Average Girth Research Articles

Penile Girth Enhancement With Polymethylmethacrylate-Based Soft Tissue Fillers

IntroductionAn unknown percentage of men will take every risk to develop a larger penis. Thus far, most injectables have caused serious problems. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres have been injected as a wrinkle filler and volumizer with increasing safety since 1989. AimTo report on a safe and permanently effective method to enhance penile girth and length with an approved dermal filler (ie, PMMA). MethodsSince 2007, the senior author has performed penile augmentation in 752 men mainly with Metacrill, a suspension of PMMA microspheres in carboxymethyl-cellulose. Main Outcome MeasuresThe data of 729 patients and 203 completed questionnaires were evaluated statistically. ResultsThe overall satisfaction rate was 8.7 on a scale of 1 to 10. After one to three injection sessions, average girth increased by 3.5 cm, or 134% (10.2 to 13.7 cm = 134.31%). Penile length also increased by weight and stretching force of the implant from an average of 9.8 to 10.5 cm. Approximately half the patients perceived some irregularities of the implant, which caused no problems. Complications occurred in 0.4%, when PMMA nodules had to be surgically removed in three of the 24% of patients who had a non-circumcised penis. ConclusionAfter 5 years of development, penile augmentation with PMMA microspheres appears to be a natural, safe, and permanently effective method. The only complication of nodule formation and other irregularities can be overcome by an improved injection technique and better postimplantation care.

Comparative histomorphological study of non affected and affected liver by fascioliasis in Black Bengal goat

The purpose of this study was to comparative histomorphological investigation of the non affected and affected liver by fascioliasis in Black Bengal goat. The average weight of affected livers was 511.20±14.10 gm which was significantly (p<0.001) higher than non affected livers (371.70±13.25 gm). The average length and girth of affected liver were 27.50 ±0.63 cm and 34.00±0.71 cm, respectively which were also significantly (p<0.001) higher than the length (21.80±0.61 cm) and girth (26.60±0.80 cm) of non affected liver of Black Bengal goat. The gross changes in acute form, affected livers were enlarged than normal. The livers were slightly swollen with rounded edges and the color became paler than normal. The capsule was more or less thick, opaque and rough than normal smooth thin capsule. The gross changes of the liver in chronic fascioliasis characterized by increase in the size of the organ due to inflammatory changes in the parenchyma and fibrosis of the bile ducts containing adult flukes. In acute cases microscopic changes were found mainly in the portal area. The grossly visible spots or tracks was represented by the presence of numerous eosinophils admixed with few lymphocytes and monocytes in the parenchyma of liver and accompanied by hemorrhage and edema. In chronic fascioliasis the hemorrhagic tracks or tunnels were represented by the areas infiltrated with fibroblasts admixed with neutrophils, lymphocytes and few mononuclear cells in the area previously migrated by young flukes. So it was concluded that liver of Black Bengal goats are mostly affected with fascioliasis which severely change the structure of that organ.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 424-433

Importance of carbon fractionation for the estimation of carbon sequestration in reclaimed coalmine soils—A case study from Jharia coalfields, Jharkhand, India

Reclaimed mine soils (RMS) provide an excellent opportunity to sequester Carbon (C) both in mine soils and vegetation, as RMS initially lack biogenic C. Soil C in RMS consists of inorganic Carbon (IC), biogenic Carbon (recent C) and geogenic Carbon (coal C). In Indian mining conditions, estimation of C sequestration of RMS sites are difficult due to presence of substantial amount of coal C contributed during mining and reclamation activities, which overestimates the values of C sequestration. Conventional procedures for estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC) cannot distinguish between biogenic and coal C in the RMS. The objective of this study was to find out relative distribution of inorganic, biogenic and coal C fractions in a 10 year old RMS (tree density 1500ha−1 with average girth of 43–66cm) along the soil profile (0–10cm and 10–20cm) by chemical fractionation methods and compare with unreclaimed site. Inorganic C constitutes 7–10% and 11–19% of total soil carbon (TSC) in RMS site and unreclaimed site, whereas biogenic C constituted 45–66% and 21–25% of TSC in RMS and unreclaimed site, respectively. Both labile and stable C fractions were found higher in RMS site than unreclaimed site. Coal C contributed higher in unreclaimed site (68–55%) than the RMS site (47–24%). The study concluded that estimation of IC, biogenic C and coal C is essential for estimation of C sequestration potential in RMS for the dry tropical climate.

