Average Time Lag Research Articles

Statistics on disability pensioners is important for assessing injury burden

Abstract Introduction We have little information about long term effects of injuries resulting in disability. In addition to human suffering and reduced quality of life, these consequences of injuries inflict a heavy burden on the national economy. All persons in Norway aged 16 - 66 years are entitled to disability pension benefits from the National Insurance Administration (NIA) if their working capacity is permanently reduced by at least 50 % due to disease, injury or defect. The burden of injuries in terms of “New disability pensioners” (NDP) related to traffic injuries was assessed in a study for the years 1992-97 and in a follow up study for 2005-12. Methods Each year, a number of persons will be registered as NDP in the Disability register of NIA. Between 1992 and 2012 accident types were classified by an additional code, one of them denoting traffic injury. To calculate rates, the number of NDP are related to the number of persons in Norway on the 1st of January minus the number of persons holding a disability pension at that time (risk population) and are shown as NDP pr 100 000 of the risk population. Results The rates for NDP due to traffic injuries increased from 16.8 in 1992 to 23.0 in 1997, an average annual increase of 7.4 %. These rates were compared with the mortality rates in the age group 15-64 years due to traffic injuries from 1988-1993. The average time lag between an injury and getting a disability pension is 4 years. These rates were 9.3 in 1988 and 6.4 in 1993, an average annual decrease of 6.2 %. The follow up study for 2005-2017 confirmed more or less this increasing trend in NDP due to traffic injuries. Conclusions The rate of NDP due to traffic injuries is increasing while mortality rates for same age group is decreasing. This might reflect that our emergency medicine now saves more and more lives, however many of them ending up as disabled. We need to get valid statistics on disability enabling us to describe the burden of traffic injuries.

Mantle deformation in the highly oblique indo-burma subduction system inferred from shear wave splitting measurements

We utilized shear wave splitting analysis of teleseismic SKS, SKKS, and PKS phases to infer upper mantle deformational fabrics across a substantial area of Southeast Asia, where splitting measurements were previously limited. We used newly available permanent and temporary broadband seismic networks deployed across the Indo-Burma subduction zone and the eastern Indochina peninsula. The resulting 492 well-constrained splitting and 654 null measurements from 185 stations reveal clear large-scale patterns in the mantle deformational fabrics in response to the highly oblique active subduction and a large transform plate boundary. We identified two distinct domains of mantle deformation fabrics in the western Burma microplate and the eastern Indochina peninsula. In the former, trench parallel N-S fast polarization directions with an average lag time (δt) of 1.9 s are observed beneath the Indo-Burman Ranges. We suggest the observed splitting is partly due to anisotropy in the sub-slab region and relates to shear induced by the north moving Indian plate. The lithospheric fabric within the Indo-Burman Ranges and underlying subducting slab fabric contribute to produce the observed average δt of 1.9 s. The δt value decreases to an average of 1.0 s towards the back-arc until we reach the dextral Sagaing fault. In the second domain, starting approximately 100 km east of the Sagaing fault, we observe a consistent E-W fast direction with an average δt of 1.10 s in the eastern Shan-Thai and Indochina blocks. We interpret the E-W fabric as due to the deformation associated with the westward spreading of the Hainan mantle plume, possibly driven by overriding plate motion. Low velocities in the shallow mantle and late Cenozoic intraplate volcanism in this region support the plume-driven asthenospheric flow model in the Indochina peninsula. The sudden transition of the fast polarization direction from N-S to E-W along the eastern edge of the Burma microplate indicates the Sagaing fault acts as a mantle flow boundary between the subduction dominated trench parallel flow to the west and plume induced asthenospheric flow to the east. We also observed no net splitting beneath the Bengal basin which is most likely due to the presence of frozen vertical fabric resulting from the Kerguelen plume activity during Early Cretaceous.

