Average Face Research Articles

Gauging Facial Abnormality Using Haar-Cascade Object Detector.

The overriding clinical and academic challenge that inspires this work is the lack of a universally accepted, objective, and feasible method of measuring facial deformity; and, by extension, the lack of a reliable means of assessing the benefits and shortcomings of craniofacial surgical interventions. We propose a machine learning-based method to create a scale of facial deformity by producing numerical scores that reflect the level of deformity. An object detector that is constructed using a cascade function of Haar features has been trained with a rich dataset of normal faces in addition to a collection of images that does not contain faces. After that, the confidence score of the face detector was used as a gauge of facial abnormality. The scores were compared with a benchmark that is based on human appraisals obtained using a survey of a range of facial deformities. Interestingly, the overall Pearson's correlation coefficient of the machine scores with respect to the average human score exceeded 0.96.

Quantification and visualization of the tooth extraction effects on face with spatially dense geometric morphometrics.

To apply geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistics to evaluate changes of the face for female Chinese patients who underwent orthodontic treatment with different type of anchorage control. Forty-six adult female patients were enrolled including 33 four first premolar extraction cases (17 patients with mini-implants for maximum anchorage control and 16 patients without mini-implants) and 13 non-extraction cases with minimum treatment duration of 15 months. Spatially dense correspondence was established among all the images The pre-and post-treatment average faces of the two extraction groups and the non-extraction group were generated. Partial least squares regression was used to test the statistical significance of the effects of treatment for different anchorage choice. The upper and lower lips were retruded significantly after treatment in the extraction groups. In the maximum anchorage control group, the temple and cheek were depressed by approximately 1 mm, and the zygomatic regions were increased in the mid-face. However, these changes were not statistically significant. In comparison, no statistically significant facial changes occurred in the non-extraction group. The anchorage choice and the removal of four first premolar extraction influence lip shape as well as the perioral regions. However, extraction treatment does not impact the appearance of the cheeks and temples on a statistically level, as compared to orthodontic treatment without premolar extractions. Spatially dense geometric morphometric facilitates comprehensive treatment effect quantification and visualization on the full facial changes for improving orthodontic outcome evaluation.

Teachers’ Perceptions: the Use of Google Form as a Media to Assess Primary School Students

Google Forms is one of the educational applications that teachers in teaching activities can use to assess students. Teachers usually create questions and quizzes and process students' scores through Google Forms. This study was a qualitative study that explains the perception of elementary school teachers in using Google Forms as a medium to assess their students. The data were collected through a perception questionnaire which provided five statements and three questions about the use of Google Forms in assessment. There were 45 primary teachers as the respondents, which consisted of 37 female teachers and 8 male teachers. The data were analyzed qualitatively by presenting and explaining the data. The survey showed that most of them often use Google Forms media to assess students. The respondents agreed that Google Forms is easy to use, effective, efficient and paperless media to evaluate the students. Moreover, sometimes they also use Google Forms to conduct other activities, such as completing the administrative data of students, conducting students' attendance, and obtaining the parents' opinions. They will also continue to use Google Forms as a medium to assess their students and assist in organizing teaching and learning activities if the online learning system returns to normal (face to face). Based on the data results, Google Form can be stated as one of the applications that help teachers implement online learning to carry out online assessments for primary school students.

Models, Mannequins, Dolls and Beautified Faces: A Semiotic and Philosophical Approach to the Sense of Beauty

The goal of this paper is to contrast the representation of models in photography (fashion and fine art photography), as well as certain kinds of inanimate beauty (Barbie dolls, mannequins), with the average faces constructed by algorithms serving to identify and reproduce beauty. What are the similarities and differences between inanimate objects, characterized by faces devoid of singularities and comparable to sorts of angelic faces, and the algorithmic parameters through which beauty and attractiveness are calculated and predicted? This paper will apply an enunciative semiotic analysis to photographic corpora, propose philosophical reflections on the categories of beauty, and will show that the conception of beauty changes from corpus to corpus and from one cultural domain to the other (fine art, advertising, entertainment and so on). The end of the paper states that beauty has to do with a perfect gradation between stillness and movement in the case of the models seen in fashion photography, between neutrality and expressivity for mannequins, and between singularity and multiplicity for dolls such as Barbie, and that, in the algorithmic fabrication of beautiful faces, it is linked with an enhancement of the compactness of the structure of the face.

