Average Temperature Level Research Articles

Climate and disease in historical urban space: evidence from 19th century Poznań, Poland

Abstract. This study examines the relationship between temperature levels and precipitation amounts as explanatory variables for the probability of death due to waterborne and airborne diseases in historical urban space. To date, the literature has not focused on the climatological epidemiology of 19th century Polish urban areas. We used individual mortality data from Poznań parish death registers between 1850 and 1900. Each deceased individual was assigned average monthly temperature values and precipitation amounts in the month of death, LAG1 (1-month-lagged) temperature and LAG1 rainfall, and place of residence. We studied the relationship between weather conditions and mortality using formalized statistical models reflecting the discrete nature of the response data (via multinomial logistic regression). Lagged monthly average temperature levels and lagged monthly average precipitation amounts were better predictors of airborne and waterborne disease mortality than the concurrent (non-lagged) monthly averages. The lagged effects of temperature and precipitation on waterborne and airborne diseases were significant (except for the smooth lagged average monthly temperature effect for airborne diseases). There was also significant spatial heterogeneity (differences among city quarters) in the prevalence of deaths due to waterborne and airborne diseases.

European Union Smart Mobility–Aspects Connected with Bike Road System’s Extension and Dissemination

The analysis of scientific research described in peer-reviewed journals demonstrates the significance of bicycle road networks in relation to smart mobility. This research was conducted for European Union cities that meet the criteria of having a developed bicycle route network and are ranked among the top 100 European bicycle-friendliest cities in 2021. The study also analyzed whether each city was on national or international lists of smart cities or had smart city initiatives. The study indicates that a comprehensive and well-developed network of bicycle paths is a crucial element in the development of smart mobility solutions within a modern smart city. Among EU countries, cities in northern and central Europe, particularly in Germany, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and the Netherlands, have the best-developed bicycle networks. The research on the correlation between the average temperature level in a country and the average values for smart city bike lanes showed a statistically significant negative correlation between the two variables. The lower a country’s average annual temperature, the more that a bicycle infrastructure is present in its smart cities, as measured by the length of bicycle paths and the saturation of the city with bicycle paths per square kilometer and per 1000 residents. After removing outliers (Finland, Ireland, and Luxembourg), a significant relationship was observed between the wealth of a country and the length and density of bicycle paths in smart cities. The linear correlation coefficient between the length of bicycle roads and GDP per capita was found to be −0.73, which is a high coefficient value.

National climate litigation and the international rule of law

AbstractThis article assesses the implications of national climate litigation for what is termed ‘the international rule of law’. Starting from the finding that the current international climate treaty regime lacks several elements of an international rule of law, such as legal bindingness, clarity, and justiciability, the author explores what national courts contribute to filling these gaps. Deviating from a linear progression narrative, which is prevalent in existing literature, this article provides a more nuanced and complex picture. Whereas successful climate litigation is hardly imaginable without reliance on internationally agreed-upon facts – such as reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and global average temperature levels deemed ‘dangerous’ – doctrinally decisions do not represent a turn toward a stricter rule of international climate law. Instead of applying and progressively developing climate treaties, courts thus far have primarily used these provisions only to develop national constitutional law and regional human rights law. The created system of highly contextual national rule(s) of climate law is a fragmented one which is regionally limited to a few states predominantly located in Western Europe. Consequently, it is a far cry from a truly global rule of international climate law.

Influence of negative pressure on changes in blood supply in donor zones of perforant flaps formation

