Average Root Length Research Articles

Seedling traits from root to shoot exhibit genetic diversity and distinct responses to environmental heterogeneity within a tree population

Phenotypic diversity within plant species is crucial to shaping evolutionary responses of populations and interactions among species, yet intraspecific genetic variability notably in roots has attracted little attention. Further, evidence for the root–shoot trait synchronisation remains inconclusive, narrowing our understanding of the role that belowground traits play in local adaptation. We applied broad ‘top‐to‐toe’ phenotyping to a model system whose native environmental conditions were simulated in experimental settings. Fifteen maternal families of Norway spruce Picea abies from southern Finland grew in six combinations of two simulated growing seasons and three soil treatments. We scored variation in 25 functional traits, including size, architecture and morphology of intact root systems, and shoot growth and phenology. Careful phenotyping of roots uncovered five trait dimensions, with root size, architecture and morphology forming the three largest axes of variation. Dimensions varied in their treatment responses. We observed among‐family differences in all trait dimensions, marking substantial within‐population genetic diversity. For example, average total root length varied almost twofold among families, but family × soil interactions indicated treatment‐specific estimates of genetic variance. Mirroring root traits, phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation characterised shoot growth and phenology. In all, the complete phenotypic dataset yielded six trait dimensions, with assorted measures of root system and shoot size composing the main axis of variation. Although plastic and genetically variable, root architecture and morphology were not associated with shoot growth in any treatment. Also phenology and root‐to‐shoot ratio were detached from the primary axis of trait variability. Our results demonstrate that complex within‐species patterns of trait covariation can be observed even locally and that phenotypic variation in independent trait dimensions reflecting divergent growth strategies is under genetic control. More accurate predictions of population and species responses to changes in the environment can be achieved when such intraspecific diversity is taken into account.

Influence of temperature on the germination and root size of Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen

Acmella oleracea is a herbaceous plant native to the Amazon region that is currently arousing industrial interest due to its potential gastronomic, cosmetic and pharmaceutical uses. Accordingly, the objective of the current study was to test the influence of temperatures on A. oleracea seed germination and seedling vigor. A completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and five replicates was used. Treatments consisted of temperatures: 23, 26, 29, 32 and 35 ºC. The study was conducted in BODtype climate chambers with relative humidity above 90% and a 12 h photoperiod. Germination, germination speed index (GSI), average germination time, root length and number of normal and abnormal seedlings were recorded. Temperature influenced all analyzed variables, except average germination time and number of normal/abnormal seedlings. A quadratic model best described the relationship between dependent and independent variables. In general, maximum germination values, and GSI and root lengths were obtained at temperatures close to 29 °C, while the lowest observed values for these variables occurred at extreme temperatures (23 and 35 °C). The highest percentage of germinated seeds occurred on the second day. Temperatures above 29 ºC induced a significant reduction in the A. oleracea seedling root lengths.

Treatment outcomes of pulp revascularization in traumatized immature teeth using calcium hydroxide and 2% chlorhexidine gel as intracanal medication.

Objective Pulp revascularization is an effective treatment for immature necrotic teeth. Calcium hydroxide has been used in pulp revascularization as an intracanal medication due to its antimicrobial action and the non-exhibition of crown discoloration and cytotoxicity for stem cells from the apical papilla. Our study aimed to investigate the clinical success and quantitative radiographic changes of root development in immature traumatized teeth using calcium hydroxide plus 2% chlorhexidine gel as intracanal medication.Methodology In this retrospective study, 16 patients were treated with a standardized pulp revascularization protocol. Calcium hydroxide and 2% chlorhexidine gel were manipulated in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio and inserted into root canals with Lentulo spirals (Dentsply Maillefer, Baillaigues, Switzerland). Patients were followed up for a period from 9 to 36 months for the evaluation of clinical and radiological data. Radiographic measurements of root length, root width, apical diameter, and MTA placement from the apex were quantified using software ImageJ. Wilcoxon test and t-test were used, according to nonparametric or parametric data, respectively, for changes over time in root length, root width, and apical diameter.Results Fifteen teeth survived during the follow-up period (93.75%) and met the criteria for clinical success. Although the changes seem to be very small in many cases, significant increases in the average root length (14.28%, p<0.0001), root width (8.12%, p=0.0196), and decrease in apical diameter (48.37%, p=0.0007) were observed. MTA placement from the apex and age at the time of treatment was not significantly associated with the quantitative radiographic outcomes.Conclusions Pulp revascularization in traumatized immature teeth treated with calcium hydroxide plus 2% chlorhexidine gel as intracanal medication had high success and survival rates, showing periodontal healing and resolution of signs and symptoms. However, concerning the continued root development, the outcomes can still be considered unpredictable.

