Average Stature Research Articles

Activity Participation in the Pediatric Skeletal Dysplasia Population

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To investigate activities children with skeletal dysplasia participate.To identify activities with the greatest and lowest participation rates among children with skeletal dysplasia .To investigate participation patterns among children with skeletal dysplasia. <h3>Design</h3> Children with skeletal dysplasia were asked to complete the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) survey during visits July 2014-June 2019. Demographic information and use of assistive devices was collected retrospectively. <h3>Setting</h3> City-based ambulatory orthopedic hospital. <h3>Participants</h3> Sixty-six children (38 females, 28 males) average age 11.5+/-4.21 years participated. Twenty-three (35%) were at least 13 years old, 43 (65%) were younger than 13. Thirty-two had average stature for age, 34 had short stature. There were 21 different skeletal dysplasia diagnoses among the participants. Fifteen children (23%) used assistive devices. Thirty-six children identified as white, 10 as black, 9 as Hispanic, 9 as Asian, 2 as other. <h3>Interventions</h3> CAPE was validated in Ontario, Canada for children (ages 6-21) with or without disabilities. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> CAPE measures children participation of 55 informal and formal activities of five activity types: recreational, active-physical, social, skill-based, and self-improvement. <h3>Results</h3> Children participated in an average of 27.6+/-9.21 activities (overall diversity scores) out of 55 individual activities. CAPE diversity responses for each domain were used to compare the degree of activity involvement. Intensity and enjoyment were calculated. Chi-square analyses were conducted to analyze responses by each individual item. Paired t-tests were used to compare variation across population demographics. All statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 for Windows. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Children with skeletal dysplasia participate in a wide variety of activities. Greatest participation was in social activities, lowest in physical activities. Use of assistive devices did not affect participation; there were no participation differences between genders. No study has previously evaluated the participation activities in this population. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> Dr. Cathleen Raggio received consulting fees from Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Ascendis and Biomarin. She was on speaker's bureau for Alexion Pharmaceuticals and Medical Advisory Board for Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation. Erin Carter on Medical Advisory Board for Little People of America, Inc.

Assessing the maternal risks associated with short stature in ancient Southeast Asia

AbstractThe maternal experience in ancient Southeast Asia has been an area of study not yet addressed in bioarchaeological research due to the challenges associated with evaluating it and the lack of tools available. This study aims to better our knowledge of the maternal experience in ancient Southeast Asia by investigating whether there is a relationship between maternal mortality rates and a known maternal risk factor, stature, which can be estimated from archaeologically derived skeletal remains. This is performed by applying an adapted maternal mortality rate estimator and undertaking analyses based on stature estimates from ancient Southeast Asian archaeological samples. By investigating estimated stature and maternal mortality rates, we are able to look at whether the modern risks associated with pregnancy in short statured females were also seemingly applicable in the past in Southeast Asia. This study identified that, at the population level, a decrease in average stature coincided with an increase in maternal mortality rates. These results emulate modern trends, with shorter statured females being at a higher risk of maternal death and often requiring medical intervention due to complications caused by their short stature and associated small pelvis. These findings contribute to our understanding of the maternal risk associated with short stature in ancient Southeast Asia.

Paleopathological diagnosis of a proportionate short stature on a female skeleton from the Coimbra collection: Turner syndrome versus other causes

