Average Stress Score Research Articles

Evaluation of Vulnerability Factors for Developing Stress and Depression due to COVID-19 Spread and its Associated Lockdown.

COVID-19 is a pandemic that has been widespread throughout the world. The disease and the measures employed to contain its spread have a detrimental effect on the mental health of individuals. Countries across the world have applied variable combinations of quarantine and social distancing measures to contain the spread of COVID-19. This project aims at identifying the susceptible groups for the development of depression and stress due to COVID-19-associated containment measures. This evaluation will help in prioritizing efforts to ameliorate the detrimental effects of COVID-19 on psychological health. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey that included questions on the demographics and COVID-19 experience. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was evaluated using the PHQ-9 survey, whereas stress levels were detected using the perceived stress scale (PSS). Data regarding demographics as well as exposure to COVID-19, working at home and the financial impact of the pandemic were collected. Data were collected from 1541 participants from the MENA region. Depressive symptoms were detected in 54.2% of the participants, and the average stress score was 18.4±0.8. Adjusting for demographics and other variables, younger participants were more likely to report depressive symptoms and higher stress scores. Additionally, younger age, female gender, the coexistence of depressive symptoms, negative effects on monthly income, and ability to do work were found to be independent predictors of higher stress scores. Young individuals are more likely to develop depression symptoms and stress. Thus, there is a need for prompt measures to alleviate COVID-19-associated effects on this group.

HUBUNGAN STRES TERHADAP DISMENORE PADA MAHASISWI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS HKBP NOMMENSEN MEDAN

Abstract
 Background: Menstruation is one of the signs of maturity of the female reproductive organs. During menstruation a woman experiences bleeding through the vagina and also experiences some annoying things, such as changes in emotions and feeling pain in the pelvis and abdomen which is often referred to as dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is caused by increased production of prostaglandins which cause ischemic and stimulate myometrium contractions. Some factors trigger the occurrence of dysmenorrhea such as early manarche, elongated menstruation, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and stress. Stress is the human body's response to the stressors it experiences. Stressful conditions alone can cause disruption to the working system in the human body including the endocrine system. 
 Purpose: This study aims to find out the relationship between stress to dysmenorrhea in students of the Faculty of Medicine, HKBP Nommensen University Medan.
 Method : This study was a descriptive analytical study. The sample were 44 active students of the Faculty of Medicine of HKBP Nommensen University Medan who filled the criteria of inclusion and exclusion by purposive sampling. The data was analyzed in a univariate way to describe the average stress score and dysmenorrhea of the subject, normality test using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and bivariate analysis using Pearson test method to determine the correlation between stress variables to dysmenorrhea.
 Result : Moderate correlation between stress to dysmenorrhea and correlation coefficient value r=0.495 (p= 0.000).
 Conclusion: The higher the stress score, the higher the dismenorrhea score in students of the Faculty of Medicine, HKBP Nommensen University Medan.
 Keywords : Stress, Dysmenorrhea

위탁선사 실습생의 승선실습 스트레스 요인 분석에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing the stress that the cadet feel during the on-board training by measuring the stress. The participants of this study were 129 cadets from Mokpo Maritime University who completed the on-board training in shipping company and the collected data were analyzed by SPSS Statistics 27. In this study, stress measurement, general characteristic analysis for participants, stress difference analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and multinomial logistic regression analysis were performed. As a result of this study, the overall average stress score was 2.88±0.65, in the order of technical factors, psychological factors, crew

Pengaruh Suplementasi Vitamin C Terhadap Tingkat Stres Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Angkatan 2016 Universitas Ciputra