Rooting competence of mini-cuttings of Cabralea canjerana clones in different seasons

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this research were to evaluate the rooting competence of mini-cuttings throughout the four seasons and to estimate the adventitious rooting time of canjerana clones. A clonal mini-garden was established with 11 clones in a closed hydroponic system. Evaluations were performed throughout the four seasons for the number of mini-cuttings produced per mini-stump, percentage of survival and rooting of mini-cuttings, number of roots, average root length, and number of rooted mini-cuttings per mini-stump. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared. A rooting curve was estimated for clones 10SM05, 12SMI25, and 12SMI43 that exhibited high competence for adventitious rooting. Our results indicated that canjerana clones can be selected for adventitious rooting competence of mini-cuttings during different seasons, and that canjerana mini-cuttings should be cultivated for 63 days in a rooting chamber.

Web The Effects of Dracaena Sanderiana Extract on The Rooting of Myrtle Cuttings

In this paper, to identify a utilization direction for the processing waste of dracaena sanderiana and improve the rooting rate of myrtle cuttings, with rooting rate, average number of roots and average root length as rooting indicators, we discussed the effects of D. sanderiana extract, different concentrations, IAA and other factors on the rooting of myrtle cuttings. The results showed that D. sanderiana aqueous extract had a comparable rooting-promoting effect to that of IAA and suggested that a rooting-promoting substance existed in D. sanderiana extract, which can provide an experimental technical support for a cheap, non-toxic and effective specialized rooting agent for myrtle, as well as the cutting breeding of myrtle.

Risk assessment of ice-melter reagents for urban plants

The paper assessed the phytotoxicity of the most frequently used ice-melter reagents in Moscow (sand and salt mixture, anti-freeze reagent based on a composition of calcium and sodium chloride, technical salt), snow with varying degrees of contamination of the remnants of ice-melter reagents, as well as soil after the snow cover melting. The toxicity assessment was carried out in the samples taken on the lawns along the roads in nine administrative districts of the city in places with the same anthropogenic load. The test object is oat seeds (Avena sativa), as a sensitive biotest showing the most stable and reproducible data compared to seeds from other crops. Salt solutions of reagents with dilution rates of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10, melted snow and soil extracts were used for biotesting. The phytotoxic effect was determined by comparing the average root length of control and prototype seeds. It was found that all studied ice-melter reagents have a pronounced toxic effect on oat plants even at tenfold dilution. The phytotoxic effect of snow and soil polluted with ice-melter substances, which in turn inherits the chemical composition of snow cover after its melting, was shown.

Isolation and screening of a phytate phosphate-solubilizing Paenibacillus sp. and its growth-promoting effect on rice seeding

The phosphate-solubilizing medium plate screening and heavy metal resistance rescreening were used to isolate a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (coded ZLT11) from the rhizosphere of Mikania micrantha. Results from 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain ZLT11 belonged to Paenibacillus sp. The amount of phosphorus solubilized from calcium phytate and phytic acid by the ZLT11 was 84.10 and 73.84 mg·L-1, respectively. The maximum phosphate solubilizing activity to calcium phytate (95.66 mg·L-1) was at 30 ℃ and initial pH 9.0. The strain ZLT11 displayed the tolerance to ≤ 400 mg·L-1 Pb 2+, ≤ 100 mg·L-1 Cd 2+, and ≤ 40 mg·L-1 Hg 2+. With calcium phytate as phosphorus source, the inoculation strain ZLT11 treatment increased the average root length, root number, seedling height and total biomass of rice seedlings by 106.7%, 76.6%, 49.0% and 46.3%, respectively. The strain ZLT11 could improve rice seedlings growth under Cd stress.