A semi-automatic three-dimensional technique using a regionalized facial template enables facial growth assessment in healthy children from 1.5 to 5.0 years of age.

ObjectivesTo develop a semi-automatic technique to evaluate normative facial growth in healthy children between the age of 1.5 and 5.0 years using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric images.Materials and MethodsThree-dimensional facial images of healthy children at 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 years of age were collected and positioned based on a reference frame. A general face template was used to extract the face and its separate regions from the full stereophotogrammetric image. Furthermore, this template was used to create a uniform distributed mesh, which could be directly compared to other meshes. Average faces were created for each age group and mean growth was determined between consecutive groups for the full face and its separate regions. Finally, the results were tested for intra- and inter-operator performance.ResultsThe highest growth velocity was present in the first period between 1.5 and 2.0 years of age with an average of 1.50 mm (±0.54 mm) per six months. After 2.0 years, facial growth velocity declined to only a third at the age of 5.0 years. Intra- and inter-operator variability was small and not significant.ConclusionsThe results show that this technique can be used for objective clinical evaluation of facial growth. Example normative facial averages and the corresponding facial growth between the age 1.5 and 5.0 years are shown.Clinical RelevanceThis technique can be used to collect and process facial data for objective clinical evaluation of facial growth in the individual patient. Furthermore, these data can be used as normative data in future comparative studies.

Effective Attention-Based Mechanism for Masked Face Recognition

Research on facial recognition has recently been flourishing, which has led to the introduction of many robust methods. However, since the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19, people have had to regularly wear facial masks, thus making existing face recognition methods less reliable. Although normal face recognition methods are nearly complete, masked face recognition (MFR)—which refers to recognizing the identity of an individual when people wear a facial mask—remains the most challenging topic in this area. To overcome the difficulties involved in MFR, a novel deep learning method based on the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) and angular margin ArcFace loss is proposed. In the method, CBAM is integrated with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to extract the input image feature maps, particularly of the region around the eyes. Meanwhile, ArcFace is used as a training loss function to optimize the feature embedding and enhance the discriminative feature for MFR. Because of the insufficient availability of masked face images for model training, this study used the data augmentation method to generate masked face images from a common face recognition dataset. The proposed method was evaluated using the well-known masked image version of LFW, AgeDB-30, CFP-FP, and real mask image MFR2 verification datasets. A variety of experiments confirmed that the proposed method offers improvements for MFR compared to the current state-of-the-art methods.

Spatial and temporal trends in California coastal cliff retreat

Airborne LiDAR datasets were used to measure erosion and retreat along 866 km of California coastal cliffs between 2009–2011 and 2016. Erosion exceeding the level of detection was observed at 55% of cliffs. State-averaged cliff face and top retreat rates were both 0.06 m yr−1, and varied alongshore, with more erosion in northern California compared to southern and central California. Retreat rates were higher for unarmored cliffs and cliffs fronted by sandy beaches. Mean cliff top retreat rates were lower than in previous studies conducted between the 1920s–1930s and 1998/2002, and between 1998 and 2009–2011. However, the average cliff face retreat rates and statistical distributions were similar (r2 = 0.99) for the 1998 to 2009–2011 and 2009–2011 to 2016 time periods. No significant correlation was found between cliff erosion rates and environmental factors such as rock hardness, rainfall, groundwater, waves, and relative sea level change. However, the highest cliff face retreat rates (>1 m yr−1) occurred at locations with weak rocks.