ObjectiveThis paper discusses the possible etiologies for the proportionate short stature of a female individual and provides data to allow the diagnosis of future cases of Turner Syndrome (TS) in paleopathology. MaterialsSkeleton of a 26-years-old maid, from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection, who died of measles in 1920. MethodsMacroscopic examination, imaging techniques, and metric analysis. ResultsHer estimated height is 138.91–144.3 cm, approximately three standard deviations below the average female stature for early 20th century Portugal. The crural, brachial, humero-femoral, and intermembral indexes show a proportionate body, uncommon in dwarfism. Small skull with prominent frontal, maxillary prognathism, enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, proliferative reaction in the petrous portion of the temporal, obliterated sagittal suture, oval foramen magnum, and small mandible with masculine features. The sternal ends of the ribs are wider and vertebrae present developmental defects (e.g. atlas with both left transverse foramina and posterior tubercle open, absence of the right transverse foramen in the axis, sacrum with six vertebrae). ConclusionsThe differential diagnosis point to a possible case of Turner Syndrome. SignificanceThis study describes the features of Turner Syndrome and provide detail metric analysis of this individual, which will be useful for future paleopathological diagnoses. LimitationsThe confirmation of the diagnosis will only be possible through genetic analysis. Suggestions for further researchReanalysis of skeletal individuals with short stature to detect possible cases of Turner Syndrome.

The same growth pattern from puberty suggests that modern human diversity results from changes during pre-pubertal development

Patterns of human growth established for one population have rarely been tested in other populations. In a previous study, three growth curves from puberty were modelled for each sex in a longitudinal study of a Caucasian population based on stature, age at peak of growth and biological maturation. Each curve represents the canalisation of growth associated with the type of puberty. The high precision (± 3 cm) of individual adult stature predictions shows that growth kinetics are already set up at puberty and are canalised depending on biological maturity. Our aim is to assess whether this model can be extrapolated to other populations to test whether growth canalisation is a population-dependent phenomenon or if the model reflects a canalisation pattern specific to our species. The modelled curves predicted adult stature with the same high degree of precision in basketball players and the Baka pygmies. Therefore, (1) the relationship between growth kinetics and age at maturity is similar in all populations and (2) growth according to pubertal stages follows the same canalisation patterns in the populations despite the wide differences in their average adult statures. It suggests that morphological diversity in modern humans results from processes taking place in early development.

Aspek ergonomi pada produk kursi dan meja siswa di Rehabilitasi Sosial Bina Netra (RSBN) Malang

Chair and desk are kinds of school furniture that influence for posture. Usage of unergonomically desk and chair will cause musculoskeletal complaint in student. Based on preliminary research conduct to student of ABC elementary school grade 1 and grade 5 with checklist and Standard Nordict Questionnaire (SNQ). Result of checklist in student grade 1 in average stature 115,6 cm mismatch hight of desk and hight of chair with the student. Student grade 5 in average stature 133,7 cm mismacth hight of desk and hight of chair with the student. This cause student musculoskeletal complaints result with SNQ in neck, hand, foot, back, wait, elbow and knee. Unergonomic desk and chair cause bad posture. Mismatch of desk and chair minimalizeted by redesign desk and chair with antropometry of student according to Pahl and Beitz methods. Step of this methods are clarification of task, conseptual design, embodiment design dan detail design. Redesign of school desk and chair result adjustable hight of desk and hight of chair with hight of desk 41,4- 58,9 cm and hight of chair 30,2-40,6 cm. Width of desk 56,3 cm, width of chair 27,3 cm, lenght of chair 39,2 cm and height of backrest 43,5 cm.

The Changing Antebellum Period Through Early 20th Century Net Nutrition between Male and Females: A Difference-in-Decompositions within and Across Group Comparison

A population’s average stature reflects cumulative net nutrition and changing long-run economic conditions facing women’s economic opportunity, inequality, and net nutrition during development. This study uses stature as a measure for cumulative net nutrition to show how female and male statures varied around the US Civil War. Male statures and net nutrition decreased more than females with industrialization, indicating that women’s net nutrition improved relative to men with emancipation and industrialization. The net nutrition of women in agricultural occupations was greater than women in other occupations; however, male stature returns associated with occupations increased more than women with the transition to free-labor.

