Normal Intelligence Research Articles

Digital Facilitation of Group Work to Gain Predictable Performance

Group work is a commonly used method of working, and the performance of a group can vary depending on the type and structure of the task at hand. Research suggests that groups can exhibit "collective intelligence"—the ability to perform well across tasks—under certain conditions, making group performance somewhat predictable. However, predictability of task performance becomes difficult when a task relies heavily on coordination among group members or is ill-defined. To address this issue, we propose a technical solution in the form of a chatbot providing advice to facilitate group work for more predictable performance. Specifically, we target well-defined, high-coordination tasks. Through experiments with 64 virtual groups performing various tasks and communicating via text-based chat, we found a relationship between the average intelligence of group members and their group performance in such tasks, making performance more predictable. The practical implications of this research are significant, as the assembly of consistently performing groups is an important organizational activity.

Citrullinemia and What Else?

Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder. Symptoms typically include vomiting, lethargy, seizures and coma. In neonatal presentation, death occurs in days if untreated. Survivors may evolve with neurocognitive dysfunction. Two 10 years old, non-identical, twin sisters (S1; S2) with CTLN1 were born after a 36W gestation: S1 by eutocic delivery and S2 by cesarean section with nuchal cord (Apgar score 5/10). On day four, S2 presented hyperammonemia with coma. S1 had no complications. Diagnosis followed that of S2. Neurocognitive development was monitored at 3 months - 4 years of age with Griffiths Scales: global development quotient kept within the average, but S2 had a deficit in language and eye and hand coordination. At 5 years, the neurocognitive abilities were evaluated using Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence - Revised (WPPSI-R). S2 revealed difficulties in verbal area (vocabulary, comprehension and memorizing sentences), with a lower average verbal intelligence quotient (IQ). S1 had high average IQ. Due to learning difficulties, S2 was reassessment at 8 years old with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Third edition (WISC-III): full-scale IQ -"extremely low". These non-identical twin sisters share the same citrullinemia type 1 causing variants in the ASS1 gene. Nevertheless, their clinical presentation and neurocognitive evolution are diverse. Other factors, like the different genetic background and perinatal issues such as the type of delivery and its circumstances and the neonatal coma episode of S2 may explain the dissimilar evolution. Maximum ammonium levels (and its duration) are critical for the patients' neurodevelopment: 131 in S1 and 546 umol/l in S2.

Supplemental Material for Assessment of Psychopathy Among Justice-Involved Adult Males With Low Versus Average Intelligence: Differential Links to Violent Offending

Supplemental Material for Assessment of Psychopathy Among Justice-Involved Adult Males With Low Versus Average Intelligence: Differential Links to Violent Offending

B - 18 Identifying Cognitive Deficits in Perinatally HIV-Infected Children.

The systematic review aimed to explore areas of cognitive deficits in children diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through vertical infection. A systematic review of current literature pertaining to cognitive deficits among children with HIV through vertical infection was conducted from 2011 to 2023. Peer-reviewed empirical studies in English were obtained through Google Scholar, PsychInfo, PubMed, and PsychARTICLES using keywords vertical infection, HIV, and children born with HIV. Initial search yielded 50 articles, of which 8 were retained. Across studies, it was found that HIV-infected children present substantial impairments in domains of attention, language, verbal learning and memory, visuomotor functions, fine motor skills, and executive functions. In one study, a cohort of 35 perinatally HIV-infected children was compared to 37 healthy children. Results highlighted that HIV-infected children scored lower than healthy controls on all cognitive domains, with cognitive impairment found in 6 HIV-infected children. Finally, another study found that mean baseline cognitive performance was generally subnormal, and between 33% and 81% of the children possessed subnormal intelligence quotients. While HIV can be treated with immunosuppressive therapy, interventions for cognitive deficits experienced by patients are not very well known. The literature conveyed that the prevalence and extent of deficits when compared to healthy children, is increasingly significant. Although HIV-infected children can have an average intelligence, neurological and neurocognitive performance, and deficits are often prevalent. Limitations of the present review include limited literature focused on this area of study.