Standardization of propagation techniques in sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg] under north Indian conditions

This experiment was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh in district Patiala, Punjab during the years 2013–14 and 2014–15 with the objectives to standardize propagation techniques and time of propagation in sapodilla under north Indian conditions. In this experiment, different propagation techniques used were side grafting, veneer grafting and wedge grafting in the months of February, March, July and August. The highest average graft survival (68.7%) was recorded in side grafting followed by veneer grafting. The success rate during different months of grafting ranged from 51.7 to 62.8%. The maximum graft survival (62.8%) was recorded in the month of July. In all treatments, minimum average survival (51.7%) was recorded in the month of February. The earliest bud stick sprouting was recorded in side grafting. The maximum number of days (15.4) required for sprouting of buds was recorded in veneer grafting followed by wedge grafting i. e. 14.9 days. The average graft girth during different months ranged from 5.6 to 6.2 mm. The graft girth did not differ significantly in February and March, whereas the graft girth differed significantly in March as compared to July and August. The maximum graft height was recorded in side grafting which may be due to early sprouting of the bud stick; however, maximum graft height (56.1 cm) was recorded in the month of March.

High Rate QC-LDPC Codes with Optimization of Maximum Average Girth

High Rate QC-LDPC Codes with Optimization of Maximum Average Girth

Genotype × environment interaction of Hevea clones in traditional and non-traditional rubber growing regions of Vietnam

ABSTRACTThe main objective of this research was to assess genotype × environment interactions and the stability status of 24 Hevea clones along with 2 checks in terms of latex yield and girth growth under two different environmental conditions representing for traditional and non-traditional rubber growing regions of Vietnam. Genotype × environment interactions were found to be highly significant for both latex yield and girth at opening, indicating that the latex yield and girth growth of the studied rubber clones were significantly affected by the environmental conditions of the location. Stability analyses indicated that LH 94/359, LH 91/579 and LH 94/481 were the best clones for highest latex yield and adaptability to traditional, non-traditional and both rubber growing regions of Vietnam, respectively. In terms of girth at opening, the stability analyses revealed that these clones were also accepted as the average girth growth and adaptability to both rubber growing regions of Vietnam.

Size of quadriceps femoris may contribute to thyrotoxic periodic paralysis

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) frequently occurs on male individuals at their third and forth decades. The major site of involvement is the proximal muscles of lower limbs. Increasing evidence has shown that the occurrence of TPP is determined by multiple factors. We hypothesized that apart from hormonal fluctuations, skeletal muscle itself may explain for the age and sex variance as well. Our study was established to explore whether the size of lower limb skeletal muscles were related to TPP. We conducted a clinical experiment including 43 patients diagnosed with TPP (Group 1) and 39 pure hyperthyroidism individuals (Group 2). Current age, body mass index (BMI), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), average girth of bilateral upper arm and thigh, physical activity level (PAL) were measured. We also adopted B mode ultrasound to quantify the muscle thickness (MT) of the major muscle involved in the disease, the quadriceps femoris (QF, including rectus femoris, RF; vastus intermedius, VI; vastus medialis, VM and vastus lateralis, VL). Patients were matched in TSH, FT4 and FT3. PAL was also statistically identical between groups. Age, BMI, thigh girth, the average of bilateral MT of QF were statistically different. After adjusting for age, BMI and girth, Group 1 still presented with larger MT of QF than Group 2, regardless of their current thyroid hormone level. There indeed exists an independent relationship between muscle thickness and TPP.

