Average Mass Loss Research Articles

Assessment of Perceived Effort Through On-Field Hydration Monitoring: A Case Analysis

This case report examines the correlation between hydration, weight variation, and perceived effort in a 43-year-old amateur athlete during a self-supported 81.5 km crossing of Death Valley, completed over 3 days with significant elevation changes. Studies have shown that a body mass loss greater than 2–3% can lead to an increased perception of effort and a decline in performance. Specifically, during passive and active heat exposures, the average body mass loss was found to be 1.4 ± 0.3% and 4.1 ± 0.7%, respectively. Salivary osmolarity has demonstrated a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 91% in diagnosing dehydration of ≥ 2%, suggesting its potential as a non-invasive indicator of hydration status. The subject monitored their own body weight, hydration (via salivary osmolarity), and perceived effort using a rate of perceived exertion (RPE) scale. Nutritional intake included isocaloric meals and nutritional bars, and hydration was managed using water and a hydroelectrolytic solution. Key bioimpedance parameters were measured to assess body composition and hydration status. A progressive decrease in body weight correlated with an increase in perceived effort (RPE score) and salivary osmolarity. Resistance (Rx) remained stable, while reactance (Xc) showed a biphasic trend and was inversely correlated with the sodium/potassium ratio (NAK). There were significant linear correlations between perceived effort and both weight loss and salivary osmolarity, indicating that salivary osmolarity is a potential early predictor of these changes. The findings highlight a linear correlation between weight loss, perceived effort, and salivary osmolarity, suggesting that monitoring salivary osmolarity would be useful for the field assessment of hydration and exertion. Further research with larger populations is necessary to validate these observations.

The Microstructure and Corrosion Characteristic of Al-10 wt.%RE (Re= Ce, Nd, La, Y) binary Aluminum Alloys in Natural Seawater

This study presented a thorough investigation into the microstructure, precipitated phases, and corrosion resistance of Al-10wt%Ce, Al-10wt%Nd, Al-10wt%La, and Al-10wt%Y binary alloys when exposed to natural seawater. The microstructural analysis, conducted using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealed the presence of distinct precipitated phases. The distinct precipitated phases Al3Ce, Al3Nd, Al11La3, and Al3Y, respectively, have different morphologies and are expected to influence the corrosion resistance. The corrosion behavior of these alloys was evaluated through natural seawater immersion tests and electrochemical experiments, which demonstrated varying degrees of corrosion resistance. The average corrosion mass loss rates and average corrosion depths of the alloys in natural seawater were found to follow the order: Al-Y<Al-Ce < Al-La < Al-Nd. Theoretical explanations for the experimental outcomes were provided by analyzing the different types of precipitates, the electronic structures, and the crystallographic structures of the rare earth elements involved. This research contributes valuable theoretical and empirical data, supporting the application of rare earth aluminum alloys in structural materials for marine equipment.

Experimental investigation at reduced scale of the effect of a ceiling on the burning rate of a pool fire

This study examines the influence of the proximity of a ceiling on the burning rate of a fire in enclosures. The parameters included the pool diameter, distance to the ceiling and fuel type. The analysis focused on the average mass loss rate. The results confirmed the increase in mass loss rate with the elevation for all fuel types. This increase in the mass loss rate appears from a distance to the ceiling that is correlated with the flame height. It is caused by an increase in the heat flux emitted by the flame, which changes shape, and the temperature of the ceiling, which increases with the fire elevation. A correlation is proposed to predict the increase in mass loss rate as a function of the enthalpy ratio Δ H/ Lv and flame height. A comparison of the results with previous experimental studies demonstrated consistency between the different tests.

OPTIMIZING THE AMOUNT OF FLAME RETARDANT USED FOR SPRUCE WOOD

The study investigated the effect of the amount of selected retardant coatings produced and used in the Slovak Republic on the fire resistance of spruce wood samples. Experiments were conducted for two different types of flame retardants: intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and inorganic salt-based flame retardant (IS). Based on different amounts of coating applied to spruce wood samples, the important parameters as mass loss, mass loss rate and fire spread rate were determined. The experiment consisted of applying a flame source to the samples at an angle of 45° and monitoring the mass of the samples during the experiment. The findings show that when IFR is used, the protection effect of the wooden samples increases linearly with the amount of coating. However, for the samples on which an IS flame retardant was applied, a higher amount of coating had no effect on increasing the fire resistance of the wood. In this case, the average total mass loss was the same regardless of the amount of coating, yet a significant retardation effect was observed compared to the untreated samples. Samples treated with IFR showed a lower total mass loss and also a significantly lower maximum mass loss rate compared to the samples with applied IS flame retardant.

