Average Risk Level Research Articles

Musculoskeletal Disorders Evaluation of Glass Factory Workers using the Discomfort Survey Questionnaire and Assessment Repetitive Tasks (ART) Method

AimMusculoSkeletal Disorders (MSDs) are the most common and most costly occupational injuries and one of the main causes of work-related disability and disability among workers. The aim of this study was musculoskeletal disorders evaluation of glass factory workers using the discomfort survey questionnaire and Assessment Repetitive Tasks (ART)methodMethod and Instruments: This study was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected by census of active workers in the two main production halls. The MSDs data among 40 workers were collected using the discomfort survey questionnaire. Four types of activity were evaluated by ART method. The study data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software.FindingsThe results obtained from the questionnaire and evaluation of ART method were consistent. According to the results obtained from the left and right were as different levels of risk and the right to 42.17% of the average risk level, 28.14 percent and 28.14 percent of high-risk but low level of risk to low risk level and 85.42% of the left 85.42 percent average risk and 28.14% of the high - risk level is obtained.ConclusionFor most tasks sides of the body with moderate risk level. By providing simple and low-cost solutions, as well as management of these disorders can be prevented to some extent.

Diagnóstico dos danos ambientais, riscos e perigos presentes no lixão de Massaranduba – PB

A disposição final dos resíduos sólidos produzidos diariamente tornou-se um empecilho, sendo fonte geradora de diversos impactos ambientais, favorecendo a degradação ambiental. Para minimizar esses efeitos, existem alguns métodos de disposição final como: lixões; aterros sanitários (controlado e sanitário); compostagem e reciclagem. Porém o mais utilizado na região Nordeste são os lixões, todavia, este método e o mais agressivo ao meio ambiente. Nesse contexto, é necessário realizar uma análise preliminar de riscos e o Checklist com o intuito de prever o quanto os resíduos podem prejudicar o solo, a água e o ar de determinada localidade, determinando assim seus riscos e perigos. Esta pesquisa foi baseada na avaliação dos danos ambientais diagnosticados por meio do conhecimento dos riscos e perigos apresentados no gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos e no lixão. Inicialmente foi elaborado um questionário para ser aplicado aos garis e catadores responsáveis pela coleta seletiva do lixão e da cooperativa de reciclagem do referido município. Após a primeira etapa, foram quantificados os dados acerca dos riscos e perigos desses materiais. Os resultados obtidos por meio das respostas dos questionários comprovaram que os garis e coletores não usam todos os equipamentos de proteção individual, sendo expostos a riscos e perigos eventuais do trabalho. A quantificação do nível de risco médio foi crítico e a magnitude do perigo foi média, valores preocupantes, porém possíveis de serem revertidos.

Portfolio performance analysis: a case study of cryptocurrencies

The study measures the risk level linked with different portfolios of cryptocurrencies by using portfolio diversification techniques. Data on prices and trade volumes of cryptocurrencies were collected on a daily basis, from 2012 till 2018. Ten portfolios were constructed based on diverse types and numbers of cryptocurrencies. The results of the study confirm a negative relationship between the average number of cryptocurrencies and the average risk level of the portfolio. Involving more cryptocurrencies within the portfolio reduces the diversification risk of the portfolio. The average volatility and average correlation coefficient both drop when moving towards portfolios with more cryptocurrencies. Average returns stand against portfolio theories, where more risky portfolios offer less daily weighted average returns and the other way around. Outcomes of the study provide indications for the individual investors and financial institutions on the risk characteristic attached to the portfolio of cryptocurrencies.

Portfolio performance analysis: a case study of cryptocurrencies

The study measures the risk level linked with different portfolios of cryptocurrencies by using portfolio diversification techniques. Data on prices and trade volumes of cryptocurrencies were collected on a daily basis, from 2012 till 2018. Ten portfolios were constructed based on diverse types and numbers of cryptocurrencies. The results of the study confirm a negative relationship between the average number of cryptocurrencies and the average risk level of the portfolio. Involving more cryptocurrencies within the portfolio reduces the diversification risk of the portfolio. The average volatility and average correlation coefficient both drop when moving towards portfolios with more cryptocurrencies. Average returns stand against portfolio theories, where more risky portfolios offer less daily weighted average returns and the other way around. Outcomes of the study provide indications for the individual investors and financial institutions on the risk characteristic attached to the portfolio of cryptocurrencies.