Our study is based on the establishment of normative indicators of the effect of negative pressure on the skin of the thigh. To do this, a group of healthy volunteers was examined – 35 people: 17 women and 18 men aged 19 to 58. The study was conducted on the clinical basis of the burn centre in 2020-2021. The local vacuum was created using a negative pressure device “AGAT-Dnepr” by applying a silver-containing polyurethane sponge directly on the front surface of the thigh. The pressure (P) – 110-160 mmHg has been applied for 30 minutes. Tissue perfusion was monitored by laser Doppler flowmetry and thermal imaging research. Measurements were performed before vacuum, immediately after the end of the application of negative pressure, for three days at the same time at a constant temperature. According to the results of the cluster analysis, based on the effect of negative pressure on the thigh skin, patients with three types of reactions were identified – low, medium and high perfusion changes. The perfusion level of tissue volume per unit time increased the most rapidly: in the group of high perfusion by 45.56 (95% CI 42.09-51.96) PU; in the group of average perfusion – by 22.49 (95% CI 19.93-28.99) PU; in the low perfusion group – by 22.43 (95% CI 15.90-25.13) PU. The number of erythrocytes per unit tissue changed at a medium rate: in the high perfusion group by 57.77 (95% CI 53.05-62.48) AU; in the group of average perfusion – by 55.86 (95% CI 49.62-65.06) PU; in the low perfusion group – by 34.85 (95% CI 13.19-53.55) PU. Among those surveyed, 12 people were included in the low perfusion group (34.29%), 16 people in the medium perfusion group (45.71%) and 7 people in the high perfusion group (20.0%). Before VAC-action the ascending level of thigh skin temperature T1 ranged from 28.60 to 32.90°C and averaged 31.46 (95% CI 30.97-31.95)°C. Immediately, after the offset of the negative pressure the area of the fields of local skin temperature rise increased, the average temperature level ranged from 30.60 to 35.0°C and the average T2 was 33.59 (95% CI 33.16-34.01)°C. The temperature rise occurred on average by 2.13 (95% 1.72-2.54)°C, which corresponded to an increase of 6.77% with significant (p<0.001) statistical differences. Only 1 examined had a slight decrease in the tem­perature of the thigh skin from 31.9 to 31.6°C, in the rest of the examined the rise was by 6.4°С maximally, from 28.6 to 35.0°С, there was a temperature rise by 2°С or more degrees among 9 people (25.71%). After 24 hours there was a rise in local body temperature among all examined (100%), after 48 hours – among 25 (71.43%), and after 72 hours – among 21 examined (60.0%). When choosing a donor site of the perforant flaps, we recommend relying on areas which will belong to the group of indicators with high perfusion. According to the analysis, the group of high perfusion will include patients with an initial average level of perfusion in the donor areas per unit time of 15.84 (14.47-17.21) PU, the number of erythrocytes per unit tissue – 58.73 (53.44-64.02) AU and skin temperature – 29.23 (28.65-29.80)°С; to the average according to F rates – 14.36 (13.0-15.73) PU, C rates – 45.37 (39.74-51.0) AU, T rates – 28.17 (27.74-28.60)°С; to the group of low perfusion, respectively, according to F rates – 12.38 (10.74-14.0) PU, C rates – 43.89 (40.18-47.61) AU, T rates – 29.79 (29.17-30.40)°С. In general, the effect of negative pressure contributes to increased perfusion and local microcirculation in tissues, as evidenced by dynamic infrared thermography: increased “hot” skin fields, increased temperature with a temperature gra­dient ∆T2.1=2.13 (95% 1.72-2.54)°C and for indicators of laser Doppler flowmetry – increase in perfusion by 2.42 times (p<0.001).

Heat recovery capacity and water desalination performance of passive solar vacuum tube distiller

The direct thermal distillation utilized the solar vacuum tube was a seawater desalination technology with quite a development potentiality. Therefore, an efficient passive solar vacuum tube distiller (P-SVTD) with a heat recovery function was developed in this paper, which realized the integration operation of raw water vaporization and high-temperature steam self-pressurization. It also had the character of simultaneously carrying out boiling vaporization and interfacial vaporization. The mechanisms of photo-thermal conversion and heat-mass transfer in the whole operation process of P-SVTD were analyzed. The theoretical calculation models of water yield (msh) and heat recovery rate (HRR) were presented. The water desalination performance, temperature level of recovered heat, and HRR of P-SVTD were measured to obtain the comprehensive photo-thermal conversion efficiency (HE) of P-SVTD. The results showed that the optimal depth ratio of the vapor–liquid interface to the vaporized-pressurized cavity was 0.9718. The water yield of P-SVTD was positively correlated with the total solar irradiance on the inclined plane by the trend of an exponential function. The average temperature level of recovered heat, HRR, and HE of P-SVTD were 74.30 °C, 28.68 %, and 87.43 %, respectively. And the rejection capacity (REJ), the decreased degree of conductivity, and the pH of P-SVTD were close to 100.00 %, 100.00 %, and 7.00, respectively, which showed excellent desalination capacity. The research provided solid technical and theoretical support for promoting the large-scale application of passive solar distillation technology.