Degradation of Bioderived Polyurethane Composites by Spectroscopy in ISO20200 Composting Conditions.

Polyurethane foam compositions derived from bioderived polyester polyols with various additives were evaluated for disintegration under composting conditions using the ISO 20200 standard and were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and imaging to provide additional insight. Compared to polyether polyol-based polyurethanes, the bioderived polyurethanes were found to display increased disintegration with an average mass loss of 25.4 ± 3.6 weight percent when subjected to composting conditions for 45 days, suggesting that these materials are less likely to persist in the environment when compared to other types of commodity plastics. Additives such as carbon black and lignin added within the foam composition did not accelerate the disintegration.

Performance of Iron Ore Tailings/Cement Composite at High Temperatures: Inconbustibility

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the performance of an iron ore tailings/cement composite at high temperatures, used in brick manufacturing. Specifically, it investigates the non-combustibility of the material and its structural integrity after exposure to intense heat, with an emphasis on compressive strength and the economic and sustainable viability of this composite. Theoretical Framework: The research is based on concepts of sustainability in civil construction and the reuse of industrial waste. The literature highlights the synergy between iron ore tailings and Portland cement, resulting in materials with good durability and non-combustibility. Previous studies indicate a reduction in environmental impact and the economic feasibility of using these composites as substitutes for traditional materials, in addition to the importance of maintaining structural strength under extreme conditions. Method: The adopted methodology involves the manufacture of test specimens using CP V-ARI cement and iron ore tailings, molded and cured according to Brazilian standards. Non-combustibility tests are conducted in a muffle furnace at 750°C, measuring temperature variation, smoke emission, and mass loss. Additionally, compressive strength tests are conducted before and after heat exposure to assess material degradation. Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the composite exhibits satisfactory non-combustibility properties, with an average mass loss of 3.1%, well below the permissible limit of 50%. However, a significant loss of 67.5% in compressive strength was observed after exposure to high temperatures. The discussion contextualizes these results, highlighting the need to optimize the composition to minimize strength loss, although non-combustibility remains a positive aspect. Research Implications: Practical implications include the potential use of the composite in environments subject to high temperatures, as a passive fire protection measure. Theoretically, the research contributes to the understanding of the behavior of cementitious composites with industrial waste under extreme conditions, suggesting directions for future studies and applications in civil engineering and sustainable construction. Originality/Value: This study makes an original contribution by exploring the specific combination of iron ore tailings with cement at high temperatures, providing new insights into its applicability and limitations. The relevance of the research lies in the potential reduction of environmental impact and the promotion of sustainable practices in civil construction, as well as enhancing fire safety in buildings.

B4C/PVDF-based triboelectric nanogenerator: Achieving high wear-resistance and thermal conductivity

Triboelectric active composites that are built with high thermal conductivity and wear-resistance are of prime importance for the long-term operation of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in harsh environments. In this paper, it’s demonstrated that the introduction of B4C particles into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) leads to a thermal conductivity of 0.727 W/(m·k), which is 600 % higher than that of pure PVDF film, and a significant reduction of 39.7 % in the average friction mass loss of the B4C/PVDF. Enhanced anti-corrosion and electrical output performance are also observed, including an open-circuit voltage of 155.4 V, a short-circuit current of 7.9 μA, as well as a maximum output power density of 0.33 W/m2, which are 2.6, 6, and 12 times higher than those of pure PVDF devices, respectively. Interestingly, such a performance grows steadily, rather than degrades, with the operation time, which is sharply differentiated from that observed from other common composites and may be partly ascribed to the roughened surface of the composite film. This work demonstrates an effective strategy for improving the wear resistance and thermal conductivity of the triboelectric material for high-performance energy harvesting and self-powered sensing that are based on BP-TENG for long-term operation.