Introduction: Stress is an event that places a strain or demand on a person, disrupting the body's balance and physical and psychological conditions. Students often experience stress due to the numerous orders placed on them regarding learning and extracurricular activities on campus. Because medical students are prone to stress due to academic factors and the pressure they face, additional treatment is required to ensure that it does not have a long-term impact. Objective: This study aims to show that vitamin C supplementation can help medical students at Ciputra University feel less stressed. Method: A pre-and post-experimental study and the total sampling technique were used, and the respondents were divided into two groups: treatment and control. The DASS (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale) questionnaire was used in this study as the instrument. After that, the paired t-test was used to examine the data. The findings revealed that 66.6 percent of students in the pre-intervention experimental group experienced mild stress. In comparison, 29.16 percent of students in the pre-intervention control group had a normal pre-experimental score of 17.96. With an average result of 11.58, 95.8% of the participants in the post-intervention experimental group or after vitamin C supplementation were classified as usual. In a comparative test, the average stress score before and after supplementation differed significantly (p = 0.05). It can be concluded that supplementing with vitamin C can help students cope with stress.

An Observational Study of Demographic Variables and Parenting Stress, the Extent of Children’s Screen Addiction and its Impact on Parenting Stress During the Period of Covid-19 Pandemic: A Pilot Study

Background: Many parents experience stress specifically related to parenting. Parenting duties have increased significantly as Children are at home entire day. It has been found that children staying at home due to lockdown spend more time in front of TV screens, mobile phones and internet which can lead to psycho-social problems. This further increases parental stress. The purpose of this study was to asses parenting stress, and to understand the components responsible and incidence of screen addiction in children during lockdown. Methods: The study was designed as cross-sectional observational study. After the ethical approval, the samples were collected online using google forms. The data was collected between September to December 2021. The parents of children under 18 years of age were selected for the study. Parent stress scale, Children’s screen addiction test was used for determining parental stress and screen use respectively. Result: 60.5% were male and 39.5% were female. 90.6% participants were Hindu, 6.04% were Muslim, rest 3.3% were others. 93.4 % were married, 3.3% were divorced, and 2.7 % had widowed status. For single child average parenting stress score was 58.31, for 2, 3, and 4/4+ was 59.21, 66.05 and 78.9 respectively. 45.60% (N=83) participants had high levels and 54.40 % had low parental stress. There was 43.3% rise in parental stress during pandemic. On comparative analysis of Parental stress before and during lockdown, 12.63% reported decrease, 15.38% reported no change, and 71.97% reported increase in parental stress. 14.8% children had problematic use of screen use and 76.37% (N=139) had severe problem of screen use. Conclusion: We are currently living in a difficult time, where a global pandemic has led to detrimental changes for almost all aspects of daily living. Many of these changes are consistent with the risk factors for parental stress, which is particularly troubling as parents. It is important that we recognize parenting stress as a phenomenon that is possible, and even probable, during periods of pandemic.

Assess level of stress among working and non-working women residing in selected areas in a view to develop an information booklet

Assess level of stress among working and non-working women residing in selected areas in a view to develop an information booklet. Objectives: 1. To assess level of stress among working women. 2. To assess level of stress among non-working women. 3. To compare the level of stress among working and non-working women. Material and Methods: The research approach adopted in this study is Evaluatory approach. Non-experimental descriptive comparative research design was used. The sample were selected by non-probability convenient sampling technique sample size was 120 (60working women and 60 non-working women). Results: 1. 85% of the working women had severe stress (score 18-25) and 15% of them had moderate stress (Score 26-33). 2. 35% of the non-working women had severe stress (score 18-25) and 65% of them had moderate stress (Score 26-33). 3. Average stress score in employed women was 22.5 which was 26.2 in unemployed women. Z-value for this test was 7.8 with 118 degrees of freedom. Corresponding p-value was small (less than 0.05), the null hypothesis is rejected. The stress level among working is significantly more than that in non-working women. Conclusion: The stress level among working is significantly more than that in non-working women.