Induction into viable but non culturable state and outgrowth heterogeneity of Listeria monocytogenes is affected by stress history and type of growth

Exposure to sublethal stresses related to food-processing may induce a heterogenous mixture of cells that co-exist, comprising healthy, sublethally injured, dormant and dead cells. Heterogeneity in survival capacity and dormancy of single cells may impede the detection of foodborne pathogens. In this study, we exposed Listeria monocytogenes Scott A strain, to peracetic acid (PAA; 20–40 ppm) and to acidic conditions (hydrochloric (HCl) and acetic (AA) acid, adjusted to pH 2.7–3.0, to evaluate the resuscitation capacity and outgrowth kinetics of metabolically active cells in two different media. Injury and the viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) status of cells were assessed by flow cytometry using CFDA (metabolically active) and PI (dead) staining. Stressed CFDA+PI− cells were sorted on Tryptic Soy (TS) Agar or in TS broth, both supplemented with 0.6 % Yeast Extract (TSAYE or TSBYE), to evaluate culturability. Resuscitation capacity of CFDA+PI−sorted cells (10 events/well) was monitored by visual inspection on TSAYE and by optical density measurement in TSBYE for 5 days. Sorting of L. monocytogenes viable cells (CFDA+PI−) in Ringer's solution on TSAYE and TSBYE showed 100 % recovery in both media (control condition), while the mean lag time in TSBYE was 9.6 h. Treatment with 20 ppm PAA for 90 and 180 min resulted in 74.79 % and 85.82 % of non-culturable cells in TSBYE and increased the average lag time to 41.7 h and 43.8 h, respectively, compared to the control (9.6 h). The longest average lag time (79.5 h) was detected after treatment with 30 ppm PAA for 90 min, while at the same condition sorting of CFDA+PI− cells resulted in 95.05 % and 93.94 % non-culturable cells on TSAYE and TSBYE, respectively. The highest percentage of wells with non-culturable cells (96.17 %) was detected on TSAYE after treatment with 40 ppm PAA for 30 min. Fractions of VBNC cells were detected in TSBYE after treatment with HCl pH 3.0 for 60 and 240 min, and in TSAYE and TSBYE after exposure to AA pH 2.7. Treatment with AA pH 2.7 for 150–300 min increased the range of recorded lag time values compared to 60 min, from 8.6 h up to 13.3 h, as well as the mean lag times in TSBYE. Modelling of the outgrowth kinetics comparing the two types of stress (oxidative vs acid) and the two systems of growth (colonial vs planktonic) revealed that low starting concentrations hindered the detection of viable L. monocytogenes cells, either due to VBNC induction or cell heterogeneity.

Development of narcissism across the life span: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies.

This meta-analytic review investigated the development of narcissism across the life span, by synthesizing the available longitudinal data on mean-level change and rank-order stability. Three factors of narcissism were examined: agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism. Analyses were based on data from 51 samples, including 37,247 participants. As effect size measures, we used the standardized mean change d per year and test-retest correlations that were corrected for attenuation due to measurement error. The results suggested that narcissism typically decreases from age 8 to 77 years (i.e., the observed age range), with aggregated changes of d = -0.28 for agentic narcissism, d = -0.41 for antagonistic narcissism, and d = -0.55 for neurotic narcissism. Rank-order stability of narcissism was high, with average values of .73 (agentic), .68 (antagonistic), and .60 (neurotic), based on an average time lag of 11.42 years. Rank-order stability did not vary as a function of age. However, rank-order stability declined as a function of time lag, asymptotically approaching values of .62 (agentic), .52 (antagonistic), and .33 (neurotic) across long time lags. Moderator analyses indicated that the findings on mean-level change and rank-order stability held across gender and birth cohort. The meta-analytic data set included mostly Western and White/European samples, pointing to the need of conducting more research with non-Western and ethnically diverse samples. In sum, the findings suggest that agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism show normative declines across the life span and that individual differences in these factors are moderately (neurotic) to highly (agentic, antagonistic) stable over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Incident Cancer Risk in Patients with Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hungary (Part 1).