Influences of the Decomposition Atmosphere and Heating Rate on the Pyrolysis Behaviors of Resin Sand

The pouring of sand casting is accompanied by severe heat conduction, and there is an urgent need to investigate the pyrolysis properties of foundry sand. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the pyrolysis behaviors of resin sand, including precoated sand (PCS), hot box sand (HBS), and warm box sand (WBS), at heating rates of 20 °C/min, 30 °C/min, and 40 °C/min in nitrogen and air atmospheres. The mass loss of the resin sand was monitored continuously with a simultaneous thermal analyzer, and the kinetic parameters of the resin sand were calculated based on the Coats–Redfern method and thermal data. The average mass loss of the resin sand during pyrolysis was 3.03%, which was much smaller than that of the other sands. The volatile release characteristic index of resin sand could not be calculated based on this concept. To solve this issue, the term Tstv/mloss was established, and its value was determined. With increasing heating rates from 20 °C/min to 30 °C/min and from 30 °C/min to 40 °C/min, the mass losses of the resin sand increased by 0.79% and 0.64%, respectively, and the volatile release characteristic indices of the resin sand increased by 3.8 × 10−10 and 1.06 × 10−9, respectively. In addition, the mass losses and volatile release characteristic indices of resin sand in an air atmosphere were greater than those in a nitrogen atmosphere. With increasing heating rate, the activation energy of the resin sand decreased in a nitrogen atmosphere. The findings concerning the thermal decomposition behaviors of resin sand provided a theoretical basis for the pouring step of the sand casting process.

Cyclic shear testing of artificially corroded reinforced concrete short circular piers

Chloride-induced deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is an increasingly vital topic among asset management and structural maintenance fields, as many RC bridges and other structures are reaching the end of their initial design lives. Deterioration of the transverse reinforcement in RC piers leads to the direct loss of shear and confinement-related mechanical properties as degradation advances with time. This research investigates the seismic response of fourteen short RC circular piers subjected to artificial chloride-induced corrosion. Each pier is designed to trigger a shear-dominated failure and artificially corroded at two current densities. A maximum average mass loss of 10.5% and 43.0% was measured in the longitudinal and spiral reinforcement, respectively. The influence of confinement effectiveness, spiral diameter, and aspect ratio on the rate of shear capacity degradation are included as test parameters in this study. Results indicate that shear deformation begins to govern performance at moderate to severe deterioration, which precedes the onset of brittle shear-dominated failure modes. Ultimate deflection is more adversely affected by increasing corrosion than all other measured properties, with a maximum observed reduction of 70.9% compared to a maximum 37.5% reduction observed in peak shear capacity. Several existing theoretical models are introduced and evaluated on their ability to predict the shear capacity of the experimental tests. Based on the results, those models directly evaluating the circular section without needing an equivalent section transformation offer the most accurate and reliable predictions.

A tannic acid-based intumescent flame retardant for improving flame retardancy of epoxy composites

A biomass intumescent flame retardant (TA-g-DOPO) was fabricated from tannic acid (TA) and 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) through the bridge of silane coupling agent (KH560), which showed a low degradation rate at Tmax of 2.71%/min and a high char yield of 55.8%. Then, various EP composites with 4–10% TA-g-DOPO were prepared. Due to the presence of flexible silane structures and rigid phosphaphenanthrene rings as well as the remained phenol groups (tending to form hydrogen bonds with epoxy matrix), EP composite with a high content of 10% TA-g-DOPO exhibited no deterioration on the tensile and impact properties as well as the glass transition temperature (Tg) when compared with pure EP. More importantly, it reached a high LOI value of 30.3% and passed a V-0 rating in the UL-94 burning test. Additionally, its peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and average mass loss rate (av-MLR) decreased by 23.2%, 15.5% and 30.2% respectively. Analyses from the condensed char and pyrolysis gases indicated that the improved flame retardancy was mainly attributed to the cooperation of the free-radical quenching effect of P-containing radicals and phenoxy radicals working in stages (derived from DOPO and TA respectively) and the physical barrier effect caused by the highly graphited, intumescent and porous char layer (reinforced by P- and Si-containing cross-linked structures). This work provides a sustainable biomass flame retardant with good flame-retarding efficiency based on TA.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure, precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 fabricated by laser direct energy deposition

The uncontrollable directional grain growth and non-equilibrium microstructure of Inconel 718 will form during laser direct energy deposition (LDED), which seriously limits the promotion and application, so it is necessary to consider the heat treatment to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties. In this paper, the effects adopting different heat treatments on the phase composition, precipitation behavior, grain structure, tensile and tribological properties of LDED Inconel 718 have been systematically investigated, with as-deposited samples compared. The results show that the number and size of γ″ phases can be significantly changed under different aging and solution conditions, and the strength and wear resistance increase while elongation decreases since the fine grain and precipitation strengthening occurring during heat treatment. By comparing the different samples, the SA1100A exhibits the highest yield and tensile strength, with 140.6% of yield strength and 83.9% of ultimate tensile strength increasing compared to as-deposited samples, also showing the narrowest wear mark width and the lowest average mass loss.

