of these two factors. The findings are helpful to realize sustainable development based on the actual situation analysis, horizontal survey data and statistical yearbook panel data. The current situation and changing trends in domestic energy consumption of Shandong Province are systematically examined through field investigation and survey questionnaire. The time-series econometric model is applied to analyze the relationship between urbanization rate and total domestic energy consumption. The research results show that the total domestic energy consumption and urbanization rate of Shandong are generally increasing. The urbanization rate development and domestic energy consumption have a long-term stable and balanced relationship. An increase in urbanization rate can cause an increase in domestic energy consumption. There is a slight difference between the average total energy consumption levels of urban and rural residents, but their energy consumption structures differ a lot. These findings provide basic data support and reference for local governments to formulate energy- conservation and emission-reduction policies.