IQ Intelligence Level Analysis of Prospective Elementary School Students as a Condition for Readiness to Learn at School

This study aims to analyze the level of IQ intelligence of prospective elementary school students as readiness to enter elementary school. The entry of primary education is regulated by the government through the education and culture office, with one of the references that prospective elementary school students, in addition to age, must also have cognitive, social and emotional intelligence maturity. According to the Permendikbud, the minimum age for primary school entry is 6-7 years old. However, students under 6 years old who want to enter primary school must take a psychological test or get a recommendation from a psychologist. The method used was descriptive with data collection techniques using the DAP IQ intelligence test. The research sample consisted of 60 prospective primary school students who would enter grade one at SDNU. The results showed that the average IQ score of prospective elementary school students was 101. The analysis results show 87% 52 of prospective elementary school students have an average IQ intelligence level, 10% 6 students an IQ intelligence level above average, and 3% 2 students an IQ intelligence level below average. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that most prospective NU elementary school students have normal and above average IQ intelligence levels, so they are ready to follow the learning process at SDNU.

Electrophysiological signatures of visual temporal processing deficits in developmental dyslexia.

Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects reading ability despite normal intelligence and education. In search of core deficits, previous evidence has linked DD with impairments in temporal aspects of perceptual processing, which might underlie phonological deficits as well as inefficient graphemic parsing during reading. However, electrophysiological evidence for atypical temporal processing in DD is still scarce in the visual modality. Here, we investigated the efficiency of both temporal segregation and integration of visual information by means of event-related potentials (ERPs). We confirmed previous evidence of a selective segregation deficit in dyslexia for stimuli presented in rapid succession (<80 ms), despite unaffected integration performance. Importantly, we found a reduced N1 amplitude in DD, a component related to the allocation of attentional resources, which was independent of task demands (i.e., evident in both segregation and integration). In addition, the P3 amplitude, linked to working memory and processing load, was modulated by task demands in controls but not in individuals with DD. These results suggest that atypical attentional sampling in dyslexia might weaken the quality of information stored in visual working memory, leading to behavioral and electrophysiological signatures of atypical temporal segregation. These results are consistent with some existing theories of dyslexia, such as the magnocellular theory and the "Sluggish Attentional Shifting" framework, and represent novel evidence for neural correlates of decreased visual temporal resolution in DD.

Changes in the superior longitudinal fasciculus and anterior thalamic radiation in the left brain are associated with developmental dyscalculia.

Developmental dyscalculia is a neurodevelopmental disorder specific to arithmetic learning even with normal intelligence and age-appropriate education. Difficulties often persist from childhood through adulthood lowering the individual's quality of life. However, the neural correlates of developmental dyscalculia are poorly understood. This study aimed to identify brain structural connectivity alterations in developmental dyscalculia. All participants were recruited from a large scale, non-referred population sample in a longitudinal design. We studied 10 children with developmental dyscalculia (11.3 ± 0.7 years) and 16 typically developing peers (11.2 ± 0.6 years) using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. We assessed white matter microstructure with tract-based spatial statistics in regions-of-interest tracts that had previously been related to math ability in children. Then we used global probabilistic tractography for the first time to measure and compare tract length between developmental dyscalculia and typically developing groups. The high angular resolution diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and crossing-fiber probabilistic tractography allowed us to evaluate the length of the pathways compared to previous studies. The major findings of our study were reduced white matter coherence and shorter tract length of the left superior longitudinal/arcuate fasciculus and left anterior thalamic radiation in the developmental dyscalculia group. Furthermore, the lower white matter coherence and shorter pathways tended to be associated with the lower math performance. These results from the regional analyses indicate that learning, memory and language-related pathways in the left hemisphere might be related to developmental dyscalculia in children.

Prediction of Learning Disability Using Machine Learning

Abstract: This A learning disability is a neurological disorder. The children predicted with learning disability may find it difficult to spell, read, write, organize things and so on. Learning disabilities are not related to intelligence or motivation. People with learning disabilities have average or above-average intelligence but may need special accommodations and support to learn and succeed. Early identification, assessment, and intervention are critical for managing learning disabilities. With appropriate support and accommodations, people with learning disabilities can achieve their full potential and lead fulfilling lives. Machine Learning algorithms can be useful in predicting learning disabilities because they can analyse large amounts of data quickly and accurately, and they can identify patterns that may not be apparent to human observers. Deep learning models can lead to better and faster predictions and they are capable to work with unstructured data as well. While Machine Learning and Deep Learning algorithms have shown promise in predicting learning disabilities, it’s important to use these tools in a responsible and ethical manner to ensure that individuals’ privacy and autonomy are protected. By leveraging the power of these algorithms, we can help to ensure that children with learning disabilities receive the support they need to reach their full potential. In this study, six models, ANN and CNN, were assessed for their effectiveness in predicting specific learning disabilities. The performance measure used to evaluate the models was accuracy. Among the models, KNN is found to be the most accurate with 90.33% followed by Random Forest with 79.22%, CNN with 77.69% LSTM with 77.57%, ANN with 57.57% and SVM with 57.57%.