Tuz (NaCl) Stresinin Adi Fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) Tohumlarının Çimlenme ve Fide Büyüme Üzerindeki Engelleyici Etkisinin Hafifletilmesinde GA3 (Gibberellik Asit) ve Kinetin Bitki Büyüme Maddelerinin Uygulanması

Bu çalışmada, tuz (NaCl) stresinin Adi fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) tohumlarının çimlenme ve fide büyümesi üzerindeki engelleyici etkisinin hafifletilmesinde GA3 ve Kinetin bitki büyüme maddelerinin farklı dozlarının etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre petri ve saksıda olmak üzere iki paralel olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede değişik dozlarda NaCl (0,5, 1,0, 1,5 ve 2,0 dS/m dozlarında hazırlanan NaCl çözeltisi) uygulanan adi fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) tohumlarına farklı dozlarda Kinetin ve Gibberelik asit dozları (Kontrol-saf su, 300 ppm Gibberellik asit, 50 ppm Kinetin,300ppm Gibberellik asit × 50 ppm Kinetin) uygulanarak tohumlar petri ve saksıda çimlendirilmiştir. Saksı ve petride çimlendirilen adi fiğ tohumlarında çimlenme yüzdesi, ortalama çimlenme süresi, çimlenme değeri, kök ve sap uzunluğu, kök yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, sap yaş ve kuru ağırlığı üzerine GA3 ve Kinetin uygulamalarının etkileri gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırma sonunda GA3 ve Kinetin uygulamaları adi fiğde çimlenme yüzdesine herhangi bir etkide bulunmamış, çimlenme süresini kısaltmış, çimlenme değerini artırmış, GA3 uygulaması kök ve sap uzamasını artırmış Kinetin uygulamasının olumlu bir etkisi olmamış, en fazla kök yaş ve kuru ağırlığı GA3 ve kontrol ünitelerinden elde edilmiştir. Adi fiğ tohumları üzerinde yapılan çalışmada incelenen özellikler üzerinde genel olarak GA3 ve Kinetin uygulamalarının etkileri çok farklı olmuştur. GA3 uygulamalarının kök ve sap uzunluğunu artırdığı, kinetin uygulamasının ise olumsuz yönde etkilediği belirlenmiştir.

Effects of biochar and peat on salt-affected soil extract solution and wheat seedling germination in the Yellow River Delta

Salt-affected soils are widely distributed in arable croplands, so it is important to reclaim these soils. In this study, the effects of different biochar/peat doses (1, 3, and 5%) on 1:5 salt-affected soil: water extract solutions with different soil salinity levels after seven days shaking; and on winter wheat seedling growth after 80 hours are discussed. Results showed that the SAR and Cl-/SO42- ratio varied because of the changes of ion composition in the soil extract solution caused by the addition of biochar and peat. The maximum length of root and sprout of wheat grown in S1 (very slightly saline) soil extract treated by biochar/peat were 8.0/7.14 and 4.86/4.50 cm, respectively. The average length of wheat root and sprout grown in S2 (moderately saline) soil extract treated by peat was higher than that in soil treated by biochar. The results indicated that biochar and peat modified the ion composition of salt-affected soil extract solutions, as well as that of wheat. The abundant beneficial ions K+ or Ca2+ in biochar/peat might be beneficial to reclaim the salt-affected soil, and the exogenous ions altered the composition of the soil solution to promote the seedling growth or enhance the resistance of plants to the salt stress. Moreover, cation exchange took place among soil, biochar/peat, and soil solution. The proportion of harmful Na+ declined (SAR decreased) in the soil solution, which could be beneficial for the reclamation of the salt-affected soils.