İLKOKUL ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN ÇANTA VE BENZERİ EŞYALARI KULLANMA DURUMUNA İLİŞKİN BİR ARAŞTIRMA

The research was conducted in 2016, on 910 students who were from 5 different primary schools in Elazığ. Research is in scanning model, it has a descriptive quality. As a result of the research; it was detected that, the average stature, the minimum was 106 cm and the maximum was 152 cm, was 128.46 cm. likewise, the average weight, the minimum was 16kg and the maximum was 65.60kg, was detected as 28.48 kg. Also, it was detected students were carrying schoolbags that had average of 3.56 kg while the minimum bag weight was 1 kg and the maximum was 8.90 kg. After rating students’ weights to weights of the bags they were carrying; it was detected that bag weights were 8% of their self weight and this might cause some students have crucial problems in their physiological developments. Furthermore, after the research, it was detected that students had 5.32 books and 4.39 notebooks on average in their bags and 63.5% of students had lunch boxes, 87.8% had water bottles, 99.2% had pencil cases and 2.4% had portfolios.

A spatio-temporal and kinematic description of self-selected walking in adults with Achondroplasia

BackgroundAchondroplasia is characterised by a shorter appendicular limb to torso ratio, compared to age matched individuals of average stature (controls). Despite the well documented shorter leg length of individuals with compared to controls, there are few complete descriptions of gait kinematics reported for the population. AimThe aim of this study was to report the spatio-temporal and kinematic characteristics of self-selected walking (SSW) in a group with Achondroplasia (N = 10) and age matched group without Achondroplasia (controls, N = 17). MethodWhole body 3D analysis of both groups was conducted using a 14 camera VICON system. Spatio-temporal and kinematic variables were determined through a Plug-in-Gait model. SSW was obtained from an average of three trials equating to a total of ∼120 m walking. ResultsThe group with Achondroplasia were 23 % slower (P < 0.001), had a 29 % shorter stride length (P < 0.001) and a 13 % higher stride frequency (P < 0.001) compared to controls. There were no differences in time normalised temporal measures of left toe off (P = 0.365), right heel contact (P = 0.442) or the duration of double support (P = 0.588) between groups. A number of discrete joint kinematic differences existed between groups, resulting in the group with Achondroplasia having more ‘flexed’ lower limbs than controls throughout the gait cycle. ConclusionDifferences in absolute spatio-temporal variables between groups is likely due to the shorter leg length of the group with Achondroplasia, while their more flexed position of the lower limbs may facilitate toe-clearance during the swing phase.

Transportation and Health in the Antebellum United States, 1820–1847

I study the impact of transportation on health in the rural United States, 1820–1847. Measuring health by average stature, I find that greater transportation linkage, as measured by market access, in a cohort’s county-year of birth had an adverse impact on its health. A one-standard-deviation increase in market access reduced average stature by 0.14 inches, and rising market access over the study period can explain 37 percent of the contemporaneous decline in average stature, known as theAntebellum Puzzle. I find evidence that transportation affected health by increasing population density, leading to a worse epidemiological environment.

Estimation of stature from dimensions of hands and feet in a South Indian Population

Introduction: There is an established relationship between stature and various body parts like head, trunk, upper and lower extremity. This allows forensic expert to estimate stature from different parts of the body. Many studies have been conducted in many ethnic groups to estimate stature from hand and foot dimensions. Objectives: The purpose of this cross sectional study is to estimate stature from hand and foot dimensions in South Indian origin student population. Materials and Methods: Four anthropometric measurements viz. hand length, hand breadth, foot length and foot breadth were taken independently on the left and right side of each individual. Besides these, stature and weight of each subject were also recorded. Only right handed subjects were included in the present study. Results: In this cross sectional study of south Indian population, hands and feet dimensions were utilized to predict the stature of a person. The study includes 398 persons (149 males and 149 females) aged between 17 and 30 years. The average stature among males was 167.6 ± 6.2 and ranged between 151cm and 167.6cm. The average stature among females was 152.5 ± 4.9 and ranged between 142cm and 165cm. Males have larger hand and foot dimensions than females. The sex differences are highly significant in left foot length, right foot length, left hand breadth and right hand breadth; and significant in right foot breadth. All the parameters of hands and feet showed statistically significant positive correlation with stature in the present study and thus can be successfully utilized for stature estimation. Conclusion: The present cross sectional study emphasizes the utility of dimension of hands and feet in estimating stature by law enforcement agencies and forensic scientists, especially in mutilated and dismembered human remains. Keywords: Foot breadth, Foot length, Hand Breadth, Hand length, Stature.