Use of an Axial Flap to Increase the Girth of Wassel IV Thumb Reconstructions

To investigate the use of a flap supplied by the radial collateral artery of the radial duplicate in Wassel type IV thumb duplications. We hypothesized that such a flap was viable and would make it possible to increase the girth of the reconstructed thumb. We operated on 17 thumbs in 16 children with type IV thumb duplication using a procedure that included the dissection of a long, narrow strip of skin and soft tissue harvested on the radial side of the radial duplicate. The girth of the reconstructed thumb was measured clinically and compared with that of the contralateral thumb. The width of the soft tissues and bony structures was also measured by x-ray and compared with the opposite side. Furthermore, children, caregivers, and the investigator assessed the overall cosmetic result using a visual analog scale score. All flaps fully survived. The average girth of the reconstructed thumb relative to the healthy contralateral thumb ranged from 92% to 103%, depending on the level of measurement. The mean visual analog scale score was 8.3 (children), 8.2 (caregivers), and 8.8 (investigator). An axial patterned flap proved to be viable and effective in improving the volume and contour of the reconstructed thumb. In radial polydactyly, each of the thumbs has a typically smaller girth than the contralateral thumb. Our clinical and radiological measurements showed the efficacy of this reconstruction in increasing the volume and girth of the reconstructed thumb, even though the skeleton of the ulnar duplicate remained thinner. Therapeutic IV.

Sustained Deficit Irrigation and Mulching on Growth of Sourani Olive Trees in Kuwait

Olea europaea, a native plant of the Mediterranean region, is of great interest to agronomists worldwide, owing to its health beneficial properties and tolerance to harsh environmental conditions, along with its economic importance. The productivity and production efficiency of olive is linearly related to both the level of transpiration and the amount of water supplied. Under conditions of limited supply of good quality water for irrigation in Kuwait, deficit irrigation applied at selected phenological stages can maximize economic gains and minimize environmental damage. Moreover, mulching contributes to a significant reduction in water requirements via reducing soil water losses and increasing soil water retention. In this study, the effects of different irrigation levels, a restitution of 50%, 75% or 100% of the estimated evapotranspiration rate (ETc), and the application of mulching on plant growth under the Kuwait environmental conditions were determined to evaluate the possibilities of reducing the amounts of water supplied with irrigation. Various parameters determining the vegetative growth of the trees such as average height, stem girth and number of branches were recorded at three months intervals. Both the irrigation level and mulching were shown to possess a significant impact on growth of Sourani olive cultivar under the Kuwait environmental conditions. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in the height of the trees under all the three irrigation treatments with mulch and trees under 100% ETc devoid of mulch. In contrast, a significant difference was exhibited by trees under 100% ETc with mulch and 50% ETc without mulch. Within each irrigation treatment, trees with mulch presented higher values for plant height, stem girth and number of shoots. Thus deficit irrigation of 50% ETc along with organic mulch was shown to enhance vegetative growth close to its maximum potential by conserving the scarce water resources.

STUDY OF THE ADAPTABILITY AND GROWTH OF ARMENIAN FRUIT TREE CULTIVARS IN THAILAND

Under the framework of Governmental relations between the Kingdom of Thailand and the Republic of Armenia, different cultivars of plum, peach, apricot, pomegranate, mulberry, fig, quince, walnut, hazelnut, sweet cherry and grape plantings were sent to Thailand from Armenia in 2006-2007. They were planted in the Armenian Garden which was established at Chiang Mai Royal Agriculture Research Center, Chiang Mai Province, in order to commemorate the auspicious celebrations of the 60th Anniversary of Accession to the Throne in 2006 and the 80th Birthday anniversary in 2007 of H.M. King Bhumibol Aduljadej of Thailand. The studies provided in 2011 and 2012 have shown that all plant cultivars have quite lush growth and had already formed a structure typical for various cultivars. The black plum has an average girth of the tree trunk at 15 cm of 6.22 cm and the height is 95 cm, meanwhile the plum cultivar ‘Victoria’ has the corresponding figures of 6.29 and 105 cm, respectively; similarly, growth of pomegranate ‘Gyulosha’ cultivar is 10.95 and 145 cm, respectively and this cultivar has already given its first fruits. The ‘Yerevani’ cultivar of apricot has an average growth of 15.77 and 177 cm (wild apricot has 15.7 and 147 cm), meanwhile the ‘Arinji’ cultivar has 7.7 and 127 cm, respectively. The vegetative growth of peach cultivars is quite varied; the girths are 7.26-12.27 cm with 64-109 cm tree height. Quince trees have the highest average growth at 9.0-9.4 and 201-216 cm; slow growths of walnut, sweet cherry and hazelnut are also recorded. The results have shown that in the Armenian Garden, grape, pomegranate and apricot, particularly the ‘Yerevani’ cultivar, have much better adaptability, growth and potential for future distribution. Most grape cultivars gave the first yields in the second year, pomegranate gave their first yields in the second year of growing and the apricot ‘Arinji’ cultivar has first flowered and set fruit this year.