Study on measurement method for apple root morphological parameters based on Labview

BackgroundTraditional measurements of apple seedling roots often rely on manual measurements and existing root scanners on the market. Manual measurement requires a lot of labor and time, and subjective reasons may cause the uncertainty of data; root scanners have limited scanning size and expensive. In case of fruit roots, coverage and occlusion issues will occur, resulting in inaccurate results, but our research solved this problem.ResultsThe background plate was selected according to the color of the seedling roots; the image of the roots of the collected apple seedlings was preprocessed with Vision Development Module by combining image and Labview. The root surface area, average root diameter, root length and root volume of apple seedlings were measured by combining root characteristic parameters algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a set of measurement system for root morphology of apple seedlings was designed, and the measurement result was compared with the Canadian root system WinRHIZO 2016 (Canada). With application of SPSS v22.0 analysis, the significance P > 0.01 indicated that the difference was not significant. The relative error of surface area was less than 0.5%. The relative error of the average diameter and length of the root system was less than 0.1%, and the relative error of the root volume was less than 0.2%.ConclusionsIt not only proved that the root surface area, average root diameter, root length and root volume of apple seedlings could be accurately measured by the method described herein, which was handy in operation, but also reduced the cost by 80–90% compared with the conventional scanner.

The Cryopreservation of Cos Lettuce Callus by Using Liquid Nitrogen

The cryopreservation of cos lettuce (CL) callus by using liquid nitrogen (LN) was further study from the previous research on callus induction and micropropagation of CL. That was studied on seed culture and micropropagation of CL and its embryogenic growth. The result was shown that the most suitable Murashing and Skoog (MS) medium concentration was in 1/2 MS. The medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.5 mg/l of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) gave the best for leaf inducing callus. Then it was brought to study the effects of cryoprotectants with the different percentages of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The cryopreserved callus by using LN was brought to subculture for the best inducing shoot in MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/l of BAP. The results that the best cryoprotectant at the percentage of DMSO at 7.5 gave the highest average number of shoots at 2.1 shoots/culture and the average shoot length was 1.56 cm. The MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid was the best inducing root. The results that the best cryoprotectant at the percentage of DMSO at 7.5 gave the highest average number of roots at 9.7 roots/culture and the average root length was 1.59 cm. Plant differentiation from callus of CL leaf was transferred to grow in soil and had the same morphology as normal CL that was grown in soil by seed germination. CL will be the host of Japanese encephalitis virus expression for the developmental swine vaccine.

In vitro high frequency multiplication and assessment of genetic fidelity of Corallocarpus epigaeus: an endangered medicinal plant

Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottler) Hook.f. is an endangered tuberous medicinal climber of family Cucurbitaceae. Despite high medicinal value, over-exploitation made it threatened. In vitro propagation has been adopted for conserving this endangered medicinal plant. Direct shoots induction was achieved from nodal explants on MS medium fortified with various concentrations of BAP and TDZ individually and BAP + IAA, TDZ + IAA, BAP + l-glutamic acid and TDZ + l-glutamic acid combinations. The highest frequency of multiple shoots (43.33 ± 0.53) was achieved on MS medium fortified with 1.5 mg/l TDZ + 1.5 mg/l IAA from nodal explants but shoot length (12.9 ± 0.15 cm) was high on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l TDZ and 2.0 mg/l l-Glutamic acid. The highest percentage (78%) of rooting was achieved on half strength MS medium augmented with 1.0 mg/l IBA with a mean number of roots 10.76 ± 0.30 cm, an average root length is 1.69 ± 0.07 cm. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in the greenhouse and successfully transplanted to natural conditions with a 68% survival rate. ISSR markers were used to check the genetic fidelity between in vivo and in vitro developed plantlets. The results indicated that the micropropagated plants are monomorphic and true type when compare with mother plant.