In-Situ Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Mapping Of Barangay Maac Marine Protected Area (MPA), Sogod, Southern Leyte

This paper intends to generate a geo-referenced heat map based on Sea Surface Temperature (SST) readings at Maac Marine Protected Area. Significance level on variability and difference of the average temperature level and the upper limit of the normal value were also determined using a One Sample t-test. The study site is in the barangay of Maac, located in the Municpality of Sogod, Province of Southern Leyte and is approximately 7 kilometers northeast from the municipality’s center. It has a total area of 11.67 hectares. This study uses an experimental design. SST measurements were taken using a pre-calibrated hull temperature sensor connected to a fish finder. Out of the total 128 data points that were measured with temperature measurement, only 49 contained temperature readings. Statistical tests revealed that the average temperature level is significantly lesser than the upper limit of the normal value. Variability test showed that the average temperature level is significantly greater than the lowest temperature reading. The generated heat map provided a graphic representation of relatively high temperature readings within and outside the MPA.

Outdoor temperature and circulating sodium in children with acute gastroenteritis.

Dysnatremias are frequent in acute gastroenteritis. High outdoor temperatures have been associated with hyponatremia in both adults and the elderly, but no data are available among children with gastroenteritis. Children <10 years of age admitted to the emergency department of the Policlinico Hospital, Milan (Italy) between 2009 and 2019 with acute moderate-severe gastroenteritis were enrolled. The association between hyponatremia (sodium < 135 mmol/L) and daily mean levels of temperature or apparent temperature from day of admission up to 14 days before was analyzed by multivariable logistic regression models. In 202 included children (46% females), we observed an increased risk of hyponatremia per unit increase in outdoor temperature of the sixth, eighth and ninth day before admission [Odds Ratio = 1.24 (95% Confidence Interval: 1.04-1.47), 1.14 (1.01-1.28), and 1.14 (1.01-1.28), respectively]. Analyses considering average temperature levels of the ten days preceding admission returned similar findings as well as those on apparent temperature. Our data suggest the existence of an association between outdoor temperature and circulating sodium levels in children with acute gastroenteritis. The role of meteorological conditions on electrolyte imbalance should be further explored in the context of climate change. The role of meteorological variables in the development of dysnatremias has been demonstrated in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. This study shows for the first time that higher outdoor temperatures are associated with a higher risk of hyponatremia in children with gastroenteritis. In the context of climate change, the role of external climate conditions on the risk of electrolyte imbalance in children should be more and more considered and explored in future studies.

Development of an Index to Measure West Nile Virus Transmission Risk in New Jersey Counties

We developed an index for use by New Jersey counties to measure West Nile virus (WNV) transmission risk to the human population. We used a latent profile analysis to develop the index, identifying categories of environmental conditions associated with WNV transmission risk to humans. The final model included 4 indicators of transmission risk: mosquito abundance and minimum field infection rate, temperature, and human case count. We used data from 2004 to 2018 from all 21 New Jersey counties aggregated into 11 2-wk units per county per year (N = 3,465). Three WNV risk classes were identified. The Low Risk class had low levels of all variables. The Moderate Risk class had high abundance, average temperature levels, and low levels of the other variables. The High Risk class had substantially above average human case likelihood, average temperature, and high mosquito infection rates. These results suggest the presence of 3 distinct WNV risk profiles, which can be used to guide the development of public health actions intended to mitigate WNV transmission risk to the human population.

Heat and learning in elementary and middle school

ABSTRACT Changing weather patterns and extreme events are not the only outcomes of global climatic change. We investigate the impact of changing weather conditions on human capital development by studying achievement on standardized tests in Math and English/Language Arts for students in grades 3–8. Here we show that increasing average temperature levels and particularly hot days reduce student learning and achievement. We find that achievement decreases as temperatures increase, that this effect is larger in areas with lower average maximum temperatures, and that each additional day above 100F decreases student achievement. This study confirms many findings in the received literature on global climate change and human capital acquisition and productivity.