A field trial on the effect of cross-fostering on performance, clinical health and antibiotic usage during the suckling period of pigs

Cross-fostering is a common nursing strategy in pig production, but there is sparse evidence on its effect on antibiotic usage and disease occurrence in piglets. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two nursing strategies on antibiotic usage, disease occurrence, weight gain and mortality in piglets. A 2×2 randomized factorial experiment was conducted in three Danish commercial pig production herds. The factors were nursing strategy (cross-fostering allowed (CF) vs. cross-fostering not allowed after initial litter equalisation (non-CF)) and weaning age (four vs. five weeks). In CF litters, the herd’s usual cross-fostering strategy was applied. Piglets were followed individually from birth until weaning. Data was collected on antibiotic usage, mortality, weight gain and clinical disease. Only individual antibiotic treatments were allowed. At litter level, the effect of nursing strategy (CF vs. non-CF) on average daily gain, mortality, antibiotic treatment, clinical disease, face wounds and carpal wounds was analysed. In total, 241 litters were used for the data analysis. Approximately 30% of the CF litters were cross-fostered (either given a nurse sow, mingled with non-siblings or both) during the nursing period. The odds for antibiotic treatment during the suckling period were 1.58 times higher for CF litters compared to non-CF litters (P < 0.001). Across experimental groups, 60.8% of antibiotic treatments were administered for leg diseases. In CF litters, 15.7–21.3% of the antibiotic treatments were directed against diarrhoea, whereas in non-CF litters this was the case for less than 1%. In CF litters, the odds for carpal wounds were 1.40 times higher than in non-CF litters (P = 0.005). There was a tendency towards a higher occurrence of face wounds (OR = 1.30, P = 0.095) and clinical disease (OR = 1.25, P = 0.059) at weaning in CF litters compared to non-CF litters. There was no difference in average daily gain and mortality from birth to weaning between CF and non-CF litters. The results show that cross-fostering increases antibiotic usage in piglets during the nursing period and tends to affect the clinical health at weaning negatively.

On the limits of Conditional Generative Adversarial Neural Networks to reconstruct the identification of inhabitants from IoT low-resolution thermal sensors

One of the main objectives of smart homes is to facilitate daily life by increasing user comfort, with the potential to play a key role in revolutionizing healthcare for the elderly, the disabled and people with functional limitations. To achieve this end, smart homes will have to be able to distinguish the identity of users, their location and the activities they are performing, while also being implemented in a non-invasive way that protects the privacy of these users. Computer vision is one of the main technologies included in smart homes. However, there are drawbacks to traditional cameras, given their dependence on light and privacy-related concerns. Thermal cameras provide a solution, as they operate regardless of light conditions (e.g. at night) while respecting users’ privacy. In this work, image reconstruction and identification of inhabitants from facial images collected by low-resolution thermal sensors has been carried out by using Conditional Generative Adversarial Neural Networks (CGANs). The system has been implemented through an IoT device with raspberry Pi and dual-vision thermal and visible-spectrum sensors installed in a real smart home to automatically collect paired visible-spectrum and thermal images. Thus, different configurations of CGANs have been implemented and analyzed to achieve the following outcomes: (1) inhabitant identification (normal and masked face) with enhanced user privacy and (2) transfer from thermal to color images in the visible spectrum. Results show that the proposed CGAN achieves a recognition rate of 95% and 94% for uncovered and masked faces. This enables user identification without registering accurate facial expressions in the color image reconstruction, protecting user privacy. Furthermore, the developed system outperformed similar approaches using low-resolution datasets and has demonstrated that the accuracy of image reconstruction depends on the resolution of the input visible-spectrum images. In addition, a contribution to high-performance computing has been made by designing a CGAN that runs efficiently on multiple GPUs, achieving increased performance and response speed of the network, as well as applicability to larger problems.