Net nutrition, insolation, mortality, and the antebellum paradox

When other measures for material welfare are scarce or unreliable, stature is a well-established measure for cumulative net nutrition. The antebellum paradox is the ironic result that average stature decreased during the nineteenth century’s second and third quarters at the same time that wages and income increased. Nevertheless, because of selection concerns, recent criticisms call into question the antebellum paradox’s authenticity. This study illustrates that the nineteenth century’s observed second and third quarter stature diminution was real, but the antebellum paradox is not the timing of the stature decrease but nutrition and disease conditions. Average statures increased with access to pork and dairy, were lower in virulent disease environments, and had an inverted U-shape in both insolation and population density, indicating that the antebellum paradox was resource variation rather than simply stature variation over time.

Recognizing Sample-Selection Bias in Historical Data

ABSTRACTRecent research has ignited a debate in social science history over whether and how to draw conclusions for whole populations from sources that describe only select subsets of these populations. The idiosyncratic availability and survival of historical sources create a threat of sample-selection bias—an error that arises when there are systematic differences between the observed sample and the population of interest. This danger is common in studying trends in health as measured by average stature—scholars can often observe these trends only for soldiers and other similar groups; but whether these patterns are representative of those of the broader population is unclear. This article illustrates what simple patterns in a potentially selected sample can be used to recognize the presence of sample-selection bias in a source, and to understand how such bias might affect conclusions drawn from this source. Applying this intuition to the use of military data to describe stature in the antebellum United States, I present several simple empirical exercises based on these patterns. Finally, I use the results of these exercises to describe how sample-selection bias might affect the use of these data in testing for differences in average stature between the Northeast and the Midwest.

Body Mass, Nutrition, and Disease: Current Net Nutrition During Us Economic Development

When other measures for material welfare are scarce or unreliable, the use of average stature and body mass index (BMI) values is common. BMI reflects the current difference between calories consumed, calories required for work, and to withstand the physical environment. This study evaluates 19th century macro-level nutrition and diseases associated with US BMI variation. Body mass was positively related to calories from dairy products and inversely related to malaria, which had a larger effect on net-nutrition than cholera. After controlling for nutrition and disease, black BMIs and weights were greater than whites, indicating that 19th century social preferences are an unlikely explanation for taller, fairer complexioned whites.

Transitions that Matter? Czechoslovakia's Break up and Human Stature.

Changes in a population’s average stature are virtuous pointers of wellbeing which are sensitive to improvements in psychosocial environments during childhood. A major structural change that could have altered an environment during childhood is the transition from communist to a liberal democracy, and, more specifically, the meltdown of the Soviet bloc provides for a quasi-natural experiment. This paper examines the trends in heights in the Czech Republic and Slovakia before and after the transition and the subsequent break-up of the Czechoslovakian federation. We find that one additional year of exposure to a liberal democracy while growing up is associated with an increasing population stature of 0.28 cm among Slovaks and 0.15 cm among Czechs. We only find changes in stature among men who are more sensitive to environmental stress, especially at the lower end of the current socio-economic status. Results are robust to alternative datasets and measures of democracy.

The effect of hub design on lower limb muscle activation while riding on different terrain