(1) Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at higher risk of cancer but how these two diseases associate is still debated. The goal of this study was the assessment of the overall incidence of cancer among patients with newly diagnosed T2DM in Hungary. (2) Methods: A nationwide, retrospective, longitudinal study was performed using a Hungarian database. After exclusion of cases of age < 18 years, with gestational diabetes, with polycystic ovary syndrome, and with type 1 and prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus, the incident T2DM (approx. 50,000 cases yearly) and for comparison, the diabetes-free Hungarian adult population (approx. 7,000,000 cases yearly) was included in the study. The primary endpoints were the overall and site-specific incidence and annual percentage change of the incidence of cancer in both populations. (3) Results: The overall incidence of cancer in patients amounted to 29.4/1000 and 6.6/1000 with or without T2DM, respectively, and the OR (95%CI) of cancer of the T2DM group was 4.32 (4.14-4.53), p < 0.0001. The risk of having cancer was age dependent. The incidence of cancer was declining in the non-diabetic but was unchanged in the T2DM population. The average lag time of diagnosing cancer after the detection of T2DM was 3.86 months. (4) Conclusions: Incident T2DM is associated with a significantly higher overall risk of incident cancer, with a reverse correlation of age. Newly registered T2DM patients were suggested to be screened for cancer within 6 months.

Investigating the Response of Vegetation to Flash Droughts by Using Cross-Spectral Analysis and an Evapotranspiration-Based Drought Index

Flash droughts tend to cause severe damage to agriculture due to their characteristics of sudden onset and rapid intensification. Early detection of the response of vegetation to flash droughts is of utmost importance in mitigating the effects of flash droughts, as it can provide a scientific basis for establishing an early warning system. The commonly used method of determining the response time of vegetation to flash drought, based on the response time index or the correlation between the precipitation anomaly and vegetation growth anomaly, leads to the late detection of irreversible drought effects on vegetation, which may not be sufficient for use in analyzing the response of vegetation to flash drought for early earning. The evapotranspiration-based (ET-based) drought indices are an effective indicator for identifying and monitoring flash drought. This study proposes a novel approach that applies cross-spectral analysis to an ET-based drought index, i.e., Evaporative Stress Anomaly Index (ESAI), as the forcing and a vegetation-based drought index, i.e., Normalized Vegetation Anomaly Index (NVAI), as the response, both from medium-resolution remote sensing data, to estimate the time lag of the response of vegetation vitality status to flash drought. An experiment on the novel method was carried out in North China during March–September for the period of 2001–2020 using remote sensing products at 1 km spatial resolution. The results show that the average time lag of the response of vegetation to water availability during flash droughts estimated by the cross-spectral analysis over North China in 2001–2020 was 5.9 days, which is shorter than the results measured by the widely used response time index (26.5 days). The main difference between the phase lag from the cross-spectral analysis method and the response time from the response time index method lies in the fundamental processes behind the definitions of the vegetation response in the two methods, i.e., a subtle and dynamic fluctuation signature in the response signal (vegetation-based drought index) that correlates with the fluctuation in the forcing signal (ET-based drought index) versus an irreversible impact indicated by a negative NDVI anomaly. The time lag of the response of vegetation to flash droughts varied with vegetation types and irrigation conditions. The average time lag for rainfed cropland, irrigated cropland, grassland, and forest in North China was 5.4, 5.8, 6.1, and 6.9 days, respectively. Forests have a longer response time to flash droughts than grasses and crops due to their deeper root systems, and irrigation can mitigate the impacts of flash droughts. Our method, based on cross-spectral analysis and the ET-based drought index, is innovative and can provide an earlier warning of impending drought impacts, rather than waiting for the irreversible impacts to occur. The information detected at an earlier stage of flash droughts can help decision makers in developing more effective and timely strategies to mitigate the impact of flash droughts on ecosystems.