Exploring the Distribution and Orientation of Cell Proliferation as Drivers of Mouse Facial Development

During the development of the face, tissues move, change shape, and fuse in tightly orchestrated patterns to create all the parts of a normal face. These shape changes are driven by factors such as cell signaling, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. However, the contributions of each of these drivers to morphogenesis are poorly studied. Here, we explore differential cell proliferation as a driver of mouse facial morphogenesis. We quantify patterns in both the spatial distribution and orientation of proliferation in the developing face in 3D over a critical period of murine facial development (E9.5‐E11.5). We use immunostaining with light sheet microscopy (LSM) to capture total and proliferating nuclei. To compare proliferative density in facial tissues, we segment these images using a novel convolutional neural network. We then generate atlases of average proliferation at each half‐day age point within our range and use these to identify relationships between morphology and cell proliferation. We show that regions with more dense proliferation tend to undergo more intensive shape changes. We then simulate outgrowth of the maxillary process using a cell simulation engine, PhysiCell, to demonstrate that differential proliferation is necessary to maintain expected morphology in growing tissues. In addition to differential proliferation, localized orientation of cell division could also affect morphology. In plants and some animal tissues, including murine limb buds, preferentially oriented cell proliferation drives shape change by causing tissue elongation in specific directions. We explore the orientation and distribution of cell proliferation using LSM: we inject pregnant dams with a synthetic nucleotide, EdU, 5 minutes before harvest to mark the daughter cells of proliferative events occurring in the interim. We then compare the angles of the proliferative axes for each pair of daughters relative to the primary direction of tissue growth. Preliminary results suggest that cell proliferation in the maxillary and nasal processes is oriented preferentially towards the axis of tissue growth. These results suggest that both the distribution and orientation of cell proliferation play a role in murine facial morphogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying morphogenesis is important to guide future research that could lead to earlier and more robust diagnosis and treatment of syndromes and facial abnormalities.

Statistical and individual characteristics-based reconstruction for craniomaxillofacial surgery.

In craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery planning, a preoperative reconstruction of the CMF reference model is crucial for surgical restoration, especially the reconstruction of bilateral defects. Current reconstruction algorithms mainly generate reference models from the image analysis aspect, however, clinical indicators of the CMF reference model mostly consider the distribution of anatomical landmarks. Generating a reference model with optimal clinical evaluation helps promote the feasibility of an algorithm. We first build a dataset with 100 normal skull models and then calculate a statistical shape model (SSM) and the distribution of normal cephalometric values, which indicate the statistical features of a population. To further generate personalized reference models, we apply non-rigid registration to align the SSM with the defect skull model. An evaluation standard to select the optimal reference model considers both global performance and anatomical evaluation. Moreover, we develop a landmark detection network to improve the automatic level of the algorithm. The proposed method performs better than methods including Iterative Closest Point and SSM. From a global evaluation aspect, the results show that the RMSE between the reference model and the ground truth is [Formula: see text]mm, the percentage of vertices with error below 2mm is [Formula: see text]% and the average faces distance is [Formula: see text]mm (better than the state-of-the-art method). From the anatomical evaluation aspect, the target registration error between the landmark pairs is [Formula: see text]mm. In addition, the clinical application confirms that the reference model can meet clinical requirements. To the best of our knowledge, we propose the first CMF reconstruction method considering the global performance of reconstruction and anatomically local evaluation from clinical experience. Simulated experiments and clinical cases prove the general applicability and strength of the method.

Realistic frontal face reconstruction using coupled complementarity of far-near-sighted face images

There is still a huge gap in the accuracy of face recognition in public video surveillance scenarios. The far-sighted low-resolution (LR) frontal faces have holistic facial profiles but lack sufficient clearness, while the near-sighted high-resolution (HR) tilted faces show rich facial details yet incomplete facial structure suffering from the overhead self-occlusion of the head blocking the face. Following this observation, this paper proposes a dual-branch HR frontal face reconstruction network to explicitly exploit such coupled complementarity hidden in the far-near face images of the same subject, where one branch performs super-resolution (SR) of the LR frontal face and the other branch performs detail fusion and holistic compensation between multiple HR tilted faces as well as the super-resolved frontal result. In particular, we propose a secondary relevance attention mechanism to enhance the embedding of key features, which sequentially performs rough and precise feature matching and embedding, thus enabling coarse-to-fine progressive compensation. Further, scale-entangled densely connected blocks (SEDCB) are used to gradually integrate the relevance information at different scales (due to the different sighting distances) to promote the information interaction between the features of tilted faces. Besides, we also propose a ternary coupled sample pair (LR far-sighted frontal face, HR near-sighted tilted face, normal ground truth clear face) training scheme to supervise the network optimization. Extensive experimental results on two real-world tilt-view face datasets show that our method can not only reconstruct more realistic HR frontal faces but also facilitate the down-stream face identification task compared with the competing counterparts.