Biological and Ecological Characteristics of the Ladybird Beetle (Lemnia biplagiata Swartz, 1808) (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera)

This paper studies the ladybird beetle in the laboratory at two average temperature levels: 22.2 ± 0.02 and 30.7 ± 0.03oC with average humidities of 69.5 ± 0.05 and 86.8 ± 0.06%, respectively, using Rhopalosiphum maidis as prey to observe its biological characteristics. The study results show that the ladybird beetle completes its life cycle in a time range from 19.75 ± 5.75 days at 30.7 ± 0.03oC and 86.8 ± 0,06% RH to 25.75 ± 6.50 days at 22.2 ± 0.02˚C and 69.5 ± 0.05% RH. The survival rate of ladybird larvae and the percentage of larvae aged 4 into pupae at 22.2 ± 0.02˚C and 69.5 ± 0.05% RH were higher than those at 30.7 ± 0.03oC and 86.8±0.06% RH by 32.4% and 8.24%, respectively. Using Rhopalosiphum maidis as food, the ladybird beetle larvae’s food consumption increases from age 1 to age 4 and the adults consume more food than the fourth-stage larvae by 11.60 R.maidis/day at 22.2 ± 0.02˚C and 69.5 ± 0.05% RH. At 30.7 ± 0.03oC and 86.8 ± 0.06% RH, the ladybird beetle larvae’s R. maidis food consumption at all phases was about 2.5 times higher than at 22.2 ± 0.02˚C and 69.5 ± 0.05% RH.

Experimental investigation of PCM location in a commercial display cabinet cooled by a transcritical CO2 system

Abstract In this study, the influence of phase change material (PCM) location in a closed display cabinet cooled by a transcritical CO2 refrigeration system was examined experimentally. Two configurations have been investigated where PCM panels are placed on the backside and the shelves of the cabinet. The effect of PCM locations on the cabinet air temperature and compressor power consumption is evaluated and compared during periods of 24 and 8 h of operation. The variation of in the cabinet air temperatures and power consumption with time is measured during charging, running, and power failure periods. It is found that installing PCMs on the shelves of the cabinet is more advantageous and promising in terms of both maintaining cabinet air temperature homogeneous and keeping it at certain average temperature levels. For PCM on the shelves case, energy saving is found 4.4% less than without PCM case. On the other hand, PCM on the backside case results in 8% more energy consumption. Moreover, the running time is found 15.8 less for PCM on the shelves case. Therefore, PCM on shelves case is concluded to be the best option for PCM utilization in the present study.

Buoyancy assist adaptive charging and discharging thermal storage tank

AbstractThermal storage tanks are extensively used to supply domestic hot water for residential applications. Also, the thermal storage tanks are used in solar energy operated power plant. Since solar energy is intermittent, there is a need for a thermal storage system to accommodate the periods where the solar energy is not enough to keep the working fluid temperature at the desired operational levels. In this work, a novel design of a thermal storage tank is introduced and analyzed. The analyses are performed to understand the effect of the operating parameters on the performance of the proposed tank. The main idea of the tank is to control the fluid flow direction in the tank depending on the charging or discharging temperature without the aid of an external controlling system. The system relies on the buoyancy force to adjust the fluid flow direction. By this adaptive strategy, we can enhance the charging and discharge of the storage tank, which is one of the problems of the conventional storage systems. Lumped capacity method analyses are carried out to understand the temperature distribution of the system and the performance of the system. Sinusoidal variation of the fluid inlet temperature to the tank is assumed, to resemble the solar intensity variation. The fluid outlet temperature from the tank is monitored for a range of the controlling parameters. The results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed system. Relatively large tank showed that the water in the storage tank could be kept at the average temperature level regardless of the fluctuations in the inlet temperature of the working fluid.

On the Evolution of U.S. Temperature Dynamics

Climate change is a multidimensional shift. While much research has documented rising mean temperature levels, we also examine range-based measures of daily temperature volatility. Specifically, using data for select U.S. cities over the past half-century, we compare the evolving time series dynamics of the average temperature level, AVG, and the diurnal temperature range, DTR (the difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperatures at a given location). We characterize trend and seasonality in these two series using linear models with time-varying coefficients. These straightforward yet flexible approximations provide evidence of evolving DTR seasonality, stable AVG seasonality, and conditionally Gaussian but heteroskedastic innovations for both DTR and AVG.