Q-ICAN: A Q-learning based cache pollution attack mitigation approach for named data networking

The Cache Pollution Attack (CPA) is a recent threat that poses a significant risk to Named Data Networks (NDN). This attack can impact the caching process in various ways, such as causing increased cache misses for legitimate users, delays in data retrieval, and exhaustion of resources in NDN routers. Despite the numerous countermeasures suggested in the literature for CPA, many of them have detrimental effects on the NDN components. In this paper, we introduce Q-ICAN, a novel intelligent technique for detecting and mitigating cache pollution attacks in NDN. More specifically, Q-ICAN uses Q-Learning as an automated CPA prediction mechanism. Each NDN router integrates a reinforcement learning agent that utilizes impactful metrics such as the variation of the Cache Hit Ratio (CHR) and the interest inter-arrival time to learn how to differentiate between malicious and legitimate interests. We conducted several simulations using NDNSim to assess the effectiveness of our solution in terms of Cache Hit Ratio (CHR), Average Retrieval Delay (ARD) and multiple artificial intelligence evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, etc. The obtained results confirm that Q-ICAN detects CPA attacks with a 95.09% accuracy rate, achieves a 94% CHR, and reduces ARD by 18%. Additionally, Q-ICAN adheres to the security policy of the NDN architecture and consumes fewer resources from NDN routers compared to existing state-of-the-art solutions.

Effects of Levetiracetam on Childhood-onset Refractory Epilepsy Classified by Level of Intellectual Disability

The efficacy of levetiracetam (LEV) for childhood-onset refractory epilepsy was retrospectively evaluated from medical records, based on the level of intellectual disability. The study sample included 84 patients (68 adults, 16 children) with childhood- onset refractory epilepsy who had been treated with LEV (dose: adult, 1000 mg/day; children, 30 mg/kg/day) for approximately 1.7 years. The responder rates (≥ 50% and ≥ 75% reduction in seizure frequency from baseline) were 85.7% and 42.9% for focal seizures in adults with normal intelligence; the responder rates for focal seizures in adults with intellectual disabilities were average 69.0% and 6.9%, respectively. Serious adverse events were not observed. A high level (≧75%) of reduction can be expected for focal seizures in adults with normal intelligence but cannot be expected in adults with intellectual disabilities. Further studies are required to investigate these.

Learning and achievement characteristics of sheltered homeless population subgroups.

There is little systematic information about intelligence and academic achievement among sheltered homeless adults. This study adds descriptive data on intelligence and academic achievement, examines discrepancies across these concepts, and explores the associations among demographic and psychosocial characteristics in the context of intelligence categories and discrepancies. We studied intelligence, academic achievement, and discrepancies between IQ and academic achievement among 188 individuals experiencing homelessness who were systematically recruited from a large, urban, 24-hour homeless recovery center. Participants completed structured interviews, urine drug testing, the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, and the Wide Range Achievement Test, 4th edition. Average full-scale intelligence was low average (90) but higher than scores obtained in other studies of homeless populations. Academic achievement was lower than average (82 to 88). Performance/math deficits in the higher intelligence group indicate functional difficulties that could have contributed to homeless risk. The low-normal intelligence and below-average achievement scores are not extreme enough to warrant immediate attention and intervention for most individuals. Systematic screening during entry into homeless services might identify learning strengths and weaknesses, presenting modifiable factors that could be addressed in focused educational/vocational interventions.

Cognitive Status In Thalassemia

Background: Thalassemia is one of the most common chronic and genetic hematological disorder. This chronic disease challenges the individual at the physical, emotional, cognitive level and disrupts the quality of life because of persistent anemia and hypoxia. The aim of study is to assess the cognitive status in thalassemia.&#x0D; Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional observational type of study that was performed in Autism and Child Development Center of Chattagram Maa Shishu–O–General Hospital. Children aged 6 to 16 years with thalassemia of different catagories were enrolled as study subjects. Study period was six months. Cognitive status of this study subject was assessed by WICS-IV equipment.&#x0D; Results: Among the 50 study subjects, Hb E b thalassemia was the most common type of thalassemia 39(78%). 2(4%) patient took oral chelating agent, 18 (36%) were under injectable, 20(40%) were found taking both oral and injectable and 10(20%) were observed not under any iron chelation therapy. Regular iron chelation therapy was found in 22(44%) cases.10(20%) cases had normal intelligence,19(38%) cases had mild mental retardation and 21 (42%) had moderate mental retardation. Among the 10 patients who do not use any chelation therapy,8(80%) patients had moderate retardation and 2(20%) had mild mental retardation. On the other hand, among the 40 patients who were having iron chelation therapy, 10(25%) patients showed normal level of intelligence, 17(42.5%) had mild mental retardation and 13(32.5%) had moderate mental retardation. In different score of WISC-IV, it was found that working memory and processing speed were poorer than verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning in different type of thalassemia. This study also showed poor cognition is more prominent in thalassemia major and Hb E beta thalassemia.&#x0D; Conclusion: Cognitive status of the study subjects who take regular iron chelation therapy is much better than those who do not take iron chelation therapy. Hence, iron chelation therapy is proved to have better cognitive outcome for thalassemia patients with iron overload.&#x0D; Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.22 (1); January 2023; Page 57-61