Do Attitudes Toward Risk Taking Affect Entrepreneurship? Evidence From Second-Generation Americans

This paper empirically investigates the impact of willingness to take risks on the likelihood of being an entrepreneur. We use a quarter-century of data on second-generation Americans from Current Population Surveys in conjunction with country-level measures of willingness to take risks from the Global Preference Survey. The average level of risk taking in the country of origin is found to have a positive and significant impact on the likelihood of being an entrepreneur. A one-standard deviation increase in risk taking increases the probability of being an entrepreneur by 15 percent. We also examine other preferences and cultural measures including trust, patience, and individualism. We find that these do not have an impact on entrepreneurship, while risk taking continues to be significant.

Co-prescription network reveals social dynamics of opioid doctor shopping.

This paper examines network prominence in a co-prescription network as an indicator of opioid doctor shopping (i.e., fraudulent solicitation of opioids from multiple prescribers). Using longitudinal data from a large commercially insured population, we construct a network where a tie between patients is weighted by the number of shared opioid prescribers. Given prior research suggesting that doctor shopping may be a social process, we hypothesize that active doctor shoppers will occupy central structural positions in this network. We show that network prominence, operationalized using PageRank, is associated with more opioid prescriptions, higher predicted risk for dangerous morphine dosage, opioid overdose, and opioid use disorder, controlling for number of prescribers and other variables. Moreover, as a patient’s prominence increases over time, so does their risk for these outcomes, compared to their own average level of risk. Results highlight the importance of co-prescription networks in characterizing high-risk social dynamics.

Measurement of radioactivity levels in oil impacted soils around petroleum products retailing stations

This study investigated naturally occurring radionuclides and evaluated the levels of radiological hazard indices using their activity concentrations in the soils around petroleum product retailing stations in Ile-Ife, Nigeria; to assess the environmental and health effects of the oil-impacted soils. Control soils were also collected 100 m away from each sampling station. The activity concentrations of the radionuclides were determined using Gamma ray spectrometry. Results showed that the radionuclides concentrations indicated significant differences (p ˂ 0.05) between the control and oil-impacted soils. The mean activity concentrations of the radionuclides 40K (131.11 ± 3.76 Bq/kg) and 232Th (17.17 ± 1.56 Bq/kg) were below the regulatory permissible levels, while (106.03 ± 3.68 Bq/kg) for 238U was found to be higher. Mean results of the absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent, representative gamma index and the annual gonadal dose equivalent were found to be higher than their permissible levels. External hazard index and internal hazard index and radium equivalent index were found to be lesser than their average risk levels. The study concluded that the oil-impacted soils were contaminated with the analyzed radionuclides and that exposure to them on a long-term basis could pose intrinsic hazard to the health of humans.

Performance of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk prediction models in a rural Northern Chinese population: Results from the Fangshan Cohort Study

Performance of Pooled Cohort Equations (PCEs) for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risks varied across populations. Whether the recently developed Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China (China-PAR) model could accurately predict cardiovascular risks in real practice remains unclear. A population-based cohort study in rural Beijing in the "stroke belt" in North China was used to externally validate PCE and China-PAR models for 5-year ASCVD risk prediction. Expected 5-year prediction risk using China-PAR model was compared with PCE (white). The models were assessed for calibration, discrimination, and reclassification. Among 11,169 adults aged 40 to 79 years over a median 6.44 years of follow-up, 1,921 participants developed a first ASCVD event during total 70,951 person-years. China-PAR model fairly predicted ASCVD risk in men but overestimated by 29.4% risk in women (calibration χ2 = 81.4, P < .001). Underestimations were shown by PCE as 76.2% in men and 88.2% in women with poor calibration (both P < .001). However, discrimination was similar in both models: C-statistics in men were 0.685 (95% CI 0.660-0.710) for China-PAR and 0.675 (95% CI 0.649-0.701) for PCE; C-statistics in women were 0.711 (95% CI 0.694-0.728) for China-PAR and 0.714 (95% CI 0.697-0.731) for PCE. Moreover, China-PAR did not substantially improve accuracy of reclassification compared with PCE. China-PAR outperformed PCE in 5-year ASCVD risk prediction in this rural Northern Chinese population at average population risk level, fairly predicted risk in men, but overestimated risk in women; however, China-PAR did not meaningfully improve the accuracy of discrimination and reclassification at individual risk level.

Gender Differences in Adolescents' Exposure to Stressful Life Events and Differential Links to Impaired School Functioning.