Development of Portable Venturi Kiln for Agricultural Waste Utilization by Carbonization Process

Many types of kiln or carbonization equipment have been developed, but most of them were designed for big capacity and some also having low performance. This research aims to develop kiln, especially portable metal kiln, which has higher performance, more environmental- friendly, and can be used for several kinds of biomass or agricultural waste (not exclusive for one kind of biomass) as feeding material. To improve the kiln performance, a venturi drum type of portable kiln has been designed with an optimum capacity of 12.45 kg coconut shells. Basic idea of those design is heat flow improvement causing by venturi effect. The performance test for coconut shell carbonization shows that the carbonization process takes about 60-90 minutes to produce average yields of 23.8%., and the highest temperature of the process was 441 °C. The optimum performance has been achieved in the 4th test, which was producing 24% yield of highest charcoal quality (represented by LHV) in 65 minutes process at average temperature level 485 °C. For pecan shell and palm shell, design modification has been done by adding 6 air inlet holes and 3 ignition column to get better performance. While operation procedure should be modified on loading and air supply, depending on each biomass characteristic. The result of performance test showed that carbonization process of pecan shell produce 17 % yield, and palm shell produce 15% yield. Based on Indonesian Standard (SNI), all charcoal produced in those carbonization has good quality level.

Mathematical modelling of unglazed solar collectors under extreme operating conditions

Combined heat pumps and solar collectors got a renewed interest on the heating system market worldwide. Connected to the heat pump evaporator, unglazed solar collectors can considerably increase their efficiency, but they also raise the coefficient of performance of the heat pump with higher average temperature levels at the evaporator. Simulation of these systems requires a collector model that can take into account operation at very low temperatures (below freezing) and under various weather conditions, particularly operation without solar irradiation.A solar collector mathematical model is developed and evaluated considering, the condensation/frost effect and rain heat gains or losses. Also wind speed and long wave irradiation on both sides of the collector are treated. Results show important heat gains for unglazed solar collectors without solar irradiation. Up to 50% of additional heat gain was found due to the condensation phenomenon and up to 40% due to frost under no solar irradiation. This work also points out the influence of the operating conditions on the collector’s characteristics.Based on experiments carried out at a test facility, every heat flux on the absorber was separately evaluated so that this model can represent a valuable tool in optimising the design or the thermal efficiency of the collector. It also enables the prediction of the total energy yield for solar thermal collectors under extreme operating conditions.

Cocurrent Combustion of Human Feces and Polyethylene Waste

Given the large volume of waste generated each year, its associated environmental impact and the difficulties of their destination, especially hazardous waste, controlled combustion can provide a solution to the problem. Among hazardous waste, plastics, specifically polyethylene and human fecal waste stand out. However, a detailed study is necessary of the combustion process of such waste, as well as the influence of operating variables on these. The present work deals with two analyses: the cocombustion of polyethylene waste and charcoal; and the combustion of human feces. In both cases the stability of the combustion front, and the main chemical species formed during its propagation are analyzed. The experiments were carried out in a fixed bed reactor fully instrumented, under co-current configuration. The ignition source is a radiative flux of 30 kW m−2. During front propagation, the temperature levels are considerably high. For polyethylene with higher heating value of 48 MJ kg−1, volatile-matter content of 98.7 wt%, and moisture of 0.2 wt%, the temperatures average levels of cocombustion with charcoal are considerably higher ~925 °C. In the case of fecal samples, the higher heating value is 23 MJ kg−1, the volatile-matter content is 40 wt%, and moisture is 11.6 wt%. For this characteristic, the average temperature levels are considerably higher, ~885 °C. Higher shrinkage rate decreases the front velocity (mix case: from 2.18 to 0.72 mm min−1) unlike to lower shrinkage rate (feces case: from 1.39 to 2.05 mm min−1). The high concentration of CO for both materials (7.92 % for feces and 7.42 % for the mix) may be due to gasification reactions (incomplete combustion) in the bed. The presence of H2 in considerable fractions (4.4 % for feces, and 3.1 % for the mix) reinforces this hypothesis. The global results are encouraging, since all residues showed potential for energetic use. Especially feces that are residues utterly scorned, and its energetic power totally disregarded.