Background :   In cycling, bike wheels are the direct bike-to-ground object that plays one of the most important roles that keeps the bike moving. However, in all structures that make up a wheel, hub stands the most important part. Yet, whether different hub design would influence lower limb muscle activation or not is currently uncertain. Purpose :         The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between different hub designs and terrains to lower limb muscle activation. Methods :     In this study, we recruited 12 experienced cyclists (average stature: 172.5±5.3 cm, average weight:70.1±8.8 kg). No musculoskeletal and neuromuscular injuries happened in the past 6 months. The study implemented DELSYS EMG to compare lower limb muscle activation by riding same wheel models equipped with 2 different hubs (Figure 1 and 2) at 3 different terrains (Figure 3 and 4) respectively. The EMG were positioned on vastus lateral, vastus medial, rectus femoris, bicep femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius of the participants’ dominate leg with sampling frequency was set as 1000Hz. During the trial, the participants were freed to shift the gears and pedaling cadence to make sure they could finish the lap in the shortest (fastest) time. Differences in muscle activity between 2 hubs and between 3 terrains were determined using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. (I±=.05) Results: The results showed no interaction effect between hubs and terrains. There were no main effect for different hubs on lower limb muscle activation. However, the main effect for different terrain lower limb muscle activation. Muscle activation observed in vastus lateral, vastus medial, rectus femoris, bicep femoris were higher at uphill and flat road cycling compared to downhill. The gradient would not influence tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle activation (Figure 5). Hubs won’t impact the lower limb muscle activation. Thus, no significant differences were found in lap times between same wheel models equipped with different hubs (K SHARP :7.43 0.88 VS K DT240 : 7.34 1.33 min). Discussions: Hubs will not vary the lower limb muscle activation as the result showed similarities during uphill and flat road cycling. The possible reason could be contributed to the fraction caused by bearing rolling in the hubs that are not great enough to influence the pedaling performance.   Muscle of thigh plays the main role in cycling to which it’s activation can be differed depending on the terrain. On the other hand, muscle of calf is responsible for power transmission, therefore, gradient will not affect the calf muscle activation. Conclusions: The Hubs design could not affect muscle of lower limb. It is similarities lower limb muscle activation at uphill and flat road cycling.

Modeling the Angle-Specific Isokinetic Hamstring to Quadriceps Ratio Using Multilevel Generalized Additive Models.

Background and Objectives: This study considered the use of a generalized additive multilevel model to describe the joint-angle-specific functional hamstring to quadriceps ratio (H:Q ratio) in the knee, using all of the available truly isokinetic data within the range. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy male basketball players aged 15.0 (1.4) years (average stature = 180.0 cm, SD = 11.1 cm; average body mass = 71.2, SD = 14.9 kg) years were considered. All players considered had no history of lower extremity musculoskeletal injury at the time of testing or during the 6 months before testing, and had been engaged in formal basketball training and competition for 5.9 (2.4) years. Moments of force of the reciprocal concentric and eccentric muscular actions for the knee extensors and flexors assessed by isokinetic dynamometry at 60°∙s−1 were used. Results: Maximum moments of force were attained at different angle positions for knee extension. For knee flexion, it was apparent that there was an ability to maintain high levels of moment of force between 30° and 60° in the concentric muscular action, corresponding to the concentric action of the hamstrings. However, for the eccentric knee flexion, corresponding to the quadriceps action, there was a marked peak of moment of force at about 55°. The functional H:Q ratio for the knee extension was non-linear, remaining higher than 1.0 (i.e., point of equality) from the beginning of the extension until approximately 40° of the knee extension, leveling off below the point of equality thereafter. On average, the functional H:Q ratio for the knee flexion did not attain 1.0 across the range of motion. The functional H:Q ratio for the knee in the present sample peaked at 20° and 80°, declining between these angle positions to below 0.50 at about 0.54. Conclusions: Estimating the form of the non-linear relationship on-the-fly using a generalized additive multilevel model provides joint-angle-specific curves and joint-angle-specific functional H:Q ratio patterns, allowing the identification and monitoring of strength development, with potential implications for injury and performance.