Gender differences in exposure and reactivity to specific stressful life events (SLE) contribute to explaining adolescent boys' and girls' differential susceptibility to common adjustment difficulties like depression and behavioral problems. However, it is unclear whether these gender differences are also relevant to understanding another key marker of adolescent maladjustment: high school dropout. A state-of-the-art interview protocol was used to assess recent SLE in a sample of academically vulnerable Canadian adolescents (N = 545, 52% boys). The sample was comprised of three groups in approximately equal proportions: 1) students who had recently dropped out; 2) matched students at risk of dropping out but who persevered nevertheless; and 3) "normative" students with an average level of risk. When SLE of all types were considered together, overall exposure was similar for adolescent boys and girls, and the SLE-dropout association did not vary as a function of gender. However, gender differences emerged for specific events. Boys were especially exposed to SLE related to performance (e.g., school failure, suspension) and conflicts with authority figures (e.g., with teachers or the police), whereas girls were particularly exposed to SLE involving relationship problems with family members, peers, or romantic partners. In terms of specific SLE-dropout associations, one consistent result emerged, showing that performance/authority-related SLE were significantly associated with dropout only among boys. It therefore seems that considering gendered exposure and sensitivity to SLE is important for understanding the emergence of educational difficulties with long-ranging consequences for future health and well-being.

Occurrence, seasonal variety of organochlorine compounds in street dust of Novi Sad, Serbia, and its implication for risk assessment

The paper presents a study of organochlorine compounds in street dust, an often forgotten aspect of urban environmental pollution. Six different polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and eighteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were monitored in terms of levels, distribution, seasonal variation and health risks. Street dust samples were collected from fifteen urban locations in Novi Sad including schools, recreational areas, residential and industrial zones. Street dust concentration of PCBs ranged from less than the limit of detection (<LOD) to 12.1 ng g−1 (mean = 0.58 ng g−1) in summer and from <LOD to 3.82 ng g−1 (mean = 0.45 ng g−1) in winter. Among the investigated OCPs, only dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were detected - their concentration varied from <LOD to 34.7 ng g−1 (mean = 6.2 ng g−1 and median = 1.4 ng g−1) in summer to <LOD to 50.5 ng g−1 (mean = 7.1 ng g−1 and median = 2.0 ng g−1) in winter. Principal component analysis indicated a positive correlation among PCB 101, PCB 153 and pH as well as between PCB 138 and organic matter. Regression analysis revealed that distribution trends of DDTs between the soil and street dust samples are significantly correlated in the recreational areas. The average level of total lifetime carcinogenic risk (TLCR) for PCBs (3.7 × 10−9) and DDTs (3.6 × 10−9) found in Novi Sad street dust samples were well below the unacceptable level of 10−6, indicating that the lifetime cancer risk was acceptable. It was also found that the seasonal variations were not significant.

PROBLEMS OF RADIO SAFETY OF THE POPULATION OF THE ZAPORIZHZHIA REGION WHICH RELATES TO EXPOSURE TO BASIC SOURCES (by review of the literature).

The analysis of scientific literature is carried out in order to generalize the data of many years of research on radioe- cology of the environment of the population of the Zaporizhzhia region. The results of researches on the main sources of radioactive contamination of the territory, levels and structure of radiation doses of the population due to the natural radiation, diet, medical procedures, and the dose burden of the population are estimated. The main sources of radiation sources existing in the Zaporizhzhia region are considered, their characteristics are given, the rate of their influence on the environment and human is given. For this purpose a wide range of official literary sources and own researches were used.The Zaporizhzhia region is located in the south-eastern part of Ukraine and remarcable of the geomorphological structure, which is characterized by the presence of Ukrainian crystalline array enriched with minerals with an ele- vated level of natural radioactivity. This explains the large component of the radiation dose of the population due to the natural component. Total medieval efficiency of the population dosage of the Zaporizhzhia region at the expense of the natural component - 4,37 mSv, the main contribution to this dose is Radon-222 - 76 %. The level of radon-222 in the air of residential premises ranges from 37 to 112 Bq·m-3. Moreover, the percentage of exceeding the norm (100 Bq·m-3) is from 8% to 62%, depending on the administrative district. On average, 25 % of residential buildings in the region do not match the requirements of NRSU-97 regarding the content of radon in the air of the premises. Even more acute problem of the increased Radon radiation appears for the children's population. Due to the more stringent requirements of NRSU-97 regarding Radon content in the air of premises of preschool education- al institutions (PEI) (50 Bq·m-3), 99% of the premises of the PEI do not match the standards. Doses of children radi- ation because of Radon are higher than in adults and amounted to an average of 6.4 mSv per year with a spread of 4.3-9.7 mSv.The second place after Radon exposure to Zaporozhia region is a medical exposure. The analysis of patient dose loads in recent years suggests that the annual dose of irradiation of the population fluctuates in the range of 0.86-0.97 mSv·year-1, the average dose of irradiation is 0.9 mSv·year-1, which is almost 50 % more than the average Ukrainian rate and exceeds the average in the world twice.In the Zaporizhzhia region, the total annual radiation dose of the population due to the main sources of radiation is 5.0 mSv·year-1, with the main contribution of Radon-222 - 3.3 mSv and medical exposure - 0.9 mSv. Radon-222 in the air of the premises is the most important radiation factor for the population of Zaporizhzhia region, which creates an average risk level that is unacceptable for the population and requires careful regulatory control with the help of governmental and regional programs.

DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN LEVELS OF CYTOKINES AND NEURONAL ANTIBODIES IN VINYL CHLORIDE WORKERS IN THE MANUFACTURE

Introduction. Vinyl chloride, which has a polytropic effect on the human body is the main harmful substance in the production of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics (after 5 years) of the cytokine profile and autoimmune response against the proteins of the nervous tissue in workers with continued chronic exposure to toxicants. Material and methods. The paper presents the results of a laboratory immunological examination of those working in the production of vinyl chloride with an average level of occupational risk caused by exposure to vinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane. Results. The character of cytokine regulation disorders in a primary examination in healthy workers and persons with initial manifestations of neurointoxication with vinyl chloride is characterized by a rise in proinflammatory IL-1β and IL-4 with a simultaneous decrease in IL-2 and TNFα, and a more pronounced hyperproduction IL-1β against the background of a decline in IL-4 and IL-2. At repeated examination 5 years after the increase of immunity intensity in healthy workers and disbalance in the system of pro - antiinflammatory cytokines in persons with initial manifestations of neurointoxication was registered, which determines the different degree of the manifestation of compensatory and protective responses that do not allow the full implementation of protective mechanisms in the case of chronic exposure. Discussion. A more pronounced decrease in immunoreactivity relative to the proteins of the nervous tissue in workers with initial manifestations of neurointoxication in the dynamics of chronic effects of production factors is shown. The results obtained made it possible to identify informative biomarkers (IL-1β, TNFα, INFγ, IL-4, S-100, NF-200, TMP) that allow us evaluating the degree of the expression of compensatory-protective responses of the immune response and can be used to monitor the development of the pathological process. Conclusion. Identification of the leading immunopathogenetic factors of neurological deficiency can be the basis for elaborating a method for predicting the individual risk of developing professional neurointoxication.

On pricing barrier control in a regime-switching regulated market

We study a pricing barrier control problem in a regime-switching regulated market. In doing so, we analyze a class of one-dimensional reflected regime-switching diffusion processes. Such diffusion models arise as the key approximating processes in a regulated financial market system with the presence of regime changes. Our main goal is to determine optimal pricing barriers as solutions of long-run average mean–variance optimization problems. More precisely, the optimal barrier, if exists, will be to maximize the long-run average expected return (i.e. steady-state mean) subject to a selected level of long-run average risk (i.e. steady-state variance).

Risk-based loan pricing consequences for credit unions

Abstract Risk-based pricing, in which interest rate offers vary according to individual borrower risk levels, has been increasingly used to price credit union loans in the United States. The key question examined in this research, given credit union not-for-profit objectives, is whether this pricing strategy increases the availability of loans, particularly for high-risk borrowers. Data on the number of loans per credit union member and loan delinquency rates are used to assess loan access and average risk-levels, respectively. The results indicate that risk-based pricing adopters increase the availability of loans relative to otherwise similar non-adopters. However, average risk levels, as measured by delinquency rates, appear to be somewhat lower for adopters of risk-based pricing compared to matched non-adopters. This suggests that lending increases primarily for low-risk borrowers, which contrasts with claims that risk-based pricing chiefly benefits high-risk borrowers who might otherwise be denied credit.