Mycorrhizal fungi respiration dynamics in relation to gross primary production in a Hungarian dry grassland

AimsSoil respiration (Rs) is a complex process including a wide range of soil biota and pathways of carbon cycling, all being under the control of various drivers. The most important biotic driver is the photosynthetic activity of the vegetation providing supply mainly for the autotrophic component of Rs: roots and their symbiotic partners. The objective of this study was to describe the time-lagged relationship between gross primary production (GPP) and the mycorrhizal Rs component in order to determine the amount of carbon derived from GPP appearing as mycorrhizal respiration (Rmyc).MethodsMeasurements of Rs were conducted in three treatments - (i) undisturbed, root and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-included (Rs), (ii) root-excluded (Rhet+myc) and (iii) root- and AMF-excluded (Rhet) plots - for three consecutive years in a Central-Hungarian dry sandy grassland. GPP data were derived from eddy-covariance measurements, while an automated system was used for continuous measurements of Rs. We analysed the relationship between Rmyc and GPP by using cross-correlation and by fitting sine wave models on the diel datasets.ResultsGPP was found to be the main driver of Rmyc, responding with an average time lag of 18 h. The greatest lags were detected during periods characterized by minimal photosynthetic activity, while lags were the smallest during active periods.ConclusionBased on the seasonal changes in the delay, we concluded that GPP and soil temperature had simultaneous effects on the diel pattern of CO2 emission of the different autotrophic components depending on the vegetation activity and environmental conditions.

Multi-station deep learning on geodetic time series detects slow slip events in Cascadia

Slow slip events (SSEs) originate from a slow slippage on faults that lasts from a few days to years. A systematic and complete mapping of SSEs is key to characterizing the slip spectrum and understanding its link with coeval seismological signals. Yet, SSE catalogues are sparse and usually remain limited to the largest events, because the deformation transients are often concealed in the noise of the geodetic data. Here we present a multi-station deep learning SSE detector applied blindly to multiple raw (non-post-processed) geodetic time series. Its power lies in an ultra-realistic synthetic training set, and in the combination of convolutional and attention-based neural networks. Applied to real data in Cascadia over the period 2007–2022, it detects 78 SSEs, that compare well to existing independent benchmarks: 87.5% of previously catalogued SSEs are retrieved, each detection falling within a peak of tremor activity. Our method also provides useful proxies on the SSE duration and may help illuminate relationships between tremor chatter and the nucleation of the slow rupture. We find an average day-long time lag between the slow deformation and the tremor chatter both at a global- and local-temporal scale, suggesting that slow slip may drive the rupture of nearby small asperities.

Bioavailability and daily requirement of vitamin B12 in adult humans: an observational study of its colonic absorption and daily excretion as measured by [13C]-cyanocobalamin kinetics

BackgroundClinical and biochemical vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency is lower than anticipated in vegetarians. Extraileal absorption, such as from the colon, as well as reduced daily excretion, may be adaptive mechanisms to maintain B12 homeostasis with marginal intakes. ObjectiveTo measure the absorption of B12 from the small and large intestine, and its daily rate of excretion from the body, using a [13C]-cyanocobalamin tracer. MethodsOral B12 bioavailability was measured over 12 h after administration of [13C]-cyanocobalamin tracer (2.5 μg) in normal participants. The colonic B12 bioavailability was evaluated by direct instillation of [13C]-cyanocobalamin (5 μg) into the ascending colon. Bioavailability was calculated from 2-compartmental modeling of the tracer appearance in plasma. The excretion rate of B12 was measured from [13C]-cyanocobalamin elimination from the body over 4 wk after oral dosing (5 μg). ResultsThe oral B12 bioavailability (n = 11) was 63% ± 10% measured over 12 h. A late absorption peak, accounting for 12% of the absorption, was observed after an average lag time of 8.7 h from dosing. The colonic B12 bioavailability (n = 10) was 7% ± 5% over 4 h. The daily B12 excretion rate (n = 4) was 0.7 ± 0.2 μg/d. The minimum daily requirement of B12 in these participants was derived at 1 μg /d. ConclusionsB12 is absorbed in the human colon. This observation confirms the potential contribution of the colon in daily B12 nutriture, and along with a possible lower requirement, could explain the absence of clinical deficiency in populations with marginal B12 intakes. Trial Registration NumberThis study was registered in Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI) with the registration number CTRI/2018/04/012957, available from https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=49319&EncHid=&userName=029108.