Does the brain sleep differently depending on intellectual abilities?

To compare the children's sleep electroencephalogram according to their intellectual profile. Children were grouped according to their Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) scores (17 with normal intelligence quotient [IQ, NIQ] and 24 with high IQ [HIQ]). Comparisons of spectral power between groups and its relationship with WISC scores were assessed using analyses of variance and linear regression models, adjusted for age and sex. Children with HIQ had more rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, especially late at night, and more power in slow-frequency bands during REM sleep than those with NIQ. There were also positive associations between the processing speed index and the spectral power in β bands in NREM sleep, and with the spectral power in α, σ, β, and γ bands in REM sleep, with different associations between groups. The enhanced power in slow bands during REM sleep in children with HIQ overlaps with that of typical REM sleep oscillations thought to be involved in emotional memory consolidation. The dissimilar relationships between spectral power and WISC scores in NIQ and HIQ groups may underlie functional differences in brain activity related to cognitive efficiency, questioning the direction of the relationship between sleep and cognitive functioning.

Using a multi-strategy eye-tracking psychometric model to measure intelligence and identify cognitive strategy in Raven's advanced progressive matrices

Previous studies have found that participants use two cognitive strategies—constructive matching and response elimination—in responding to items in the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM). This study proposed a multi-strategy psychometric model that builds on item responses and also incorporates eye-tracking measures, including but not limited to the proportional time on matrix area (PTM), the rate of toggling (ROT), and the rate of latency to first toggle (RLT). By jointly analyzing item responses and eye-tracking measures, this model can measure each participant's intelligence and identify the cognitive strategy used by each participant for each item in the APM. Several main findings were revealed from an eye-tracking-based APM study using the proposed model: (1) The effects of PTM and RLT on the constructive matching strategy selection probability were positive and higher for the former than the latter, while the effect of ROT was negligible. (2) The average intelligence of participants who used the constructive matching strategy was higher than that of participants who used the response elimination strategy, and participants with higher intelligence were more likely to use the constructive matching strategy. (3) High-intelligence participants increased their use of the constructive matching strategy as item difficulty increased, whereas low-intelligence participants decreased their use as item difficulty increased. (4) Participants took significantly less time using the constructive matching strategy than the response elimination strategy. Overall, the proposed model follows the theory-driven modeling logic and provides a new way of studying cognitive strategy in the APM by presenting quantitative results.

Corpus Callosum Agenesis in a Child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Prenatal Exposure to Sodium Valproate: A Case Report

Neuropsychiatric manifestations are common in children with congenital abnormality in corpus callosum. Both macrostructural as well as microstructural anomalies of the corpus callosum can be seen in those with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We herein have described one case of a 7 year old boy with ADHD and dull average intelligence with complete agenesis of the trunk and splenium of corpus callosum. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the rare case being reported from India on the morphological abnormalities of the corpus callosum in a patient suffering from ADHD. Keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, corpus callosum

Ataxia and Diplopia: A New SCN8A-Related Phenotype.

The objective of this study was to describe the first patient with recurrent ataxia and diplopia in association with a pathogenic variant in SCN8A. We identified a girl with a heterozygous SCN8A pathogenic variant and performed thorough phenotyping. A 10-year-old girl was previously well with normal intelligence. She had recurrent diplopia, dysmetria, and unsteady gait, which occurred only in the context of febrile illnesses. EEG during her initial acute episode showed multifocal epileptiform discharges, with similar findings seen on a follow-up study 3 months later when she was well. Brain MRI finding was normal. A gene panel identified a de novo SCN8A variant, p.Arg847Gln, classified as likely pathogenic. One year after her initial presentation, the girl is well and developmentally normal and has never had an event concerning for seizure. This case presentation demonstrates that SCN8A pathogenic variants should be considered in children with transient ataxia, dysmetria, and diplopia in the context of viral febrile illnesses, even if there is no history of seizures. While there are clinical and molecular data suggesting that SCN8A dysfunction can cause temperature-sensitive phenotypes, further research is necessary to determine how the functional changes caused by our patient's SCN8A variant result in her unique phenotype.