CORRELATION BETWEEN MAXILLARY SINUS VOLUME ANDFACIAL PATTERN OF ADULTS USING CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY VIA PLANMECCAROMAXIS SOFTWARE PROGRAM

Introduction: Knowledge about the maxillary sinus is of great importance for orthodontists as it both affects and is affected by orthodontic treatment. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) madeevaluating the maxillary sinus become more accurate. Aim: to investigate if there is a relation between the maxillary sinus volume and facial pattern in adults using cone beam computed tomography. Methods: CBCT scans of 36 adults were obtained. They were divided equally into three groups: Normal facialpattern, Long face and Short face. The volume of the maxillary sinus on both the right and left sides were measured in each group using PlanmeccaRomaxis software program. Results: The results of this study were that there is no significance difference between the maxillary sinus volume in the different groups of facial pattern. There is no significance between the volume of the maxillary sinus on the right and left side. Conclusions: There is no correlation between the maxillary sinus volume and the vertical growth pattern. The right and left maxillary sinus are corresponding to each other in volume.

A Prospective Trial: Handsfree Thermoregulated Bipolar Radiofrequency for Face and Neck Contouring.

Background:The use of radiofrequency in aesthetic surgery has evolved significantly since it was first introduced in the early 2000s. Nonexcisional correction of the lower one-third of the face and neck has long been a challenging problem. The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the safety and efficacy of the first handsfree thermoregulated bipolar radiofrequency device for face and neck contouring.Methods:This prospective multicenter (New York, Nevada) IRB-approved study evaluated healthy candidates who desired noninvasive correction of their lower face and neck laxity. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate safety and soft tissue remodeling pretreatment and at 1-, 3-, and 6-months post last treatment. Assessment was made using blinded evaluators, 3D photographic analysis (Quantificare, France), and volumetric measurements. Investigator and subject assessments were obtained using a 0-4 point Likert scale.Results:A total of 34 patients completed both the cheek and chin applicator treatment series. Average age of patients was 38 (STD 3.4), BMI 27 (STD 2.2), average Baker Face & Neck classification 2.6 (STD 1.1), and average Fitzpatrick type 2.4 (STD 1.2). Mean treatment time was 41 min (STD 3.5) with a temperature of 42°C–43°C. Patient discomfort data were statistically very low based on t-test analysis. Satisfaction metrics measured at 1- and 3-month follow-up demonstrated a significant change in subject skin appearance, subject overall satisfaction, and investigator improvement perception. More patients were satisfied at the 3-month follow-up compared with the 1-month follow-up for all three measures. Volumetric data demonstrated an average change of −3.2 cm3 (STD ±1.2 cm3) per side for the cheek applicator and −4.1 (STD ±2.3) for the submental applicator. Of note there were cases where volume increases were noted that were believed to be related to soft tissue contraction.Conclusions:This is the first prospective study to evaluate a handsfree thermoregulated bipolar radiofrequency device for face and neck contouring. This device demonstrates a significant advance in the control and delivery of radiofrequency for aesthetic purposes. With a favorable safety and comfort profile, this device is able to concentrate thermal energy consistently at a depth that allows for fibroseptal network tightening to improve lower third of face and submental soft tissue contraction.

Do Orthognathic Patients and Persons Without Facial Deformities Have Different Visual Attention to Menton Deviation?