Time lag effect of vegetation response to seasonal precipitation in the Mara River Basin

BackgroundMara River Basin is an ecologically fragile area in East Africa, with a pattern of alternating wet and dry seasons shaped by periodic precipitation. Considering the regional biological traits and climatic change, the vegetation's response to seasonal variation is complicated and frequently characterized by time lags. This study analyzed the variation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and investigated its time lag to precipitation at the monthly scale. NDVI characteristic peaks were proposed from the perspective of seasonal mechanisms and were quantified to assess the lag effect.ResultsThe results showed that the Anomaly Vegetation Index could identify low precipitation in 2006, 2009, and 2017. The NDVI showed an increasing trend in 75% of areas of the basin, while showed a decreased significance in 3.5% of areas, mainly in savannas. As to the time lag, the 1-month lag effect dominated most months, and the spatiotemporal disparities were noticeable. Another method considering the alternations of wet and dry seasons found that the time lag was approximately 30 days. Based on the time distribution of NDVI characteristic peaks, the average time lag was 35.5 days and increased with the range of seasons.ConclusionsThe findings confirmed an increasing trend of NDVI in most regions from 2001 to 2020, while the trends were most obvious in the downstream related to human activities. The results could reflect the time lag of NDVI response to precipitation, and the 1-month lag effect dominated in most months with spatial heterogeneity. Four NDVI characteristic peaks were found to be efficient indicators to assess the seasonal characteristics and had a great potential to quantify vegetation variation.

A behavioural vaccination model with application to meningitis spread in Nigeria

We propose a socio–epidemiological investigation of the effects of vaccine hesitancy on meningococcal meningitis transmission. The spread of the disease is described by a behavioural epidemic model. An information index is employed to take into account that the willingness to get vaccinated depends on the information and rumours about the status of the disease in the community. We show that voluntary vaccination is unable to eliminate the disease, since the control reproduction number is independent of information parameters. The model is parametrized on official data regarding the largest ever global epidemic of serogroup C meningitis occurred in Nigeria in 2016 to 2017. We reproduce both the uncontrolled phase and the controlled phase (through a vaccination campaign) of the outbreak. We estimate that the public was aware of about 69% of official data, and that the average time lag necessary for information to reach the public was 4.27 days. Our results show the potential applicability of behavioural epidemic models with information index.

Investigating the Characteristics of Tropical Cyclone Size in the Western North Pacific from 1981 to 2009

Tropical cyclone (TC) size is an important parameter for estimating TC risks, such as precipitation distribution, gale-force wind damage, and storm surge. This paper uses the TC size dataset compiled by the Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration (STI/CMA) to investigate the interannual, monthly variation in TC size, and the relationships between TC size and intensity in the WNP basin from 1981 to 2009. The results show that the annual mean TC size oscillated within the range of 175–210 km from 1981 to 2002, then decreased following 2003. For the monthly average TC size, there are two peaks in September and October. The TC size, overall, becomes larger with increasing intensity; the samples with an unusually large size are mainly concentrated near a 40 m s−1 intensity. After the TC intensity exceeds 40 m s−1, the number of unusually large size samples gradually decreases. About 60% of the TCs reach their maximum size after reaching the peak intensity, and the average lag time is 8.3 h.

