Average Face Research Articles

Knowledge Distillation Hashing for Occluded Face Retrieval

Deep hashing has proven to be efficient and effective for large-scale face retrieval. However, existing hashing methods are designed for normal face images only. They fail to consider the fact that face images may be occluded because of wearing masks, hats, glasses, etc. Retrieval performance of existing face retrieval methods is much worse when dealing with occluded face images. In this work, we propose the knowledge distillation hashing (KDH) to deal with occluded face images. The KDH is a two-stage learning approach with teacher-student model distillation. We first train a teacher hashing network using normal face images and then the knowledge from teacher model is used to guide the optimization of the student model using occluded face images as input only. With knowledge distillation, we build a connection between imperfect face information and the optimal hash codes. Experimental results show that the KDH yields significant improvements and better retrieval performance in comparison to existing state-of-the-art deep hashing retrieval methods under six different face occlusion situations.

A Sorry Excuse for an Apology: Examining People's Mental Representations of an Apologetic Face.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10919-022-00422-5.

Teleroentgenometric parameters of the soft palate in young men and young women with an orthognathic bite without and taking into account the type of face

The study of the features of the upper respiratory tract and the relationship of their parameters with other anatomical formations and structures of the human body is one of the promising areas of modern science. Since numerous anatomical components are involved in the functioning of the respiratory tract, their detailed study should be carried out separately. One of these components that is of direct interest to science and practice is the soft palate. The purpose of the study is to establish the peculiarities of the teleroentgenometric parameters of the soft palate in Ukrainian young men and young women without pathology of the upper respiratory tract with an orthognathic bite without and taking into account the type of face. Determination of teleroentgenometric parameters of the soft palate was carried out in 72 young women and 46 young men with no pathology of the upper respiratory tract with an orthognathic bite (primary lateral teleroentgenograms were taken from the database of the research center and the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya). For all young men and young women face type was determined using Garson's morphological index. The analysis of the obtained results was carried out in the statistical package “Statistica 6.0” using non-parametric estimation methods. As a result of the conducted research, pronounced gender differences were found (significantly greater, or a tendency to greater values in young men): the value of the PM-U distance in representatives without taking into account the type of face by 7.1 %, with very wide – by 9.2 %, with wide – by 8.4 % and with narrow – by 7.4 % face types; values of the SPT distance in representatives without taking into account the face type by 10.3 %, with very wide – by 16.4 % and with narrow – by 23.1 % face types; the values of the NL/PM-U angle in representatives without taking into account the face type by 7.6 % and by 11.5 % with wide face types; the size of the SPA area in representatives without taking into account the type of face by 17.2 %, with very wide – by 24.4 %, with wide – by 13.4 % and with narrow – by 32.2 % of face types. When analyzing the value of teleradiographic parameters of the soft palate in young men between different types of faces, it was established that significantly higher values or trends towards higher values in representatives with a narrow face of the SPT distance and SPA area than in young men with a very wide (respectively by 8.9 % and 13.0 %) and average (by 13.9 % and 22.2 %), respectively, face types, and in young men, regardless of face type, there is a tendency for greater values of the PM-U distance than in representatives with an average face (by 4.2 %). In young women with a narrow face, only a tendency to greater values of the NL/PM-U angle was established than in young women with a wide face (by 6.2 %). The results of the study are an integral element of determining the normative values of various parameters of the upper respiratory tract, which enables practicing doctors to more correctly distinguish the norm from pathology.

Kinematic and Slope Mass Rating Application for Rock Slope Stability Evaluation Along Shanadar-Goratu Road in the Gali-Ashkafte Valley, Erbil, NE-Iraq

A Study of rock slope stability along the Shanadar-Goratu main road, which is located near Mergasur town, northeast of Erbil city, is very necessary because many many slope failures take place every year, especially in the wet season. It is the main road between Erbil city and many towns and villages in the Mergasur district. For the current research, eight (8) rock-cut slope stations have been selected for 4.5 kms along the road from Shanadar to Goratu, based on differences in discontinuity pattern, slope geometry, and failure types. Field data has been assessed by the kinematic method, through DIPS v7.0 software, and by slope mass rating classification system, through SMRTool - v205 software. Kinematic analysis from DIPS v7.0 software showed that three types of failures (planar, wedge and toppling failures) may occur, and the largest susceptible rock masses to failure are of slope stations no. 1,5 and 8. In the worst conditions, the discrete-SMR and continuous-SMR pointed out that slope stations no. 1, 5 and 7 are completely unstable (class V – very bad slopes) with a failure possibility of 90%, while slope stations no. 2, 3 and 4 are unstable (class IV – bad slope) with failure possibility of 60%. However, slope stations no. 6 and 8 are partially stable (class III – normal slope face) with failure possibility of 40%, with an exception for slope station no.6 which is unstable (class IV – bad slope face) from continuous-SMR.

Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Plastic Surgery Based on the Satisfaction with Quality of Life and Nasolabial Appearance in Thai Preteens with Cleft Lip and Palate

Background: Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP) negatively affect the quality of life (QoL) and nasolabial appearance, especially in preteen patients who start to be interested in their own appearance and society. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of plastic surgery for Thai preteen CLP patients through their satisfaction with their QoL and nasolabial appearance. Methods: A cross-sectional study covered purposively selected 30 samples aged between 8 and 12 years old.Their satisfaction with their QoL and appearance was reflected through an interview and a questionnaire with the cooperation of their parents as their caregivers including satisfaction with their nasolabial appearance evaluated by five experts. They compared the photos of patients’nasolabial appearance with those of normal faces of children of the same age using 5-rating scales. Results: General findings showed 53.3% of samples were male patients with mostly (63.3%) UCLP whose parents were mainly (73.3%) poor, so they relied on government financial supports for the treatment. Only some (15%) earned up to 5,001 to 10,000 baht per month because of their low education with just high school level. Specific findings indicated the overall satisfaction with QoL through five dimensions at average level (3.26±1.39). This was based on the satisfaction with the center services, the overall treatments, the medical additional costs, parental satisfaction with psychosocial effects including concerns about the impacts of CLP on the family ranged from high to low i.e. 4.30±0.98, 3.72±1.15, 3.70±1.14, 3.33±1.08 and 2.81±1.46 respectively. Moreover, five experts trended to be highly satisfied with patients’ nasolabial appearance by rating it from Good (53.3%) to Fair (43.43%) with only Poor (3.3%). Conclusion: The good cost-effectiveness of the surgery was represented through the average and high satisfaction of CLP patients with their QoL and their appearance respectively indicating the absence of disability weights for these treated CLP patients.

The Effect of Infectious Disease Threat on Malevolent Creativity.

The behavioral immune system (BIS), which evolved to protect humans from infectious disease threats, prompts people to be sensitive to disease-connoting cues. A common denominator of many disease-connoting cues is benign physical abnormalities, such as birthmarks and obesity. Previous studies found that among people whose BIS was activated (e.g., people who were exposed to situational disease prime or chronically concerned about disease threat), disease-connoting cues could make people feel threatened by infectious disease and induce their malevolence. Malevolence is a necessary feature of malevolent creativity (MC), which is defined as creativity that deliberately leads to harmful or immoral results. According to the motivated focus account of creativity, a threat could promote creativity when creativity is relevant to the threat. Thus, infectious disease threats might increase malevolent creativity. However, whether infectious disease threats could influence MC is unknown. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the effect of infectious disease threat on MC by two disease-connoting cues (birthmark, obesity). In Study 1 (n = 174), a 2 (threat prime: infectious disease, natural disaster) × 2 (disease-connoting cue: birthmarked face, normal face) between-subjects design was used. Participants were asked to complete a malevolent creativity task (MCT). In Study 2 (n = 131), we used a perceived vulnerability to disease scale (PVD) to assess people's dispositional tendencies of concerns about disease and selected high as well as low PVD participants. A 2 (PVD: high, low) × 2 (disease-connoting cue: obese, average-weight) between-subjects design was used. Participants were asked to complete the negotiation task to assess their MC. The results of Study 1 showed that, compared with participants in the normal face condition, participants in the birthmarked face condition showed higher MC fluency and total MC when they were exposed to situational disease prime. Compared with the natural disaster prime group, the infectious disease prime group showed higher MC fluency and total MC when they were provoked by a birthmark person. The results of Study 2 showed that, compared with the average-weight condition, the obese condition led to higher MC fluency and originality among high PVD participants. Compared with low PVD participants, high PVD participants showed higher MC fluency and originality when they negotiated with an obese person. Our studies suggest that among people whose BIS is situationally or chronically activated, birthmarks and obesity could increase MC, and people's malevolent creativity might be induced by disease-connoting cues during the pandemic.