Structural Equation Modeling of Soil Moisture Effects on Evapotranspiration of Maize in the North China Plain

Relationships between crop evapotranspiration (ET) and soil water content (SWC) have been studied worldwide. However, traditional data processing has drawbacks in modeling the contribution of SWC to ET on a layer-to-layer basis. To address this issue, large-scale weighing lysimeters were used to monitor the real-time ET along with Insentek sensors to monitor daily SWC dynamics of summer maize at Xuchang Experimental Irrigation Station, North China Plain, in 2016 and 2017. At the vegetative stage of maize (V6 and V12), roots reached 70 cm deep, with an average root length density (RLD) of 0.55 cm cm−3. Mean RLD at reproductive stage (VT and R3) was 1.13 cm cm−3, and the roots reached 100 cm deep. Cumulative percentage of ETi to ET in topsoil (0–30 cm) was from 66% (V6) to 77% (R3), with the lowest proportion of 62% at maturity (R6), indicating > 2/3 of root mass distributed in the 0–30 cm soil layer. Principal component analysis was conducted to extract principal components of SWC. Soil moisture in the top (0–30 cm), middle (30–60 cm), and deep (60–100 cm) soil layers explained 8%, 14%, and 31% of the variances in ET (P < 0.05). Positive linear correlation was observed between ET and SWC in top and middle layers, while SWC in deep layer showed negative relationship with ET, which was mainly due to the gravitational forces acting on it. These findings support the premise that SWC in deep soil layer also has important effects on ET.

Phytotoxic assessment of sewage treatment methods in disposal sites

The paper presents the assessment of the impact of disposal sites on biota through definition of phytotoxic influence of polluted soil and landfill leachate on seedlings, growth and root system of plants Triticum aestivum. It is found that soil collected around a disposal site of municipal solid waste, the seedlings of plants are 16% lower in comparison with standard (clean soil), the length of a land part is 22% lower, the average length of roots is 44% less. The green weight of top and the weight of a root system of plants in the soil from a disposal site is 52% and 43% less respectively. This influence is characterized as above the average toxicity level. It is defined that with the introduction of Sviteco-PBG prebiotic (10% dilution) to the polluted soil the seedlings of plants are 5.2% better in comparison with the polluted soil without the prebiotic, the length of a land part – by 11.6%, the average length of roots – by 40.2% respectively; the green weight of top and the weight of a root system of plants is 14% and 16.5% higher in comparison with the polluted soil without the prebiotic. Thus, the use of prebiotics allows improving the quality of soil and reducing its phytotoxicity. In particular, if the influence on a root system of the polluted soil is characterized as toxic above the average, then after the application of prebiotics – as the average toxicity by root weight and absent (weak) toxicity by root length. It is found that when Sviteco-PBG (10% dilution) and Ca(OH)2 are added to sewage waters of a MSW dump at pH 10, their maximum purification from heavy metals is reached, the phytotoxic effect is estimated as weak toxicity. The phytotoxic effect of the polluted filtrate without purification – above the average toxicity. Thus, prebiotics allow improving the efficiency of soil cleanup from heavy metals, giving an opportunity in the long term to return contaminated land to their economic circulation. Ca(OH)2 and Sviteco-PBG (10% dilution) at pH 10 allows improving the quality of technogenically polluted soil, reducing toxic impact on biota and increasing the efficiency of sewage treatment in waste disposal sites.