Quantifying effects of different types of droughts on gross primary production in China

AbstractThe increasing impact of drought stress on ecosystems with regard to climate change has received considerable attention, which has been demonstrated to have a time‐lag effect on ecosystems. However, the time‐lag effect on different types of droughts and gross primary production (GPP) at large regional scales remains unclear. Thus, using the GOSIF GPP product data of solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence, the meteorological drought index (standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index [SPEI]), and the agricultural drought index (soil moisture deficit index [SMDI]) based on the soil moisture data obtained from the Global Land Data Assimilation System, the time‐lag effect of regional drought and GPP and the contribution of drought to GPP variation were analysed in China from 2000 to 2018. Results showed that (1) China's annual GPP increased at an average rate of 9.26 g C m−2 y−1. With regard to the average rate for each climate zone, the largest increase of 30.44 g C m−2 y−1 was observed in the southern subtropical region, and the smallest increase (4.01 g C m−2 y−1) was observed in the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau, with about 53.11% of the regions showing a significant upward trend. In addition, the significantly declining regions were primarily concentrated in urban areas, accounting for about 2.26% of China. (2) SPEI and GPP had an average lag time of 6.28 months, whereas SMDI and GPP had an average lag time of 7.17 months. The comparison demonstrated that SMDI had a greater influence on GPP than SPEI. (3) The average contribution rate of meteorological drought and agricultural drought to the decrease of GPP was 79.37% and 87.06%, and their average contribution rate to the increase of GPP was 39.11% and 50.57%, respectively. This study will provide comprehensive understanding of the effects of drought on carbon and water cycles in terrestrial ecosystems with regard to climate change.

Solar-induced 27-day modulation on polar mesospheric cloud (PMC), based on combined observations from SOFIE and MLS

Temperature and water vapor are two key variables affecting the polar mesospheric cloud (PMC). Solar radiation can increase the mesospheric temperature through UV heating. In this research, the composite solar index Y10 is used for the first time to study the influence of solar radiation on PMC variability. The ice water content (IWC) is selected to characterize the properties of PMCs. The observations of IWC are from the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE) onboard the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite, and the temperature data used are measured by both the SOFIE instrument and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) onboard the Aura satellite. According to the superposed epoch analysis (SEA) method, it is shown that the solar 27-day modulation can affect PMCs by changing and modulating the mesospheric temperature. The results show that the IWC responds to the Y10 later than the mesospheric temperature does. Further investigation into the relationship between the mesospheric temperature and PMCs reveals that the average time lag is 0 days in the northern hemisphere (NH) and 1 day in the southern hemisphere (SH). The differences in temperature response to the 27-day solar rotational modulation with atmospheric pressure and latitude are also analyzed on the basis of the temperature observations made from 2004 to 2020 by the MLS. The temperature time lag of NH2008 and NH2012 are 1–5 days (depending on latitude), close to the time lag of direct solar heating with 4 days. The PMC seasons with temperature time lags greater than 5 days are indicated to be modulated by atmospheric dynamics with a 27-day cycle. The temperature time lag has two distinct patterns of variation in latitude, and thus two different atmospheric modulation mechanisms may exist. Twelve PMC seasons with 27-day periodicity are distinguished, nine of which have decreasing temperature time lags with increasing altitude because of the atmospheric dynamical effects.

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Upwelling in the West-Central South China Sea and Its Relationship with the Wind Field

The west-central South China Sea upwelling event is a critical process that regulates the climate and marine ecosystem in the region. In this study, we used sea surface temperature (SST) satellite data from 2000 to 2018 to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of upwelling in the west-central South China Sea and combined the wind field data to investigate the effects of wind direction and speed on upwelling. We divided the upwelling sea area into three regions based on the different shoreline angles along the eastern coast of the South China Peninsula: OU_1, OU_2, and OU_3. Our results showed that the upwelling events occurred mainly from May to September in the OU_1 and OU_2 waters. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition of the monthly mean SST moment level field indicated a cyclical interannual variation of upwelling in the west-central South China Sea. The correlation analysis showed that wind direction changes have a significant impact on the upwelling intensity center, with the upwelling intensity center moving towards high latitudes and away from the coast when the wind direction changes from north to east. When the wind direction changes from east to south, the upwelling intensity center moves towards low latitudes and near the coast. The average lag time of upwelling events to the wind field in the central and western South China Sea was 38.9 h, with OU_2 showing a longer response time than the other seas. Our study provides important insights into the mechanisms governing upwelling in the west-central South China Sea, which can effectively promote the rational use of ecological resources and provide a scientific basis for marine ecological protection in the region.