Preparation and performance evaluation of modified soy protein isolate polymeric dust suppressant using graft copolymerization

AbstractTo effectively control mine dust pollution, a polymeric dust suppressant with wetting, bonding and moisture absorption, and retention properties was prepared by graft copolymerization of soy protein isolate (SPI) with polyacrylamide (PAM) and glycerol (Gl) through chemical modification. The relevant properties of the polymeric dust suppressant were determined through microscopic and macroscopic experiments. The results indicated that the contact angle of the polymeric dust suppressant dropped to 28.34° after 15 s, with a rate of change of 2.56°/s. The viscosity of the polymeric dust suppressant was 17.5 mPa s, which meets the requirements for the viscosity of dust suppressants for spraying (5–30 mPa s). After 24 h of spraying, a nonliquid consolidated monolayer shaped on the coal sample surface, with a hardness of 86.3 HA. In a muggy environment, the moisture absorption rate of the polymeric dust suppressant was 31.6%, and the moisture retention rate remained 28.5%, far exceeding that of the coal sample sprayed with water. When the wind speed increased from 6 to 21 m/s, the wind erosion resistance rate of the polymeric dust suppressant decreased from 99.78% to 96.55%, and the average mass loss increased from 0.11 to 1.73 g/(m2·min), while still maintaining a high dust suppression efficiency.

Calcination-based direct extraction of hydroxyapatite from bovine bone waste

ABSTRACT The main chemical components of waste cow bones are apatite minerals, especially those containing calcium and phosphorus. This study investigated whether this bone could produce extracted hydroxyapatite through calcining at 900° C for different holding times (1–6 h). An average mass loss of 45% occurred in this experiment during the preparation of bone powders, which involved crushing and further calcining at this temperature. The quantitative XRD analysis showed that 99.97 wt.% hydroxyapatite and over 0.3 wt.% calcite were present in the raw and as-calcined bone powders, with trace amounts of CaFe3O5 (calcium ferrite) phases appearing in the calcined product. Depending on the holding calcining times, SEM images of the calcined bovine powders revealed aggregate sizes ranging from 0.5–3 µm and crystallite (grain) sizes ranging from 70 to 340 nm in all calcium-phosphate powder products. Following EDX analysis of all sample surfaces, possible calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite instead of hydroxyapatite formed, as evidenced by the calcined product's Ca/P ratio exceeding 1.67. Additionally, calcining cow bones for 5–6 h at 900° C yielded a high-purity nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite powder precursor in biomedical applications.

Development of Cf/C-UHTC composite and study of its resistance to oxidation and ablation in high-speed high-enthalpy air plasma flow

This article contains the results of research on the development of a Cf/C-UHTC carbon fabric composite based on a viscose precursor and a combined matrix consisting of partially sintered ceramics in a system consisting of HfC–HfB2–NbC–NbB2–TiC–TiB2–B4C–SiC, amorphous carbon, and pyrocarbon. The SiC fraction does not exceed 8.5–9.0 wt%. In its initial state, the composite has open porosity, with apparent and true densities of 18–22%, 2.25–2.29 g/cm3 and 2.79–2.91 g/cm3, respectively. The bending strength and the elasticity modulus are 27.8 ± 0.7 MPa and 7.8 ± 0.2 GPa, respectively, and the fracture strain is 0.85 ± 0.05%. The tests for resistance to oxidation and ablation were carried out in a gas dynamic flow regime and non-equilibrium air plasma heating at flow rates of 4.5–4.8 km/s and breaking enthalpy of 45–50 MJ/kg. Heating was performed in the temperature range Tw = 1400–2700 °C at the critical point on the front surface of the samples. The average linear ablation rate and mass loss rate of the composite are 6.3 ± 0.3 μm/s and 6.22 ± 0.44 mg/s. The estimated value of the conductivity factor is 0.280–0.285 W/(m K). The performance ability of the composite arises from the formation and evolution of a passivating heterogeneous oxide film consisting mainly of titanium niobate Ti2Nb10O29, mixed solutions of Hf1−xTixO2, (Ti1−xHfx)1−yNbyOz and (Ti1−xHfx)NbO4 with broad homogeneity ranges, and also encapsulated carbide and boride particles. It is shown that the oxidation resistance of the composite increases as a result of the transition through a number of phases into a liquid state as the working temperature increases.