POSTURAS DE TRABAJO Y EL NIVEL DE RIESGO PARA DESARROLLAR UNA ENFERMEDAD OCUPACIONAL EN LOS ESTUDIANTES DE ODONTOLOGÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CUENCA –ECUADOR 2016

Evaluar el nivel de riesgo de una posición inadecuada de trabajo de los estudiantes de Quinto año de la Carrerade Odontología de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca- Ecuador 2016. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal deevaluación visual,la población fue de 185 estudiantes,se incluyeron 125 estudiantes que realizaban continuamente sus prácticaspre profesionales, fueron excluidos los estudiantes que no aportaron con los datos personales en las fichas de investigación. Seutilizó los criterios de evaluación proporcionados por el Método REBA evaluando el nivel de riesgo de la postura de trabajo, elestudiante firmó un consentimiento informado, el examen visual fue realizado en la Clínica Integral “Cesar Cordero Moscoso”.RESULTADOS: La muestra presentó un 35,2% (44) correspondiente al sexo masculino y un 64,8% (81) correspondientesal sexo femenino. En los 125 estudiantes se determinó que el 61.6% (77) posee un nivel de riesgo medio, por lo tanto suintervención es necesaria; así mismo se encontró que el 37.6% (47) presentó un nivel de riesgo bajo y su intervención puedeser necesaria; en menor porcentaje se encontró que el 0.8% (1) tiene un nivel de riesgo inapreciable por lo tanto es la únicapersona en la que la intervención no es necesaria; en cuanto al nivel de riesgo alto o muy alto no se encontró ningun estudiantecon estas características.

Clinical-psychopathological analysis of current depressive disorders associated with suicidal behavior of women

Aim of research. Study of clinical and psychopathological features of depressive disorders associated with suicidal behavior in women in modern conditions Materials and methods of research. A comprehensive survey of 150 women aged 25-65 years was conducted who were diagnosed with depressive disorders: disorders of adaptation, in the form of depressive reaction (42.8%); moderate and severe depressive episode (35.1%), recurrent depressive disorder (22.1%) The main group consisted of 77 patients with signs of suicidal behavior, control - 73 patients without signs of suicidal behavior. Methods of research: clinical-anamnestic, psychodiagnostic, clinical-psychopathological Results. Distinguished anxiety (45.4% of the patients in the main and 32.1% of the control group), obesity (35.2% and 36.3% respectively), asthenia-apathetic (7.1% of the patients in the main and 18.2% of the control group) and melancholic (12.3% and 13.4% respectively) variants of depressive disorders. It is proved that women with depressive disorders combined with suicidal behaviour are adhered to high suicide risk, high anhedonia, severe anxiety and depression on the Hamilton scale, a large depressive episode on the Montgomery - Iceberg scale. For women with depressive disorders without signs of suicidal behaviour there was an average level of suicidal risk, high level of anhedonia, severe anxiety and depression on the Hamilton scale, a large depressive episode on the Montgomery - Iceberg scale Conclusions. 1. Women with depressive disorders with suicidal behaviour characterized by anxiety, tedious, asthenia-apathy and melancholy variants of depressive disorders. Patients with disturbing and timid variants of depression are characterized by a high level of suicidal risk. 2. Women with depressive disorders associated with suicidal behaviour there is a high level of suicidal risk, high anhedonia, severe anxiety and depression on the Hamilton scale, a large depressive episode on the Montgomery - Iceberg scale. 3. Prognostically significant in the formation of suicidal behaviour are disturbing and timid variants of depressive disorders, high rates of clinical anxiety and depression scales, high suicidal, obese suicidal anamnesis

Análisis De Riesgo Ergonómico En Una Empresa Automotriz En México

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the ergonomic risk of the workers of an automotive company using the Check-List OCRA method. METHODOLOGY: An analytical cross-sectional study of the workers of an automotive company was carried out in a production area during the period from August to November 2015. A total of 17 evaluations were carried out based on the data collected from the analysis of the videos of each operation. The information was captured in the application for the OCRACheckINSHT v.1.2 Repetitive Work Risk Assessment, from which the final results were obtained, thus identifying the level of ergonomic risk. RESULTS: A total of 17 operations analyzed, 8 (23%) presented a high level of ergonomic risk, 12 (35%) were at an average ergonomic risk level, 3 (9%) were at a level of mild ergonomic risk, 6 (18%) at a very low ergonomic risk level and 5 (15%) are at an acceptable ergonomic risk level. The determinants of ergonomic risk were mainly posture, strength and frequency. CONCLUSIONS: In the production area analyzed, operations with high and medium ergonomic risk levels were found to be the highest percentage. Therefore it is necessary to implement pauses based on physical activity and stretching of upper limbs as prevention of musculoskeletal injuries as well as avoid monotony. Likewise, work rotation is suggested as a measure to prevent ergonomic injuries.