Trunk Injection Method for Introducing Chemical Formulations in to Rubber Trees

Natural Rubber is an important commodity to the economy of Sri Lanka. This industry makesexport earnings, sustain the livelihood of over thousands of people, supplement thousands ofhectares to the forest cover and provide many other socio-economic and ecological benefits.The economically important diseases are regarded as a major constraint for achievingpotential productivity levels of rubber cultivations. Hence management of these diseasesprovides economic benefits to rubber growers. The most popular method of disease control ischemical control. There are various chemical application techniques and spray applications,soil drenching, dusting or broadcasting are popular methods. Based on the age, type of thedisease or the prevailing weather conditions, the application technology needs to be changed.These conventional technologies have many health and environmental drawbacks. Therefore,economical and environmental friendly chemical application techniques have becomeimportant. The present study was aimed at investigating the trunk injection method forintroducing chemical formulations into trees. Several types of potential injectors are availableand the chemjet injectors described by Guest et al., (1994) was used throughout theexperiments. These injectors [Chemjet Trading (Pvt) Ltd, Australia] contain 20ml of thesolution and have a working pressure of 1 – 1.5 bars facilitating the formulation into the treesthrough drilled holes. The injection process was tested at Dartonfield Estate, on the Heveabrasiliensis clone RRIC 121. The average girth at the tested plants was 89 cm. Two analysesviz. 45, 60 to a depth of 4 cm from the outer bark was done. The uptake rates weredetermined using 8% tebuconazole in aqueous solutions. Uptake of the fungicide was slightlyhigher in deep injected method compared to shallow injection. The two angles tested againstthe liquid uptake too were not significantly different from each other. No interaction wasobserved among the injection angle and the depth of injection on the liquid uptake. More than70% of the trees had uptaken the entire 20ml injected volume within 48 hrs of injection.Trunk diameter had no effect on the uptaking process. The results obtained proved thepossibility of injecting liquids / chemical solutions into rubber trees. Trunk injection requireslow volumes of chemicals resulting in reduced cost in chemical applications. Minimumwastage of chemicals could be achieved together with reducing the impact of hazardouschemicals on the environment. Compared to the currently practiced chemical applicationmethods into trees, this application technique has many advantages.

Effect of Paclobutrazol on growth and yield of Cashew (Anacardium occidentaleL.)

An experiment was conducted on cashew cultivar, Ullal-3 to study the influence of Paclobutrazol (PBZ) on its vigour and yield. The paclobutrazol was applied on 1 year old plant in 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 gm per plant as soil drench annually, biennially and once in three years before vegetative flushing. The results revealed that the plant height of PBZ treated plant ranged from 229.2 to 261.1 cm in different doses while in untreated plants, it varied from 262 to 275.7 cm. The canopy spread in E-W direction among PBZ treated plants ranged from 223.7 to 252.5 cm while the untreated plants recorded 269.4 to 274.5 cm in same direction. The canopy spread in N-S direction among PBZ treated plants ranged from 234.5 to 268.2 cm, while the untreated plants varied from 273.6 to 277.7 cm in the same direction. The girth of collar region among PBZ treated plants ranged from 28.1 to 30.0 cm, while the untreated plants recorded an average girth of 29.8 to 30.2cm. The number of new flushes among PBZ treated plants ranged between 196 and 223, over the, untreated plants (176 to 196). The internodal length in PBZ treated plants ranged from 0.6 to 3.1 cm, while the untreated plants recorded 3.4 to 3.5 cm indicating the role of PBZ in reducing the plant vigour. The PBZ treated plants recorded nut weight of 6.63 to 7.56 g and nut yield of 756 to 1127 g/plant, while untreated plants recorded nut weight of 7.02 to 7.36 g and a nut yield of 668 to 728 g per plant.