Torrefaction of Portuguese woody biomasses and the evaluation of its properties

Torrefaction is an option for improving biomass properties for fuel application. Biomass undergoes chemical changes reflected on the upgrading of its properties as a biofuel, such as higher calorific power, lower O/C and H/C ratios, lower higroscopicity or better grindability. The objectives of this experimental study were to analyze the effects of torrefaction, under standard conditions of 265 ºC, and residence time of 15 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere and during a total 1h45m heating period, on a set of sixteen woody biomasses coming from poplar short rotation coppice (SRC) and other Portuguese roundwoods. Average mass loss was higher than 40%. The set of poplar clones and common broom provided torrefied products with higher quality than the set of roundwood forest species. The results on other parameters for proximate and ultimate analysis corroborate this global picture. Correlation analysis showed a higher degree of interconnectedness between LHV and proximate analysis results, for poplar clones and common broom, comparatively with roundwood biomasses.

Effects of rock water with different acidity on microstructure and reburning ability of residual coal in goaf

To explore the influences of rock water acidity (PH = 4,5,7) over the microstructure and reburning behaviors of oxidized residual coal in the overlying goaf, the pore morphology, coal surface, functional group content and activity of pre-oxidized coal (O0) and water-immersed oxidized coal (OI) were analyzed by Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and In-situ diffuse reflection experiments, combining with fractal dimension theory and functional group oxidation kinetics. The oxidation and reburning ability of coal samples has been analyzed by Thermogravimetric-Differential thermal analysis experiment. The results are as follows: Part of the type-III pores of pre-oxidized coal become type-II pores when immersed. The acidic solution has stronger corrosivity to O0 than distilled water, playing a role in smoothing coal and improving the uniformity of pore structure. The order of reburning ability of samples is OI7>OI4>O0>OI5 according to the ignition and stage average mass loss rate (RM). The reactivity of –OH may affect the reburning ability of coal more than its initial content. Soaking is beneficial to the decrease of activation energy of aliphatic groups, and the activity of –C=O- and -C-O- in acid-soaked coal molecules is stronger, so that they can take part in coal-oxygen composite reactions at low temperature.

Recent Mass Balance Anomalies on the Djankuat Glacier, Northern Caucasus

A 54-year-long series of continuous instrumental measurements of mass balance and its main components has already been accumulated at the Djankuat Glacier, which is representative of the Caucasus and the most studied glacier in Russia. The anomalies of these indicators in 2017/2018–2020/2021 were evaluated against an analysis of meteorological reasons that predetermined them. Each of the four balance years under consideration represents a particular anomaly of varying severity. As for conditions of mass income, three years saw accumulation higher than average, and in one year (2018/2019) it approached the norm. As for summer ablation conditions, similarly, in one season (2019) the melting differed from the average only slightly, but in the other three it was much higher. Consequently, in one year (2020/2021) the state of the glacier was close to normal, in another (2017/2018) the budget situation was much more favorable for Djankuat, and in the other two the final losses significantly exceeded the average annual mass loss rate. At the same time, in 2019/2020, an absolute record of ablation since the beginning of monitoring in 1967/1968 was recorded (4360 mm w.e.). Nevertheless, although negative mass balance values continue to be recorded annually, signs of an inevitable slowdown in the rate of glacier degradation in the Caucasus have appeared in the last 4-year-long period: the continued growth of winter snow accumulation overlaps the ongoing intensification of summer melting. The growth of debris cover in terms of area and thickness also affects this mass loss slowdown to some extent. This inhibits ablation, exerting a heat-insulating effect. Because of this, the congruence of mass balance parameters vs. altitude curves is distorted. Also, a tendency toward increasing annual glacier mass turnover was revealed for the last half-century. This fact gradually increases the energy of glaciation and indirectly indicates a weakening of continentality in the climate of the Caucasian highlands.