POSSIBLE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LIVING CONDITIONS THAT CHANGED THROUGH THE COVID-19 ON YOUNG INDIVIDUALS

Objective: Aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of changing living conditions due to COVID-19 in young adult individuals. Methods: The study was conducted as a descriptive relation-seeker-type. A total of 551 young people were reached. Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Health Anxiety Scale-Short Form and Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Question List were used. For Analysis was used number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square, t test, ANOVA, Tukey-HSD and Pearson correlation tests. Results: The average age of the participants was 22.60 ± 3.49 years. 74% are women, 88.6% are single, 53.4% are students (health). The average stress score of individuals is 30.44±7.86, the average HAS-1 is 14.32±6.22, the average HAS-2 is 3.43±2.34 and the average MOCQ is 17.79±7.19. In terms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, 10% (n=55) of the participants showed low trends, 29.9% (n=165) moderate, and 60.1% (n=331) showed a high level of trend.It was determined that individuals’ perceived stress, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive behavior levels changed according to variables such as age, gender, marital status, occupation, presence of chronic disease, smoking and quarantine status (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was determined that young people experienced psychological problems due to the COVID-19 outbreak, and these problems changed according to demographic characteristic.

Factors Associated With Mental Health Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increasing mental health burden. We examined the factors associated with mental health symptoms in Chinese general adults in Hong Kong.Methods: We conducted a dual-frame (landline and mobile) survey on Chinese adults aged 18 years or older in April 2020. Shortage of preventive materials, perceptions of the outbreak (each item range 1–5), and reduction in income were assessed. Mental health symptoms measured included stress (Perceived Stress Scale-4, range 0–16), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorders-2, range 0–6, cutoff >2), and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-2, range 0–6, cutoff >2). Results were weighted by the general population distribution. Associations were analyzed by multivariable linear (for stress) and logistic (for anxiety and depressive symptoms) regression adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related covariates, including confirmed or in close contacts of confirmed cases, chronic disease, self-rated health, and smoking and alcohol drinking behavior.Results: Of the 1,501 participants (52.5% female, 55.0 aged 30–59 years), the average stress score was 7.20 (SD 2.12). 218 (15.8%) and 206 (14.8%) participants had anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively. Shortage in facemasks (20.8%), alcohol-based hand sanitizers (13.9%), and cleaning products (7.3%) was reported. Participants generally disagree with the perception of at risk of getting infected in the coming 6 months (mean 2.2, SD 1.1), but tended to agree with the perception of worry that the people around pose a threat to them (mean 3.6, SD 0.9) and the outbreak has greatly affected their daily life (mean 3.7, SD 0.9). 59.3% employed participants had income reduction and 6.2% had become unemployed since the outbreak. Stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were more prevalent in those with shortages of preventive materials and negative perceptions of the outbreak (all P < 0.05). Reduction in income and unemployment were associated with more mental health symptoms (all P < 0.05).Conclusions: Shortage of preventive materials, negative perceptions, financial loss, and unemployment were prevalent during the outbreak and found in association with higher stress and more anxiety and depressive symptoms. Further research and urgent actions are warranted to relieve stress and promote mental health, targeting the many risk factors identified by our study.

Work-Related Stress and Anxiety Among Frontline Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has strained the health system worldwide. Nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 reported experiencing significant work-related stress and anxiety. The current online descriptive cross-sectional correlational study aimed to investigate work-related stress and anxiety among nurses caring for patients with COVID-19. Data were collected from 240 nurses using the Stress Overload Scale and Self-Rated Anxiety Scale. Average stress and anxiety scores were 34.96 (SD = 5.85) and 52.8 (SD = 5.48), respectively. Statistically significant differences were found in mean stress overload and anxiety scores based on gender, professional title, average working hours per week, working area, and presence of fear of being infected with COVID-19. These findings suggest the need to promote well-being in nurses and assist nurses and other health care workers experiencing mental and psychological health problems in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(8), 31-42.].