Rubber Trees Affected by Necrotic Tapping Panel Dryness Exhibit Poor Transpiration Regulation under Atmospheric Drought

The objective was to study the responses in water status and transpiration regulation of rubber trees affected by the necrotic Tapping Panel Dryness (N) by comparison with healthy trees (H). The experiment was done with 5 N trees and 5 H trees of clone RRIM600 during well soil watered periods differing in evaporative demand intensity, May and August 2007. The study compared predawn leaf water potential (ψpd), midday leaf water potential (ψmid), whole tree hydraulic conductance (K), midday sapflow density (Js) and tree transpiration (ET) with the average girth size 51.54 cm of H tree and 52.66 cm of N tree. These variables, investigated in the high evaporative demand day (ETO = 3.71 mm day-1) on 23 May 2007 and low evaporative demand day (ETO = 1.75 mm day-1) on 22 Aug 2007, did not significantly differ between tree types. However, over a long period, in high evaporative demand, ET tended to be higher in N trees. Expression of ET versus ETO confirmed different relationships between the two tree types with a higher plateau of maximum transpiration for N trees. Our results suggested that individuals with relatively poor transpiration regulation could be more sensitive to necrotic Tapping Panel Dryness syndrome.

Status of Mangrove Vegetation in Lemery, Batangas, Southern Luzon, Philippines

In consonance with De La Salle Lipa’s active participation in the reforestation efforts being done as it supports the One Million Trees and Beyond Project of De La Salle Philippines and Lasallian Institute for the Environment, this descriptive study determined diversity of mangrove species of Mataas na Bayan and Palanas Lemery, Batangas. A total of 8 quadrats measuring 10m x 10m were laid along the low intertidal zone and mid- intertidal zones of the mangroverforest blocks. Data on frequency and density parameters were gathered from these quadrats. A total of 153 mangrove trees belonging to 13 species were found in the two study sites. The 113 mangrove trees in Mataas na Bayan have average girth at breast height of 29.42 cm; average height of 4.07 m; average crown of 1.93 m; and average diameter at breast height of 9.36cm, while the 40 mangrove trees in Palanas have average girth at breast height of 43.89 cm; average height of 6.74m; average crown of 2.82m; and average diameter at breast height of 13.97cm. The Palanas mangrove forest is found to have a relatively higher species richness of 12 and diversity index of 2.276 than that of Mataas na Bayan’s species richness of 9 and diversity index of 1.318. These diversity results indicate that Lemery is home to different mangrove species, which justifies the essentiality for mangrove management, protection and reforestation.

Silvicultural and management techniques for improving quality and productivity of existing bamboo Plantation in India

In the present investigation, an attempt was made to demonstrate how regular scientific harvesting and silvicultural management practices could avoid over congestion and enhance quality and overall productivity of old existing bamboo plantations in India. Infrastructure development, irrigation facilities and various silvicultural activities were carried out regularly at the project site through out the project t duration of four years. Four different silvicultural treatments including the control were established in irrigated as well as rain fed research plots. The findings revealed that maximum number of new bamboo shoots, their maximum average height and girth were observed in 100% decongestion of culms in a clump followed by 33% decongestion of culms in a clump and 25% decongestion of culms in a clump treatment with respect to the control one. Among, the plots, irrigated plot performed better in terms of quality as well as overall productivity of new bamboo shoots as compared to the rain fed research plot.