Assessing mass-loss and stellar-to-halo mass ratio of satellite galaxies: a galaxy–galaxy lensing approach utilizing DECaLS DR8 data

ABSTRACT The galaxy–galaxy lensing technique allows us to measure the subhalo mass of satellite galaxies, studying their mass-loss and evolution within galaxy clusters and providing direct observational validation for theories of galaxy formation. In this study, we use the weak gravitational lensing observations from Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Legacy Imaging Surveys DR8, in combination with the redMaPPer galaxy cluster catalogue from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR8 to accurately measure the dark matter halo mass of satellite galaxies. We confirm a significant increase in the stellar-to-halo mass ratio of satellite galaxies with their halo-centric radius, indicating clear evidence of mass-loss due to tidal stripping. Additionally, we find that this mass-loss is strongly dependent on the mass of the satellite galaxies, with satellite galaxies above $10^{11}~{{\rm M}_{\odot }}\, h^{-1}$ experiencing more pronounced mass-loss compared to lower mass satellites, reaching 86 per cent at projected halo-centric radius 0.5R200c. The average mass-loss rate, when not considering halo-centric radius, displays a U-shaped variation with stellar mass, with galaxies of approximately $4\times 10^{10}~{{\rm M}_{\odot }}\, h^{-1}$ exhibiting the least mass-loss, around 60 per cent. We compare our results with state-of-the-art hydrodynamical numerical simulations and find that the satellite galaxy stellar-to-halo mass ratio in the outskirts of galaxy clusters is higher compared to the predictions of the Illustris-TNG project about factor 5. Furthermore, the Illustris-TNG project’s numerical simulations did not predict the observed dependence of satellite galaxy mass-loss rate on satellite galaxy mass.

Study on the Performance of Nano-Zinc Oxide/Basalt Fiber Composite Modified Asphalt and Mixture

In order to improve the service quality of roads and resolve the problem of defects in the conventional asphalt pavement in service, this paper uses a 5.3% aluminate coupling agent to modify the surface of nano-ZnO and prepares a composite-modified asphalt with nano-ZnO and basalt fiber (BF) as modifiers. First, the basic performance of different types of asphalt was investigated by means of a rotary film oven experiment. Then, a dynamic shear rheology experiment was carried out to analyze the high-temperature anti-rutting performance of the composite-modified asphalt at different temperatures and frequencies. Then, using a bending creep stiffness test, the low-temperature properties of the composite-modified asphalt were investigated. Finally, the microstructure and modification mechanisms of the composite-modified asphalt were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the anti-aging performance of the nano-ZnO/BF composite-modified asphalt is significantly improved after adding fibers to the modified asphalt. The average mass loss ratio is only 0.192%. At 46 °C, the rutting coefficient of the composite-modified asphalt was increased by 62.3%. The frequency master curve is always at the highest position and continues to rise, indicating a significant improvement in the high-temperature anti-rutting performance of the composite-modified asphalt. At 24 °C, the creep stiffness modulus S value of the composite-modified asphalt increased by 24.9%; moreover, there is no obvious effect of improving low temperature, but the variation range of creep tangent slope m of the modified asphalt after aging is decreased, which further shows that the addition of a modifier can decrease the influence of aging on asphalt. Nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the asphalt and form a three-dimensional interconnected structure with BF, which effectively improves the overall performance of the asphalt. Nano-ZnO and fibers have weak chemical reactions in matrix asphalt, but they are physically dispersed and compatible.

Experimental investigation on the cooling effect of fully submerged fine water mist on lithium-ion batteries in confined space

Due to insufficient heat dissipation, the severity of thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries in confined space tends to get aggravated which may lead to significant loss. Therefore, effective countermeasures are urgently needed. This study aims to investigate its cooling control capability of fine water mist on suppressing the thermal runaway induced by overheating in confined space, and determine its key interfering factors. The results show that the occurrence of thermal runaway accelerated accompany by a more intense thermal process in confined space, and the average mass loss of lithium-ion batteries at 100 % state of charge increases by 14.6 %. Fine water mist exhibited an excellent control effect on thermal runaway even in confined space as long as it was released before the critical temperature of 172 °C with concentration around 0.9 kg m−3. In addition, even if the suppression fails, the thermal runaway triggering can still be delayed for around 25 s and its severity be mitigated. This work may be helpful for further analysis of cooling effectiveness of thermal runaway control with fine water mist in confined space, as well as provide guidance for practical applications in such real cases.