Stress and affective disorders in COVID-19 pandemic: On-line survey of russian respondents in different cities of residence

IntroductionThe psychological stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has a complex multifactorial nature.ObjectivesThe aim: to evaluate the level of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Russian-speaking population with(-out) affective disorders in different cities of residence.MethodsThe data obtained from an online survey of 4803 Russian-speaking respondents (age over 18) from March 30 to May 18, 2020. The survey included social, demographic and the history of affective disorders data. The anxiety distress level was evaluated with the Psychological Stress Measure (PSM-25).ResultsIndividuals from sub-cohort of Russian cities with populations less than one million had higher stress levels (M=135.39) compared to Moscow (M=129.47; p=0.003) or St.-Petersburg (M=126.63; p&lt;0.001). However, stress scores in respondents with a history of affective disorders correspond to the average stress level according to PSM-25. Respondents without affective disorders from St.-Petersburg reported lower stress levels (M=92.88) than respondents from Moscow (M=100.47; p&lt;0.001) and Russian cities with less than one million population (M=98.4; p&lt;0.001). Average stress scores from St.-Petersburg and other Russian cities show a low level of stress on PSM-25, which indicates psychological adaptation. Stress scores from Moscow have borderline values between low and medium levels.ConclusionsOur study showed that the city of residence and affective disorders status significantly affect stress levels in Russian population. These factors could be further used in individual psychological support strategies.

Post-traumatic Stress and Related Factors Among Hospital Nurses during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea.

COVID-19 is an ongoing worldwide infectious disease pandemic. The purpose of this study was to investigate post-traumatic stress and related factors among hospital nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak. The subjects of this study were 300 nurses who worked in three general hospitals that operated National Designated Isolation Unit (NDIU) wards during the COVID-19 outbreak. Self-reporting questionnaires were used to collect data on post-traumatic stress, general characteristics, and work-related information. The average post-traumatic stress score was 20.68 ± 19.5 points and 36.7% of participants were at high risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The odds ratio (OR) for PTSD was higher for nurses who worked in the NDIU ward (OR = 16.31, 95% CI = 3.79–70.32), who responded that nurse staffing was poor (OR = 3.03, 95% CI = 1.01–9.10), and who responded that they experienced COVID-19 symptoms (OR = 3.83, 95% CI = 1.89–7.75). Total 36.7% of nurses were at risk of PTSD and the factors related to PTSD were the work department, nurse staffing, and experiencing COVID-19 symptoms. These results could be used to manage PTSD and provide psychological support of nurses during infectious disease epidemics, such as COVID-19.

The Effect of Aromatherapy on Work Stress in Sialang Rindang Village Office

Stress is an internal condition, can be caused by a physical (body), or environmental demands, and social situations, which are potentially damaging and uncontrolled. In a previous study, it had been carried out at the Sialang Rindang Village Office about work stress on 12 workers. Initial data obtained 33.3% or 4 people who experienced work stress from 12 respondents and 66.6% or 8 respondents did not experience work stress. To find out about the effect of giving aromatherapy to workers on work stress at the Sialang Rindang village office in 2020. The method used is a quantitative research using a quasi-experimental design. The number of samples used was 30 people. Before being given aromatherapy it is known that the average work stress score at the first measurement was 82.47 with a standard deviation of 33.277. After being given aromatherapy, it is known that the average work stress is 67.97 with a standard deviation of 13.389. Judging from the significant effect between the work stress of the first measurement with the second measurement, seen from the change in the mean value between the first and second measurements of 14.5 with a standard deviation of 19.8 where the statistical test results obtained P-value of 0,000 (&lt;0.05).

Well-Being of Pediatric Hematology Oncology Providers and Staff During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the New York and New Jersey Epicenter

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the well-being of healthcare workers to varying degrees. The aim of the current study was to investigate how the pandemic has affected the burnout, stress, and emotional well-being of pediatric hematology oncology (PHO) providers and staff in the New York and New Jersey epicenter. The study was conducted in June 2020 during the pandemic through an electronic survey. The survey contained questions surrounding demographics, pandemic experiences, and validated burnout, stress, and emotional well-being measures. Two hundred fifty-two PHO providers and staff responded to the survey. Overall, half of the participants reported high levels of burnout, average stress scores were in the mild-moderate range, and the majority scored in the none-to-mild symptomatology range for their well-being. Self-reported burnout levels before the pandemic and geographic work location were statistically significant risk factors for all outcomes. Additional predictors for some outcomes included hospital role, lack of trust in leadership, and deployment. The majority of participants (87.0%) reported that their hospitals had made mental health resources related to COVID-19 available to them but only 8.4% reported having used them. PHO providers and staff in the NYC/NJ area are experiencing a range of emotional experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the majority are not using current resources. With the continuation of the pandemic, we must continue efforts to improve provider and staff distress to mitigate the degree of potential negative short-term and long-term impact.