This study aimed to quantify how menton deviation influenced facial visual attention of orthognathic patients and persons without facial deformities, and to explore differences between them. The visual scanning paths of 260 participants (Group I, 130 orthognathic participants; Group II, 130 participants without facial deformities) while observing images reflecting normal subjects and those with different menton deviation degrees were recorded with an eye-tracking device. The fixation duration [FD] and first fixation time [FFT]) on the areas of interest for each group were compared. Although Group I devoted longer FD to the lower face than the Group II when observing a normal face (P < 0.05), a menton deviation of 3°D was associated with a significantly longer FD and earlier FFT for both groups ( P < 0.05). As the severity of the menton deviation increased, this trend became more obvious, and the visual attention paid to the eyes and nose decreased (FD decreased, FFT delayed), especially for Group II ( P < 0.05). A menton deviation of 3° can induce abnormally increased visual attention to the lower face in both orthognathic patients and persons without facial deformities. With increased menton deviation, this trend will be more obvious, and the visual attention to the eyes and nose will also be affected, especially for persons without facial deformities, attention to the eyes will be significantly reduced.

THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG MEN OF ETHNO-TERRITORIAL GROUPS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA

At present, various ethno-territorial groups are of great interest to researchers in order to study their physical development, morphological and functional indicators in order to identify the body's adaptive responses to environmental factors. To date, research devoted to the study of the level of physical development, features of the morphological and functional state of adolescent males, taking into account ethno-territorial characteristics, have not been conducted in the Republic of Mordovia. The aim of the study was to study the level of physical development and anthropometric status of young men aged 17-21 years, of different ethnicity, permanently residing in the Republic of Mordovia. Random samples of 1612 male students were examined, including 774 Russian males and 838 Mordovian males. The place of birth, length of residence in the Republic of Mordovia and the corresponding ethnicity of the parents for at least three generations were taken into account. As a result, it was found that among young people of the studied populations, individuals with an average head shape with proportional development and normal body weight predominate. Among young men, a normosthenic type of constitution of an andromorph body type is common with an average life index and a low or average strength index. The majority of students of the Russian ethno-territorial group have an average face shape, a narrow chest shape, while the representatives of the Mordovian ethno-territorial group have a wide face shape, a proportional shape of the chest. In the first group of students, body length indicators were also higher, which most likely has a genetic influence. Comparative evaluation of anthropometric and functional indicators of the body of young men showed that in order to establish the morphological and functional features, as well as the level of physical development of adolescent males, the best results are obtained when the researcher works with specific ethno-territorial groups. A distinctive feature for both studied groups is the shape of the face and chest, which depend on heredity and are constant characteristics. The results obtained can be used in the development of university and regional health programs for adolescent males in the Republic of Mordovia.

Acquired prosopagnosia with structurally intact and functional fusiform face area and with face identity-specific configuration processing deficits.

Prosopagnosia or loss of face perception and recognition is still poorly understood and rare single cases of acquired prosopagnosia can provide a unique window on the behavioural and brain basis of normal face perception. The present study of a new case of acquired prosopagnosia with bilateral occipito-temporal lesions but a structurally intact FFA and OFA investigated whether the lesion overlapped with the face network and whether the structurally intact FFA showed a face selective response. We also investigated the behavioral correlates of the neural findings and assessed configural processing in the context of facial and non-facial identity recognition, expression recognition and memory, also focusing on the face-selectivity of each specific deficit. The findings reveal a face-selective response in the FFA, despite lesions in the face perception network. At the behavioural level, the results showed impaired configural processing for facial identity, but not for other stimulus categories and not for facial expression recognition. These findings challenge a critical role of the FFA for face identity processing and support a domain-specific account of configural processing.

Toward a Universal Measure of Facial Difference Using Two Novel Machine Learning Models.