Lengths, girths, and diameters of children’s fingers from 3 to 10 years of age

We obtained data on the lengths, girths, and diameters of the fingers of children from 3 to 10 years of age. A total of 160 children (78 girls, 82 boys) were examined in a cross-sectional investigation. The length of each finger of the right hand of every child was measured, as were the girths of the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges, and of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint. The average length of the thumb was 49 (35–65) mm. The index and ring fingers both averaged 69 (index, 50–88; ring, 42–96) mm in length, while the middle and little fingers averaged 72 (57–100) and 56 (40–74) mm, respectively. Average diameter, calculated from the girth measurement, was 16 (11–22) mm for the thumb, 15 mm for both the index (9–22) and middle (10–21) fingers, 14 (10–20) and 13 (8–19) mm for the ring and little fingers, respectively. The average length of each finger increased by 37% from 3 to 10 years of age, average girth by 24%, and diameter increased by 20%. We observed no differences in length, girth, and diameter between the sexes. The dimensions of children’s fingers are relevant to injuries from automatic, power-operated window lifters of motor vehicles because risk of injury to a finger jammed between an ascending window and the seal entry depends upon the diameter of the finger. Additionally, short fingers of young children can be jammed over almost their entire length in the oblique design of a car window seal entry.

Species Selection for Afforestation of Sub-Standard Soil Sites with Particular Reference to Biomass Production and Soil Rehabilitation

Performance of three, evenaged leguminous tree species (Acacia nilotica, A. auriculiformis and Pithecellobium duke) was evaluated on sodic soil sites (pH 9.6) at Biomass Research Centre, Banthra, Lucknow (north India). Species differed significantly in respect to plant survival, growth and productivity since beginning of its growth as observed at the age of five, 10 and, 15 years. Acacia nilotica had highest average girth at breast height (60.5 cm) and stand biomass (161 Mg ha-1) in spite of its lowest plants survival after 15 years of growth. A. auriculiformis ranked next to it with 131 Mg ha-1 productivity. Basal area ranged from 12.8 to 23 m2 ha-1 in different species. P. duke performed poorly as it had only 71 Mg ha-1 of biomass. Average leaf area per hectare in different species ranged from4,129 m2 ha-1 to 16,090 m2 ha-1 after 15 years of growth. A. nilotica also showed superiority in respect to energy content in woody biomass (2,467 GJ ha-1) and fuel wood value index (1694) as compared to the other two species. At the age of 15 years, litter accumulation over the soil surface resulted in marked reductions in soil pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density and sodium content, and increase in soil porosity, organic carbon and nitrogen content, particularly in the uppermost layer of the mineral soil (0-5 cm). A. nilotica exhibited greater efficiency in terms of soil amelioration followed by A. auriculiformis. The relative ranking of three species was A. nilotica > A. auriculiformis > P. duke, respectively. This indicated greater promise of A. nilotica for biomass production, energy harvest, and soil amelioration on degraded soil sites. Matching tree species to soil conditions needs serious considerations in order to expand site specific afforestation programs and to ameliorate vast tracts of degraded soil sites.

Polymorphisms of DGAT2 gene and its associations with several growth traits in Nanyang cattle

The associations between SNPs in intron 6 and intron 7 of the bovine diacylglycerolacyltransferase (DGAT2) gene and growth traits in purebred Nanyang cattle (n=131) were reported in this study. Alleles detected in intron 6 were allele A and B with frequencies of 0.875 and 0.125, respectively; alleles detected in intron 7 were allele N and M with frequencies of 0.968 and 0.032, respectively. The animals with genotype AA in intron 6 showed 3.8% increases in body height (P < 0.01), 3.9% increases in body weight (P < 0.05), 3.8% (P < 0.05), 3.6% (P < 0.05), 3.8% (P < 0.01) and 3.1%( P < 0.01) increase in body length at age six-month to two-year compared with genotype AB, respectively. They also showed 3.8 % (P < 0.05), 3.4 % ( P < 0.01), 3.7% (P < 0.01) and 4.3% (P < 0.01) increases in heart girth at age six-month to two-year respectively. Animals with the NM genotype show significantly higher average heart girth at age two years (P < 0.05), and Hucklebone width (P < 0.01) at age eighteen-month (P < 0.01) and two-year (P < 0.01) compared with animals with the genotype NN, respectively.