Stressors, coping styles, and anxiety & depression in pediatric nurses with different lengths of service in six tertiary hospitals in Chengdu, China.

BackgroundThe level of stress experienced by nurses is related to their length of service. In the current study, we investigated the potential correlations among stressors, coping styles, and anxiety and depression in pediatric nurses with different lengths of service in six tertiary hospitals in Chengdu, Sichuan, China.MethodsBetween January and June 2018, we enrolled 500 pediatric nurses from 6 tertiary hospitals in Chengdu using a convenience sampling method. A cross-sectional survey was carried out using the Chinese Nurses’ Occupational Stressor Scale (NOSS), the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), and Zung’s Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS).ResultsStatistically significant differences were found in the average scores of NOSS and scores of various dimensions, SAS and SDS, and Simple Coping Style score among pediatric nurses with different lengths of service (all P<0.05). Nurses with 8–12 years of service had the highest average score for stressors. Anxiety and depression were both prevalent among nurses with 4–7 years of service. The average overall stress scores of nurses with different lengths of service were negatively correlated with positive coping style (P<0.05), were not significantly correlated with negative coping style (P>0.05), and were positively correlated with anxiety score and depression score (P<0.05). The positive coping style score showed negative correlations with anxiety score and depression score (both P<0.05). The negative coping style score was positively correlated with the scores for anxiety and depression (all P<0.05), except in nurses with 4–7 years of service, for whom the negative coping style score showed no significant correlation with the depression score.ConclusionsPediatric nurses with different lengths of service in tertiary hospitals in Chengdu experience different levels of workplace stress. Pediatric nurses with 4–7 and 8–12 years of service have higher levels of workplace stress and are more likely to experience anxiety and depression.

Association of perceived stress with health status outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease

ObjectiveTo assess association of chronic self-perceived stress with health status outcomes of patients with peripheral artery disease. MethodsThe PORTRAIT study is a prospective registry that enrolled 1275 patients with symptoms of peripheral artery disease across 16-sites in US, Netherlands, and Australia from June 2011 to December 2015. Demographics, comorbidities and diagnostic information was abstracted from chart review. Self-perceived stress was assessed using the 4-item perceived stress scale at baseline, 3- and 6-month follow-up. Scores range from 0 to 16 with higher scores indicating greater stress. Sum scores were calculated at each time point and averaged to quantify average exposure to stress from enrollment through 6 months. Disease-specific health status were assessed at baseline and 12-months using the peripheral artery disease questionnaire summary score. ResultsThe mean age of the analytical cohort (n = 1060) was 67.7 ± 9.3 years, 37.1% were females, and 82.3% were white. Comorbidities were highly prevalent with 80.9% having hypertension, 32.6% having diabetes, and 36.4% being smokers. In models adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, disease severity and socioeconomic status, having a higher average stress score was associated with poorer recovery (from baseline) in peripheral artery disease questionnaire summary score at 12-months (−1.4 points per +1-point increase in averaged 4-point perceived stress score, 95% CI -2.1, −0.6 p < 0.001). ConclusionIn patients with peripheral artery disease, experiencing higher chronic stress throughout the 6-months following their diagnosis, was independently associated with poorer recovery in 12-month disease-specific health status outcomes. (ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT01419080).