Development of a novel in vitro rooting culture system for the micropropagation of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) seedlings

Here, we established a novel, efficient, and cost-effective rooting culture system for highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). This method overcomes the inefficient, expensive, and time-consuming nature of traditional methods and provides a theoretical basis for the industrial rooting of micropropagated blueberry seedlings. Semisolid half-strength woody plant medium (1/2WPM), supplemented with carrageenan as fixing material, was packed into high molecular polypropylene plastic bags. Optimum response of ‘Ozarkblue’ was observed in 1/2WPM supplemented with 0.1 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); 97.7% rooting rate was achieved at 45 days after culture, with the average root number and length reaching 6.5 ± 0.39 and 3.5 ± 0.16 cm, respectively. The highest rooting rate of ‘Weiwa Kuahuat’ (84.0%) was achieved with 0.5 mg/l IBA, resulting in a favorable average root number (3.0 ± 0.43) and length (3.0 ± 0.43 cm). ‘Sierra’ showed the highest rooting rate (100.0%) in the presence of 1.0 mg/l IBA, with an average root number and length of 5.9 ± 0.9 and 3.9 ± 0.62 cm, respectively. The earliest and fastest rooting was recorded when shoots were transplanted into bags for 13 days. A space utilization experiment showed that the density of well-grown blueberry seedlings achieved in bags (1600 seedlings/m2) was superior to that obtained using traditional in vitro and ex vitro rooting methods (270 and 420 seedlings/m2, respectively). This is the first report of a complete rooting system that could serve as a feasible blueberry rooting method with superior rooting time, rooting rate, medium consumption, space requirement, and portability. We established a novel, efficient, and cost-effective rooting culture system for the micro-propagation of highbush blueberry seedlings that overcomes many of the drawbacks of traditional methods of industrial rooting.

Effects of salinity and variety on yield contributing characters and yield of Red amaranth

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of salinity and variety on yield and yield contributing characters of Red amaranth at Horticulture Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The experiment consisted of three varieties viz; Altapety, RM, Deshi and four levels of salinity viz; 0mM, 25mM, 50mM and 75mM. The experiment was laid out following RCBD with three replications. Variety had significant effect on yield characters and yield. The highest average weight of plant (9.69 g/pot), highest average root weight (2.13 g/pot), highest average root length (10.28 g/pot) and highest yield per pot (237.08g) were found from the variety Altapety and the lowest average weight of plant (7.67 g/pot), lowest average root weight (2.03 g/pot), lowest average root length (8.83 g/pot) and yield per pot (198.58g) were found from the variety RM. Salinity had significant effect on yield characters and yield. The highest average weight of plant (10.22 g/pot) was recorded from the variety Altapety at the application of 25mM NaCl, highest average of root weight (2.27 g/pot) was recorded from the variety Altapety at the application of 25mM NaCl, highest average of root length (10.29 g/pot) was recorded from the variety Altapety at the application of 25mM NaCl and yield (259.56g/pot) were found from the application of 25mM NaCl. The lowest average weight of plant (6.93 g/pot) was recorded from the variety RM at the application of 75mM NaCl solution, lowest average of root weight (1.78 g/pot) was recorded from the variety RM at the application of 75mM NaCl solution, lowest average of root length (8.12g/pot) was recorded from the variety RM at the application of 75mM NaCl solution and yield per pot (154.44g) were found from the application of 75mM NaCl.&#x0D; Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(2): 271-278, August 2019

Tree and crop fine root distribution and belowground competition as affected by a climatic gradient in agroforestry parkland systems in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

This research assessed precipitation increase along a climactic gradient effect on tree and crop root length densities and belowground competition in parklands systems of Vitellaria paradoxa C. F Gaertn, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth with Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench for formulating parklands management options improving crop productivity. Field experiments were conducted at three sites along an increasing rainfall gradient. Soil samples were taken, roots were washed and sorted by categories and root length density was estimated using the method of Tennant. Belowground competition was assessed using the ratio method. Correlation between crop root and aboveground biomass was tested. For topsoil, higher crop root length density was at Sokouraba (0.087 ± 0.007 cm.cm -3 ). For subsoil, crop and tree average root length density was higher at Tougouri and were respectively 0.05 ± 0.009 and 0.117 ± 0.021 cm.cm -3 . Trees reduce crop root length density with precipitation increase and more under P. biglobosa. Belowground competition along a climatic gradient and its interaction with zones and tree species was not significantly different. Higher crop root length density obtained at topsoil with precipitation increase did not reduce belowground competition. Tree management options reducing tree roots should be tested on belowground competition along a climatic gradient. Key words : precipitation increase, management options, root length.