Analysis of the Dynamics of Water Flow and Suspension Flow Discharge in Volcano Watershed with Settlement Land Use

Suspension flow into the upstream of volcano watershed is sensitive to land use. In Indonesia, a settlement is a form of land use in several volcanic landscapes. There is currently no detailed study on the suspension flow sediment from the settlement land use. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the relationship between water and suspension flow discharge. The study was conducted through the measurements at a gully outlet that produced 747 suspension load data. For each rainfall event, suspension load measurements were made in the field, followed by laboratory analysis. Additionally, field surveys were used to determine the characteristics of settlement land use and the water flow into the gully system. According to the findings, the peak flow discharge corresponds to the peak suspension discharge, the peak flow discharge comes before the peak suspension discharge, and the peak flow discharge happens after the peak suspension discharge. The average time lag between initial rainfall events and suspension flow was 10.36 minutes, and the suspension peak content varied by an average of 2.22 gl-1. The grain size was also dominated by the clay fraction, averaging 67.86% on the ascending branch and 67.82% on the descending branch.&#x0D; Keywords: Erosion; Discharge; Settlements; Suspension; Watershed&#x0D; &#x0D; Copyright (c) 2023 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember&#x0D; This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Using Water Stable Isotopes and Cross-Correlation Analysis to Characterize Infiltration of Precipitation through Unsaturated Zone at the Velika Gorica Site of Zagreb Aquifer

The unsaturated zone plays a crucial role in the hydrological cycle and is a key factor in modeling and understanding hydrological processes. It regulates water transfer from the land surface to the groundwater while providing protection, transfer, and attenuation of potential groundwater contaminants. This research presents the first results of continuous in situ monitoring of all soil horizons of the Eutric Cambisols and the remaining unsaturated zone of the Zagreb aquifer (Velika Gorica well field). The Zagreb aquifer is the main source of potable water for the inhabitants of the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County, which is protected by the Republic of Croatia. Cross-correlation analysis and water stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) were used to investigate whether there is a hydraulic connection between precipitation and groundwater, the approximate duration of percolation, and whether there are indicators that suggest the presence of preferential flow or processes such as water mixing and/or evaporation. The cross-correlation analysis showed and confirmed the assumption of the presence of preferential flow with average lag times ranging from 1.59 up to 3.63 h. The results also indicate that low organic matter content may contribute to higher lag times associated with precipitation infiltration. It was found that only high-intensity precipitation events allow effective infiltration, and that the amount of infiltration depends on the water content of the soil at the beginning of each precipitation event. The isotopic results showed that the isotopic composition of the soil water in the first three soil horizons follows the one of precipitation, while deuterium excess confirmed that the sampled water is mobile water and that an evaporation process is possible in the A horizon. The results also show that suction cups can be used to determine the isotopic signature of both bulk and mobile water, depending mainly on the granulometric composition of the material in which they are installed.