The COVID-19 Pandemic, Stress, and Eating Practices in the United States.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the lives of people worldwide. In this study, we assessed the burden of stress during the pandemic and its relationship with eating practices in a national random sample of American adults. Data were collected using an online survey and the participants were asked about their demographic characteristics, perceived stress, and eating practices in April 2020. Compared to their counterparts, average stress scores were statistically significantly higher for racial and ethnic minority individuals, those who were employed part-time, were single, lived in the Midwest, and were ≤35 years of age. More than one-tenth of the participants reported practicing more unhealthy eating practices during the pandemic lockdowns: fasting (16%), restricting eating (20%), skipping meals (25%), and overeating (39%). Concerning the overall perception of diet, nearly a third reported that their diet had worsened during the pandemic (31%). In adjusted and unadjusted analyses after controlling for demographic characteristics, stress scores were statistically significantly higher for those engaging in unhealthy eating practices and those who reported that their diet had worsened. Policymakers and public health practitioners should redouble their efforts in preventing morbidity and premature mortality by implementing interventions that address the multiple detrimental stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prevalence of Migraine and its Relationship with Psychological Stress and Sleep Quality in Female University Students in Saudi Arabia.

PurposeThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of migraine in young female adults and to identify if a relationship exists between psychological stress or poor sleep quality and migraine.Materials and MethodsThis case control study was carried out at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, KSA from March 2019 to March 2020 on 1,990 female students (17- to 26-years-old). The study tools were Migraine Screening Questionnaire (MS-Q), International Headache Society (IHS) Criteria for Migraine, K10 Psychological Distress Instrument (K10) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).ResultsA total of 103 out of 1,990 (5.17%) participants were identified to have migraine. Migraineurs compared to controls had significantly higher average stress scores; felt more tired, nervous, restless, could not sit still, felt that everything was an effort, and nothing cheered them up (p values; 0.008, 0.001, 0.02, 0.01, 0.004, 0.009, 0.02 respectively). Moreover, presence of migraine was significantly correlated with various stress parameters including “High K10 scores,” “being tired,” “being nervous,” “restlessness,” “inability to sit still,” and “feeling that everything is an effort” (p values: 0.01, 0.002, 0.018, 0.01,0.005, 0.01,0.02). Regarding sleep quality and sleep parameters, no statistically significant difference was found between migraineurs and controls. No correlation was found between presence of migraine and poor sleep quality.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that 5.17% of young females (17- to 26-years-old) suffer from migraine. It also concludes that poor sleep quality is not correlated with migraine, whereas high stress scores are significantly correlated with migraine in young female adults.

Muscle Tension Dysphonia: Experience from a Conflict Zone.

We sought to explore the frequency of stress among OPD attending Kashmiri public diagnosed as muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) and determine the subjective consequences of voice therapy in management of muscle tension dysphonia. 72 subjects that attended to ENT and HNS OPD with change of voice were prospectively evaluated and also underwent an extensive otolaryngological examination. Patients identified as MTD were provided a questionnaire which was split into 3 parts: First part dealt with the identification of the subject (age, geography, gender, profession) and also provided evaluation of perceived anxiety using Perceived Stress Scale-10. In the next part the individuals needed to assess their vocal quality based on parameters of GRBAS 4-point score scale before and also after the treatment. In the final component the subjects also needed to answer the VHI-10 (Voice Handicap Index) and also the outcome was compared with those acquired at the assessment before the beginning of the treatment. The mean age of the cohort was 30.31 ± 07.43 (age range, 12-71) and every subject was an indigenous Kashmiri. As expected, vast majority of subjects were females (43 patients). In the pooled information set, women had numerically higher PSS-10 scores than males. For women, the typical stress score was M = 18.6 and for men the average stress score was M = 16.65. In a healthy population, the typical PSS stress score is described to be 13.7 (SD = 6.6) for women and 12.1 (SD = 5.9) for men. At the Wilcoxon test for paired data, we observed a significant difference between the VHI pretreatment (mean = 19.7) and VHI post-treatment, that's at time of the research (mean = 9.73; P = 0.017). The grade (G) was assessed in terms of improvement of the vocal quality as opposed with before treatment and also the individuals demonstrated a high level of satisfaction (mean = 0.65). When looking at roughness (R) as well as breathiness (B), the individuals remember that their speech is seldom rough (mean = 0.62) and also less breathy (median = 0.44). Patients likewise noted improvement in other variables of GRBAS scale. Stress is persistent, pervasive and nearly unavoidable in contemporary life. The decades old perplexing and mind baffling pandemonium hovering around the Kashmiri population has had a tremendous impression on the psychological development of people in this region. A careful conclusion is the fact that emotional stress might play a major role in the upkeep of MTD. MTD has to be approached in a multidisciplinary environment in which closer cooperation between a laryngologist, a speech language pathologist and also a psychologist is likely.