Efeitos dos níveis de extrato etéreo no sucedâneo do leite sobre o desenvolvimento corporal de bezerros Jersey

Utilizaram-se 20 bezerros Jersey com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos níveis de extrato etéreo no sucedâneo comercial sobre o peso corporal, o ganho de peso médio diário, a altura na cernelha, o perímetro torácico e o consumo de concentrado, do 8º ao 90º dia de idade, visando determinar o melhor nível de extrato etéreo. Os animais foram distribuídos nos tratamentos, que consistiram de quatro dietas líquidas: leite integral (T1), sucedâneo lácteo comercial padronizado com gordura suína para 10 (T2), 15 (T3) e 20% (T4) de extrato etéreo (EE) na matéria seca, de acordo com a seqüência de nascimento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com arranjo fatorial desbalanceado, em que os fatores foram a dieta (n=4) e o sexo (n=2). Os dados de desenvolvimento corporal e consumo de alimento foram submetidos à análise de variância. Aos 56 dias de idade, os bezerros alimentados com leite integral e sucedâneo a 10% EE apresentaram diferença significativa no peso corporal e no ganho de peso médio diário (8-56 dias). Os bezerros que receberam leite integral apresentaram maior perímetro torácico e, após o desaleitamento, medidas de peso corporal, ganhos de peso médio diário (57 a 89 dias), perímetro torácico e altura na cernelha superiores às dos que receberam o sucedâneo. Na fase de aleitamento, o sucedâneo a 10% EE promoveu ganho de peso superior ao sucedâneo a 15 e 20% de EE na matéria seca e ganho de peso similar ao leite integral.

Hedera helix L.

Araliaceae, Schefflereae. Climbing, sometimes reaching 30 m, or prostrate and creeping, forming extensive carpets. Woody stems up to 25 cm diameter, young twigs pubescent with stellate to peltate hairs, and densely furnished with adventitious roots. Leaves petiolate, simple, alternate, exstipulate, coriaceous, glabrous, evergreen; those of climbing or creeping stems 4–10 ( − 25) cm, palmately lobed with 3–5 triangular, entire lobes; leaves of flowering stems 6–10 cm, entire, ovate or rhombic. Leaves shining, dark green above, often with pale veins, paler green below; may become pale green/ yellow in late summer, and upper surface sometimes tinged with purple in winter. Flowers actinomorphic, c. 20 in terminal globose umbels, which may be arranged into panicles. Sepals 5, very small, deltate. Petals 5( − 6), yellowish-green, 3–4 mm, triangular-ovate, somewhat hooded at apex; free. Flowers hermaphrodite, stamens 5; ovary inferior, 5-celled, styles joined into a column. Nectar secreted by a domed disk surrounding the styles. Peduncle, pedicels and receptacle stellate-tomentose; pedicels not jointed. Fruit a berry, bluishor greenishblack (rarely yellow or white), globose, 6–8 mm. Pulp purple, seeds 1–5, c . 35 mg dry mass, rugose, whitish; embryo small, endosperm ruminate. There is considerable disagreement over the taxonomy of the ivies ( Hedera spp.), with the number of European species being cited as between one and six. Three subspecies of Hedera helix L. (hereafter ‘ivy’) are recognized in Fl. Eur.: ssp. helix , ssp. poetarum and ssp. canariensis . ‘ Hedera hibernica ’ (‘Irish ivy’) is recognized only as a horticultural form that is somewhat intermediate between H. helix ssp. helix and ssp. canariensis . Stace (1997) places ssp. canariensis with H. algeriensis Hibberd, and recognizes ‘ H. hibernica ’ as a subspecies of H. helix – ssp. hibernica (G. Kirchn.) D.C. McClint, along with ssp. helix (the common British ivy) and the yellow-fruited garden-escape ssp. poetarum Nyman, from the Mediterranean. Recent molecular data suggest that ssp. helix and ssp. hibernica may represent distinct species, with ssp. helix being the (diploid) maternal parent of the tetraploid ssp. hibernica (Ackerfield & Wen 2003). They are distinguishable by their cpDNA phylogeny, by their trichome morphology and by aspects of their ecology (McAllister 1981; McAllister & Rutherford 1990; Ackerfield & Wen 2002, 2003; Grivet & Petit 2002). Throughout this account Irish ivy will be treated as ssp. hibernica of H. helix , as in much of the older literature the subspecies concerned have not been distinguished. Hundreds of cultivars of H. helix and its subspecies are recognized in the horticultural trade.