Online social media poses opportunities and risks in autistic youth: implications for services from a qualitative study.

Autistic people are vulnerable to developing mental health problems due to their difficulties in managing social situations and interpersonal relationships. The popular online social media (OSM) can be a potential solution to these concerns for their social lives as it allows non-face-to-face social interactions, however it remained unclear how this group is using these online platforms. This study explored their experiences of using online social media, and their perceived benefits and risks associated with this use. Qualitative data was collected through in-depth face to face interviews. We recruited 13 autistic young adults who were with normal intelligence from two community centers in Hong Kong. Interviews were conducted in a semi-structured format by experienced clinical psychologist and social workers. Four themes were identified from the data, namely: (1) Paradox of using OSM to supplement social needs; (2) Unpleasant social interactions in the online environment; (3) Restricted and repetitive pattern of interest leading to troubles in OSM use, and; (4) Privacy and personal safety issues. The results suggested that while OSM could be a useful tool for our participants to connect with existing friends and to meet new ones, their limitations, such as difficulties in understanding languages and social interaction as well as restricted patterns of interests could potentially put them at risk, including interpersonal conflicts, cyber-bullying, financial scams, as well as unwanted sexual experiences. These experiences not only paradoxically increased their sense of loneliness and their distance from others, but also resulted in a negative impact on their mood and functioning. This qualitative study provided some insights into the OSM use among autistic young adults. OSM could be a useful tool to overcome potential limitations in social interactions, but at the same time it could potentially bring detrimental consequences. In order to maximize the benefits of online social networking, there is a need for timely guidance and support to use OSM among autists, and for psychoeducation to promote awareness, and enable adequate skills and behaviors attainment associated with safe OSM use.

Innovative Family-Based Genetically Informed Series of Analyses of Whole-Exome Data Supports Likely Inheritance for Grammar in Children with Specific Language Impairment.

Individuals with specific language impairment (SLI) struggle with language acquisition despite average non-verbal intelligence and otherwise typical development. One SLI account focuses on grammar acquisition delay. The current study aimed to detect novel rare genetic variants associated with performance on a grammar assessment, the Test of Early Grammatical Impairment (TEGI), in English-speaking children. The TEGI was selected due to its sensitivity and specificity, consistently high heritability estimates, and its absence from all but one molecular genetic study. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in eight families with SLI (n = 74 total) and follow-up Sanger sequencing in additional unrelated probands (n = 146). We prioritized rare exonic variants shared by individuals with low TEGI performance (n = 34) from at least two families under two filtering workflows: (1) novel and (2) previously reported candidate genes. Candidate variants were observed on six new genes (PDHA2, PCDHB3, FURIN, NOL6, IQGAP3, and BAHCC1), and two genes previously reported for overall language ability (GLI3 and FLNB). We specifically suggest PCDHB3, a protocadherin gene, and NOL6 are critical for ribosome synthesis, as they are important targets of SLI investigation. The proposed SLI candidate genes associated with TEGI performance emphasize the utility of precise phenotyping and family-based genetic study.

Wisdom of the Established Pattern

Wisdom of the Established Pattern

The Relationship between Moral Intelligence and Pain Management Awareness among Medical Interns at Jundishapur Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

Background and Objectives Considering the importance of pain control in patients, examining pain management awareness among medical students is necessary. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between moral intelligence and pain management awareness among medical interns at Jundishapur Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences. Subjects and Methods This cross-sectional descriptive study included 150 medical interns, who completed demographic information, the Lennik and Keil moral intelligence and Macmillan Pain Management questionnaires. Eventually, data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS software (version 26). Results The moral intelligence score of interns was 144.98 ± 17.18219. a total of 21 (14%) had average moral intelligence, and 129 (86%) cases showed good moral intelligence. The highest mean was related to accepting responsibility to serve others, and the lowest mean was related to the ability to forgive others' mistakes. The mean score for pain management was 73.72 ± 4.96446. Moreover, 30 (20%) cases had moderate pain management, and 120 (80%) cases showed good pain management. A statistically significant relationship was found between the moral intelligence and pain management score (P=0.003). The pain management score in women was significantly higher than that of men (p=0.001). Conclusion The indicators of moral intelligence and pain management in medical interns were at a good level, which indicates the success of general and specific educational programs in the field of developing moral skills in medical students.