PEMANFAATAN PUPUK CAIR LIMBAH SAYUR DAN BUAH PADA KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogea L.) DI DATARAN RENDAH KOTA PALOPO

This study aims to determine the effect and concentration of liquid fertilizer prepared from fruit and vegetable waste on the growth and yield of peanut plants. This research was carried out in the Experimental Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cokroaminoto Palopo, Jalan Lamaranginang, Batupasi Village, Wara Utara District, Palopo City. The experimental method used was a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications to comprise 20 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of 2 plant units so that there were 40 plant samples. The parameters observed were plant height, flowering age, root length, pod weight and the number of seeds. The results showed that the application of liquid fertilizer prepared from fruit and vegetable waste had a significant effect on the growth and yield of peanut plants. The effective concentration of fruit and vegetable waste liquid fertilizer was P4 (250 mL.L-1 water) that produced the best plant height with an average value of 20.93 cm, the average age of flowering was 33 days, the average root length was 4.49 cm, and the best average pods (22.77 grams), while a concentration of 200 mL.L-1 water (P3) produced the best average number of seeds (340.25 seeds).

Effect of different PGRs on in vitro organogenesis in Viola canescens Wall. ex. Roxb. from petiole callus culture

An efficient protocol for in-direct in vitro regeneration of Viola canescens is described using petiole derived callus. Proliferation of callus was achieved using 2,4-D, 2,4-D: Kn, 2-4D: BAP; IBA alone or in combination with Kn on Murashige and Skoog medium. The callus differentiated into multiple shooting buds on MS medium fortified with different concentrations of various cytokinins (Kn, BAP, Zeatine and Gibberellin). Maximum average number of shoots (19.93 ± 1.79) and maximum average length of petiole (5.41 ± 0.47) was achieved when medium was fortified with 22.20 µM BAP and 18.60 + 4.0 µM Kn + Gibberellin, respectively. The microshoots were separated and rooted on full and half strength MS medium fortified with different concentrations of various auxins (IBA and NAA). Maximum average number (14.30 ± 2.24) and length (3.98 ± 0.73) of root was recorded on half strength medium fortified with 4.92 µM IBA. The regenerated plantlets were phenotypically normal and successfully transplanted to soil conditions with 90% survival percentage.

Subsoiling and Planting Method on the Initial Growth of ‘Pera’ Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative vigor and root architecture of &amp;lsquo;Pera CNPMF D-6&amp;rsquo; sweet orange grafted on Rangpur lime at early stage of development, submitted to different planting methods (planting of nursery trees produced in a protected environment-PNT and planting of seeds at the definitive place-PS) and soil preparation with and without subsoiling. The experiment was carried out at the Lagoa do Coco Farm, Rio Real, Bahia, Brazil. Biometric evaluations were performed to estimate the variables: canopy volume (CV), vegetative vigor index (VVI) and canopy cover rates in the planting row (CCR-R) and interrow (CCR-I). Root samples were also collected up to a depth of 1.45 m at five points in the planting row. The roots were digitized and processed to obtain total root length (TRL), root length density (RLD), average root diameter (RD) and root length for the diameter classes. Plants produced in protected environment exhibit greater shoot vegetative and root development compared to those produced by sowing at the definitive place, at least for the young orchard and under rainfed conditions. Subsoiling did not affect root system distribution and PNT favored the increase in TRL along the soil profile compared to PS, for all diameter classes evaluated, contributing to the increase in vegetative vigor observed in the plants. Regardless of the management practices adopted, roots were concentrated in the first 0.35 m of the vertical soil profile, due to physical impediment caused by the presence of cohesive horizons.