Weather, investor irrationality and day-of-the-week anomaly: case of Indonesia

Finance is based on rational behavior assumption. Thus, the existence of day-of-weekend anomaly in the market can be the anti thesis of the assumption. Much research suggested the role of psychology as the explanation of this anomaly. However, it is rare to find a research investigating the relationship between psychology and day-of-week anomaly (DOWA). As one of the psychology factors is weather-induced mood, this research aims to investigate the relationship between weather cycle and DOWA. This paper used Indonesia average temperature level from 1999 up to 2009 for determining the proxy of moods; and found temperature level does not explain the market returns movements. Temperature level influences the DOWA implying the moods of investor establish the irrational behavior of the market. This result can be used as the explanation of irrationality behavior of investor on Monday. Further research is needed in term of investigating the relationship between psychology factors (need for cognition, heuristic bias, information ignorance, and other factors) and investor behavior.

Association of daily temperature at residence with mortality in Eastern Massachusetts

Studies reported increased mortality during heat waves worldwide. While these studies used daily central site temperature as the exposure variable, temperature is spatially variable, and housing and landscape characteristics affect exposure. To investigate acute and chronic effects of temperature on mortality we developed a spatio-temporal model for temperature in Eastern Massachusetts for 2000 to 2004 and applied it to a case-crossover study. We obtained daily temperature measurements from four different data sources. Land use, elevation and census data were obtained. The prediction model for daily temperature at an address included daily intercepts and smooth functions of space, season-specific smooth functions of space, distance to coastline, elevation and land use. Mortality data were obtained from Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Residences of the 125,409 out-of-hospital-deaths were geocoded. A case-crossover analysis was conducted with estimated temperatures at place of residence as exposure variable. Piecewise linear splines of maximum temperature with knots at 4 and 27°C allowed for non-linearity. We compared our results using temperature at Logan Airport as the exposure variable. Each 1°C increase at temperatures between 4 and 27°C was associated with an increased mortality risk of 0.3% (95% CI 0.1–0.4%) for temperature at residence as well as at Boston Logan Airport. An increase in daily maximum temperature at place of residence when above 27°C increased the risk of mortality by 1.6% (95% CI 1.0–2.1%) per 1°C. Compared to this the association of mortality with maximum temperature at Logan Airport was somewhat smaller. These effects were higher for subjects living at residences with high location-specific average temperature level. The results suggest that the observed associations between hot temperatures and mortality may be underestimated when using central site monitoring data. Furthermore living in an area with hot average temperature may increase the risk of mortality associated with hot temperatures.

Ray-Tracing Method for Radiative Heat Transfer in a Two-Layer Anisotropic Scattering Medium

Transient radiation heat transfer in a two-layer anisotropic scattering medium is investigated. Each layer of the medium can have different thermal and radiative properties. The two surfaces are assumed to be semitransparent or opaque, and the interface between the two layers is assumed to be semitransparent. Specular reflection is considered at the surfaces and the interface. A general criterion for total reflection at the surfaces and the interface is proposed to overcome the integral singularity problem above the critical angle. A fully implicit control-volume method is used to solve the transient energy equation of coupled radiation and conduction, and a ray-tracing/nodal-analyzing method is applied in the solution of the radiative transfer. Effects of emissivities of the surfaces, extinction coefficients, and optical boundary conditions on transient radiative heat transfer are examined. Results show that for the medium layer having a larger refractive index, its average temperature level may be higher, mainly due to the contribution of total reflection at the interface facing the layer, even if its absorption coefficient is relatively small compared to the medium layer having a larger absorption coefficient and a smaller refractive index.

ACCOUNTING FOR TEMPERATURE IN PREDATOR FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES

ABSTRACT. A rational mechanism that integrates temperature‐mediated activity cycles into standard predator functional responses is presented. Daily temperature variations strongly influence times that predators can search for prey, and they affect the activity periods of prey, thereby modifying their detection by predators. Thus, key parameters in the functional response, the search time and the detection, become temperature‐dependent. These temperature mediated responses are included in discrete‐time population growth models, and it is shown how environmental temperature variations, such as those that may occur under global climate change, can affect population levels. As an illustration, a logistic growth model with a stochastic, temperature‐dependent predation term is examined, and the response to both average temperature levels and temperature variability is quantified. We infer, through simulations, that predation and prey abundance are strongly affected by mean temperature, temperature amplitudes, and increasing uncertainty in predicting temperature levels and variation, thus confirming many qualitative conclusions in the ecological literature. In particular, we show that increased temperature variability increases oscillations in the system and leads to increased probability of extinction of the prey.