Understanding the role of catchment and climate characteristics in the propagation of meteorological to hydrological drought

Hydrological and meteorological droughts are complex hazards that cover a wide spatiotemporal spectrum and can affect the economic, environmental, and social sectors. However, it is challenging to characterize hydrometeorological drought and its propagation from precipitation deficits to soil moisture, discharge, and groundwater deficits and to ascertain to what extent catchment characteristics may affect drought features. This research explores the link between hydrometeorological drought characteristics and catchment characteristics. It investigates their propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought conditions in nine selected catchments from the Awash basin in Ethiopia using standardized indices of precipitation (SPI), soil moisture deficits (SPEI), streamflow (SRI), and base flow (SBI). The study results indicate that the propagation of meteorological to agricultural and hydrological droughts increases with increasing aggregation time scale and has a proportionally higher probability of propagation for moderate, severe, and extreme droughts. Across all catchments, the average lag time between hydrological and meteorological drought magnitude occurrence is 4–6 months, with lag times likely to increase by 7–8 months at a higher aggregation time scale. Meteorological drought has a 0.5 higher probability of occurrence than hydrological drought in a given period. In contrast, it has a lower (0.3) probability of the surface deficit becoming a groundwater deficit. At a 3-month cumulative time scale, the probability of propagating meteorological drought using the SPI to hydrological drought using the SRI is higher than that of propagating hydrological drought using the SBI. Therefore, the results suggest that while the propagation of meteorological droughts (SPI and SPEI) to hydrological droughts (SRI and SBI) slightly increases with aggregation time, the time taken for precipitation to become apparent in hydrological variables increases. The results confirmed that the probability of meteorological drought leading to hydrological drought progression is critical and needs to be considered in water resource management and planning.

DESIGN &amp; BUILD OF HOME AUTOMATION TRAINER USING MCU ESP8266 NODE MODUL BASED ON INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

The development of knowledge and technology in the world of education is currently advancing rapidly, providing many new ideas, methods and innovations in the field of technology development, especially trainers. Home automation is the introduction of technology in a home environment to provide convenience and protection for residents by remote monitoring. The smart home modeling device based on the ESP8266 Node MCU and the Internet of Things (IoT) uses Blynk as a monitoring controller that is stored on a Virtual Private Server (VPS). This system uses relays to connect lights, sockets, and fans, the DHT11 Sensor detects humidity and temperature, the Flame Sensor detects fire, and the MQ-2 Sensor detects gas leaks. The results obtained that the average lag time for turning on the relay is about 0.12 seconds and the average turning off the relay is about 0.12 seconds, the average error of the DHT11 Sensor when detecting heat is 3.3O Celsius and when detecting cold is -28.2O Celsius, the limit for detecting fire on the Flame Sensor is a maximum of 20 cm, the limit for gas leakage is set above 200 ppm.

Developing a standardized EMR workflow for medical students and preceptors

ObjectivesThe electronic medical record (EMR) is an integral component of clinical encounters. However, there is no standardized curriculum for EMR education in medical school. This study aimed to create a standardized EMR workflow model for medical students in clinic. It was hypothesized that this workflow would be effectively implemented and increase physician productivity. MethodsAn outpatient clinic workflow model was created to integrate students into clinical visits as active participants in EMR documentation. 240 third and fourth-year medical students on their Neurology clerkship at a U.S. medical institution and 34 outpatient neurologists were trained on the workflow (student EMR integration training; SEIT). A total of 733 Neurology outpatient clinic days were analyzed (473 pre-SEIT and 251 post-SEIT). Productivity metrics included average lag time, average Relative Value Units (RVUs) per day, and average invoices per day. ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference in documentation time, with a pre-SEIT lag time of 14.7 days (SD 13.1 days, 95% CI 9.4–20.0) compared to 10.3 days post-SEIT (SD 10.2 days, 95% CI 6.2–14.5; p-value = 0.001). The average RVUs per day were 18.5 pre-SEIT (SD 7.8, 95% CI 15.4–21.7) and 17.8 post-SEIT (SD 8.0, 95% CI 14.6–21.0; p-value = 0.7). The average invoices per day were 7.5 pre-SEIT (SD 2.6, 95% CI 6.5–8.6) and 7.3 post-SEIT (SD 3.0, 95% CI 6.1–8.5; p-value = 0.5). ConclusionsThe workflow model utilizes medical student EMR documentation in the clinical note and decreases physician documentation time.