Background:A sensitive, objective, and universally accepted method of measuring facial deformity does not currently exist. Two distinct machine learning methods are described here that produce numerical scores reflecting the level of deformity of a wide variety of facial conditions.Methods:The first proposed technique utilizes an object detector based on a cascade function of Haar features. The model was trained using a dataset of 200,000 normal faces, as well as a collection of images devoid of faces. With the model trained to detect normal faces, the face detector confidence score was shown to function as a reliable gauge of facial abnormality. The second technique developed is based on a deep learning architecture of a convolutional autoencoder trained with the same rich dataset of normal faces. Because the convolutional autoencoder regenerates images disposed toward their training dataset (ie, normal faces), we utilized its reconstruction error as an indicator of facial abnormality. Scores generated by both methods were compared with human ratings obtained using a survey of 80 subjects evaluating 60 images depicting a range of facial deformities [rating from 1 (abnormal) to 7 (normal)].Results:The machine scores were highly correlated to the average human score, with overall Pearson’s correlation coefficient exceeding 0.96 (P < 0.00001). Both methods were computationally efficient, reporting results within 3 seconds.Conclusions:These models show promise for adaptation into a clinically accessible handheld tool. It is anticipated that ongoing development of this technology will facilitate multicenter collaboration and comparison of outcomes between conditions, techniques, operators, and institutions.

Soft Tissue Treatment Goals for Orthodontic Patients- A Photogrammetric Analysis of Facial Profile for Soft Tissue Norms and Gender Variations in Young Adults, Hyderabad, India

Introduction: An average face is always more aesthetic than an atypical face, so setting soft tissue treatment goals for male and female orthodontic patients required local norms, like average measurements of local aesthetically pleasing profile is more important than adopting universal norms. Aim: To obtain angular and average measurements of softtissue facial profiles for males and females in young adults of Hyderabad, India. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India, from the December 2007 to January 2010. The study included 104 aesthetically pleasing individuals between the age group of 16 years to 25 years (42 male and 62 female) selected by Orthodontists and laypersons, facial profile photographs were taken with standardized photographic set up with camera using 100 mm macrolens. Photographs were traced and 12 angular measurements were taken. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using software MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) mean, maximum, minimum value, standard deviation and confidence intervals were calculated. Student’s t-test was done to determine sexual dimorphism, and p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Total of 104 subjects (42 male subjects; mean age :21.4 years and 62 female subjects; mean age: 19.6 years) were analysed. There was a statistically (p-value &lt;0.05) significant sexual dimorphism in seven of the angular measurements were noted. The nasofrontal (females-141o ±4.8o , males-137.86o ±5.2o ), nasal angle (females -84.4±9o , males-80.7o ±6.9o ), vertical nasal (males-32.08o ±3.3o , females-28.33o ±3.636o ), nasal dorsal angle (males-180.19o ±7.112o , females-174.43o ±6.648o ), cervicomental angle (females-98.41o ±5.4o , males-95.7o ±5.1o ), angle of facial convexity (females-173.2o ±4.4o , males-169.6o ±54.8o ), and angle of total facial convexity (females-149o ±4.6o , males144.4o ±5.2o ), showed sexual dimorphism. In the present study, large variability was observed with the nasolabial (p-value=0.314), and mentolabial (p-value=0.798) angles. Conclusion: Successful orthodontic treatment is mainly measured by patient appraisal only, this can be obtained by giving the locally more aesthetically pleasing facial profile to the patient, setting soft tissue facial profile treatment goals to native individuals is far more important than following universal norms in the total benefit of the patients.

Facial Expression Recognition Using Enhanced Convolution Neural Network with Attention Mechanism

Facial Expression Recognition (FER) has been an interesting area of research in places where there is human-computer interaction. Human psychology, emotions and behaviors can be analyzed in FER. Classifiers used in FER have been perfect on normal faces but have been found to be constrained in occluded faces. Recently, Deep Learning Techniques (DLT) have gained popularity in applications of real-world problems including recognition of human emotions. The human face reflects emotional states and human intentions. An expression is the most natural and powerful way of communicating non-verbally. Systems which form communications between the two are termed Human Machine Interaction (HMI) systems. FER can improve HMI systems as human expressions convey useful information to an observer. This paper proposes a FER scheme called EECNN (Enhanced Convolution Neural Network with Attention mechanism) to recognize seven types of human emotions with satisfying results in its experiments. Proposed EECNN achieved 89.8% accuracy in classifying the images.