Coronavirus Outbreak and Stress in Iranians.

Iran has faced one of the worst COVID-19 outbreaks in the world, and no studies to date have examined COVID-19-related stress in the general Iranian population. In this first population-based study, a web-based survey was conducted during the peak of the outbreak to assess stress and its correlates in the Iranian population. A 54-item, valid, and reliable questionnaire, including items on demographic characteristics and past medical history, stress levels, awareness about signs and symptoms of COVID-19, knowledge about at-risk groups and prevention methods, knowledge about transmission methods, trust in sources of information, and availability of facemasks and sanitizers, was deployed via social and mass media networks. A total of 3787 Iranians participated in the study where the majority of the participants were females (67.4%), employed (56.1%), from developed provinces (81.6%), without chronic diseases (66.6%), and with ≥13 years of formal education (87.9%). The mean age of study participants was 34.9 years (range = 12–73), and the average stress score was 3.33 (SD = ±1.02). Stress score was significantly higher for females, those who were 30–39 years old, housewives, those with chronic diseases, individuals who were aware that there is no vaccine to prevent COVID-19, those who could not get facemasks or sanitizers, and individuals with higher knowledge about at-risk groups (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation of stress scores with knowledge about prevention methods for COVID-19 (r = 0.21, p = 0.01) and trust in sources of information about COVID-19 (r = −0.18, p = 0.01). All of the predictors, except knowledge of two important at-risk groups and education, had a significant effect on stress scores based on a multivariate regression model. The COVID-19 outbreak could increase stress among all population groups, with certain groups at higher risk. In the high-risk groups and based on experience with previous pandemics, interventions are needed to prevent long-term psychological effects. Professional support and family-centered programs should be a part of pandemic mitigation-related policymaking and public health practices.

‘Mental Health Study’: The Rural Population Fares Better than the Medical Staffs &amp; Students of the Area; A Cross Sectional Analysis

Mental health is a perennially neglected domain; more so, it is a comparative evaluation across different accessible strata. Aim: The reporting cross-sectional study aimed at enumerating and comparing different stress factors amongst teachers, students, clerical staffs and local residents in a rural medical university and its field practice area. Result: A total of 400 participants were studied over a period of 3 months belonging to four groups with equal number (50 each). Out of these 221(55.25%) recorded mild stress and 10(2.5%) recorded stress scores needing urgent intervention. For the student, new entrants (&lt; 3 years of residential experience) had higher stress prevalence at 36(72%) as compared to their seniors at 27(54%) who had a history of &gt; 3 year residential experience. For faculty, 38(76%) recorded moderately high stress score irrespective of their campus residency. For clerical and paramedical staffs, duration of residence was detrimental in stress generation. Moderate and severe stress was apparent in the less than 3 years resident category at 6(12%) and 1(2%) as compared to 1 (2%) and 0 (0%) in over 3 year groups. The natives of the rural area experienced lowest stress level, with an average stress score of 169.44, for males and 170.42 for female which was less than the cut off value of 178. Conclusion: Rural residency with nativity status and longer duration of stay for working and student class were associated with less mental stress level where as new students and faculties of the health university experienced a higher score. The result points at initiating intervention strategy at work place for stress management. How to cite this article: Mishra BN, Gupta MK. ‘Mental Health Study’: The Rural Population Fares Better than the Medical Staffs &amp; Students of the Area; A Cross Sectional Analysis. J Adv Res Med Sci Tech 2020; 7(1&amp;2): 4-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2394.6539.202001