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WATER TREATMENT IN TECHNOLOGIES OF PROJECTING AGRICULTURAL MACHINES AND FORMING PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF THE FUTURE AGRICULTURAL

The main dimensional characteristics of plant stems, bulk density, humidity, crop yields, tensile diagram and average stature strength indices, as well as the influence of cultivating agriculture on the characteristics of plant strength are analyzed. The peculiarities of the design and technological schemes of the segmental-type cutting apparatuses, which are the starting base of the calculation algorithm and the substantiation of the cutting edge parameters of the working organs of the s.-g. cars It is offered in engineering engineering technologies of designing working organs of the village of. machines comprehensively and systematically study the mechanic-technological properties of stems that are able to provide developed innovative pedagogical technologies and newest didactic teaching aids. Particular attention is paid to the quality of conducting lectures, including the open, scientific and pedagogical level, practical experience of the lecturer, which forms the basic theoretical basis for the process of cutting plants. Further, this knowledge is expanding and deepening during laboratory and practical classes, course design, training and production practices. It is shown that the use of educational didactic materials, modern agricultural machines and their working bodies in the educational process contributes to the development of motivation-value, creativity-cognitive and activity-practical criteria, which greatly influences the formation of design professional competencies of agroengineering.

Whole-body and segmental analysis of body composition in adult males with achondroplasia using dual X-ray absorptiometry.

Achondroplasia is a condition characterized by a genetic mutation affecting long bone endplate development. Current data suggests that the bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of achondroplasic populations are below age matched individuals of average stature (controls). Due to the disproportionate limb-to-torso length compared to controls however, the lower BMC and BMD may be nullified when appropriately presented. The aim of this study was to measure whole-body and segmental body composition in adult males with achondroplasia (N = 10, 22 ±3 yrs), present data relative to whole-body and whole-limb values and compare all values to age matched controls (N = 17, 22 ±2 yrs). Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to measure the in vivo mass of the whole-body and 15 segments, from which BMD, BMC, fat free mass (FFM) and body fat mass were measured. BMC of lumbar vertebrae (L1-4) was also measured and presented as a volumetric BMD (BMDVOL). The achondroplasic group had less BMC, BMD and FFM, and more body fat mass than controls as a whole-body measure. The lower achondroplasic BMC and BMD was somewhat nullified when presented relative to whole-body and whole-limb values respectively. There was no difference in lumbar BMDVOL between groups. Whole-body BMD measures presented the achondroplasic group as ‘osteopenic’. When relative to whole-limb measures however, achondroplasic BMD descriptions were normal. Further work is needed to create a body composition database for achondroplasic population’s, or for clinicians to present achondroplasic body composition values relative to the whole-limb.

Sample-Selection Bias and Height Trends in the Nineteenth-Century United States

After adjusting for sample-selection bias, I find a net decline in average stature of 0.64 inches in the birth cohorts of 1832–1860 in the United States. This result supports the veracity of the Antebellum Puzzle—a deterioration of health during early modern economic growth in the United States. However, this adjustment alters the trend in average stature in the same cohort range, validating concerns over bias in the historical heights literature. The adjustment is based on census-linked military height data and uses a two-step semi-parametric sample-selection model to adjust for selection on observables and unobservables.

Exploring the introduction of European dogs to North America through shoulder height

AbstractThe introduction of domesticated species to new environments has been used to identify colonisation events in the archaeological record but rarely provides the opportunity to investigate colonists' selection of particular breeds or stock. This analysis employs morphometrics, the measurement of skeletal landmarks, supported by historic documentation to explore the intersection between colonists' breed preferences and species translocation. In doing so, this analysis provides insight into the differential effects of human selective breeding on domestic dog's (Canis familiaris) physical characteristics in Native American and European societies. Historic sources suggest that European colonists selectively imported large dog breeds capable of defending settlements and livestock, acting as war dogs, and aiding hunters. Colonists' dogs are reputed to have been significantly larger than Native American dogs. This study compares standardised measurements taken on bones to estimate shoulder height. We find that dog populations in England and North America spanning the period 0–1,800 AD exhibit an almost identical average stature; however, the range of shoulder height variation in European dogs is far greater than seen in eastern Native American dog populations. Dogs in colonial American contexts are statistically larger than both Native American and European dog populations, supporting documentary accounts that colonists selectively imported breeds from the largest available in Europe.