The significance of financing farms with personal equity in the opinion of individual farmers in Poland

The aim of this research was to present the role and significance of financing with equity capital on individual farms in Poland. The research was carried out with the use of an interviewer questionnaire on a group of 100 farmers running individual farms as well as keeping the agricultural accounts in the FADN system. The research was conducted in the Mazowsze. Limitation of financing of the operational and investment activity only to the equity capital, in the opinion of farmers, contributes to less dynamic development of agricultural production due to a lack of sufficient equity resources for the purchase of machines and devices. The farmers included no requirements concerning warranties and guarantees in the situation of financing with a loan as the most significant advantages of financing with equity capital. Most farmers allocated the saved financial surplus to current or planned investments, assessing such financial strategy as the average level of risk. Such approach to self-financing of the activity was assessed by farmers as average in the context of the effectiveness of using equity capital.

Metal-contaminated potato crops and potential human health risk in Bolivian mining highlands.

This study assessed metals in irrigation water, soil and potato crops impacted by mining discharges, as well as potential human health risk in the high desert near the historic mining center of Potosí, Bolivia. Metal concentrations were compared with international concentration limit guidelines. In addition, an ingested average daily dose and minimum risk level were used to determine the hazard quotient from potato consumption for adults and children. Irrigation water maximum concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in mining-impacted sites were elevated 20- to 1100-fold above international concentration limit guidelines. Agricultural soils contained total metal concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Zn that exceeded concentration limits in agricultural soil guidelines by 22-, 9-, 3- and 12-fold, respectively. Potato tubers in mining-impacted sites had maximum concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Zn that exceeded concentration limits in commercially sold vegetables by 9-, 10-, 16- and fourfold, respectively. Using conservative assumptions, hazard quotients (HQ) for potatoes alone were elevated for As, Cd and Pb among children (range 1.1-71.8), in nearly all of the mining-impacted areas; and for As and Cd among adults (range 1.2-34.2) in nearly all of the mining-impacted areas. Only one mining-impacted area had a Pb adult HQ for potatoes above 1 for adults. Toxic trace elements in a major regional dietary staple may be a greater concern than previously appreciated. Considering the multitude of other metal exposure routes in this region, it is likely that total HQ values for these metals may be substantially higher than our estimates.

ДОПУСТИМЫЙ, КРИТИЧЕСКИЙ И КАТАСТРОФИЧЕСКИЙ РИСК В ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ МАЛЫХ И СРЕДНИХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ: МЕТОДИКА ОЦЕНКИИ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЕЁ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ

To consider risk factors is essential for further development of entrepreneurial sector in the economy of Russia. Such information is necessary for aspiring entrepreneurs because it allows to make a decision while choosing economic activity as well as for state run public authorities while making decisions on the support of small and medium-sized entrepreneurship. Therefore the considered problems are relevant at the present stage. The aim of the research is to analyze the regularities characterizing the current level of entrepreneurial risk for small and medium-sized enterprises specializing in various types of economic activities and located in different regions of the country. Criteria, indicators and procedure to evaluate the current levels of admissible, critical and catastrophic risk in various types of economic activities and different regions of Russia have been proposed. The values for admissible and critical entrepreneurial risks have been calculated based on the statistical data analysis of small and medium-sized enterprises of 13 economic activity types according to financial results for 2014. It has been revealed that the average level of admissible entrepreneurial risk reaches 80% and it achieves the highest values in the wholesale and retail trade. The average level of critical entrepreneurial risks is about 20%. The highest level of critical risk is observed in manufacturing industries and enterprises specialized in the production of electricity, gas and water. Density function of normal distribution describing the patterns of catastrophic entrepreneurial risk differentiation has been developed based on the aggregate of enterprises operating in the regions of the country. According to the author’s calculations the average level of catastrophic entrepreneurial risk for the regions of the country is about 6%. Regions with high and low levels of catastrophic risks have been revealed. The results of the research can be used to monitor small and medium-sized enterprise activity, as well as to substantiate strategy and development plans of the entrepreneurial sector of the national economy. The values and methods of the existing entrepreneurial risk assessment may attract the interest of business communities when choosing the field of economic activity and monitoring the evaluation of expected risks. Keywords entrepreneurial risk, small enterprises, medium-sized enterprises, types of economic activities, regions of the country, admissible risk, critical risk, catastrophic risk, profit, loss, density function of normal distribution.