PLFace: Progressive Learning for Face Recognition with Mask Bias

The outbreak of the COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has promoted the development of masked face recognition (MFR). Nevertheless, the performance of regular face recognition is severely compromised when the MFR accuracy is blindly pursued. More facts indicate that MFR should be regarded as a mask bias of face recognition rather than an independent task. To mitigate mask bias, we propose a novel Progressive Learning Loss (PLFace) that achieves a progressive training strategy for deep face recognition to learn balanced performance for masked/mask-free faces recognition based on margin losses. Particularly, our PLFace adaptively adjusts the relative importance of masked and mask-free samples during different training stages. In the early stage of training, PLFace mainly learns the feature representations of mask-free samples. At this time, the regular sample embeddings shrink to the corresponding prototype, which represents the center of each class while being stored in the last linear layer. In the later stage of training, PLFace converges on mask-free samples and further focuses on masked samples until the masked sample embeddings are also gathered in the center of the class. The entire training process emphasizes the paradigm that normal samples shrink first and masked samples gather afterward. Extensive experimental results on popular regular and masked face benchmarks demonstrate that our proposed PLFace can effectively eliminate mask bias in face recognition. Compared to state-of-the-art competitors, PLFace significantly improves the accuracy of MFR while maintaining the performance of normal face recognition.

Race and statistics in facial recognition: Producing types, physical attributes, and genealogies.

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a common statistical procedure. In forensics, it is used in facial recognition technologies and composite sketching systems. PCA is especially helpful in contexts with high facial diversity, which is often translated as racial diversity. In these settings, researchers use PCA to define a 'normal face' and organize the rest of the available facial diversity based on their resemblance to or difference from that norm. In this way, the use of PCA introduces an 'ontology of the normal' in which expectations about how a normal face should look are corroborated by statistical calculations of normality. I argue that the use of PCA can lead to a statistical reification of racial stereotypes that informs recognition practices. I discuss current and historical cases in which PCA is used: one of face perception theorization ('face space theory') and two of technology development (the 'eigenfaces' facial recognition algorithm and the 'EvoFIT' composite sketching system). In each, PCA aligns facial normality with racial expectations, and instrumentalizes race in specific ways: as a type, physical attribute, or genealogy. This analysis of PCA does two things. First, it opens the black box of facial recognition to uncover how stereotypes and intuitions about normality become part of theories and technologies of facial recognition. Second, it explains why racial categorizations remain central in contemporary identification technologies and other forensic practices.

Correlation between Facial Soft Tissues and Vertical Facial Pattern in 12-16 Years Old Untreated Patients

Background: Soft tissue paradigm shift has accentuated significance of soft tissue variables in diagnosis & treatment planning. Aim: To find a correlation between facial soft tissues and underlying vertical facial patterns in young untreated patients. Methods: The lateral cephalograms of 170 young individuals were divided into three equal groups, i.e., long, average, and short face, in accordance with the vertical facial patterns. This was done using a cross-sectional research design. Upper and lower lip lengths and extent of lip protrusion were measured for each individual. Non-probability consecutive sampling was done. The relationship between face soft tissue and the vertical facial pattern was examined using the Pearson Correlation test and less than 0.05 p-value was held statistically significant. Result: Significant correlation between upper and lower lip lengths and vertical facial form was found. Similarly significant positive correlation between protrusion of upper and lower lips and vertical facial pattern was found. Conclusion: Cephalometric analyses suggest the vertical dimensions of facial soft tissues conform to the vertical skeletal patterns. The long facial patterns have increased lip lengths and procumbent lips. MeSH words: Cephalometric analysis, Cross-sectional study, Vertical facial pattern, Lip length

Protocols for standardization regarding golden proportion in facial profile analysis

The argument whether the well renowned composition – the golden section, a number approximate equal to 0.618 – holds the key to the secret of beauty, is an enigma which has existed from the time of ancient Greeks with Fechner being one of the first to conduct study on golden proportion in the 1980s. The normal human face was considered by Ricketts to be the most beautifully perfect structure in all of the animal kingdom. In an attempt to study the face, the “divine proportion” was explored in relation to the Dentofacial complex, claiming that a number of golden relationships existed in the faces, Cephalogram, and study casts of those considered having outstanding beauty. There has to be set protocols to assess facial profile analysis based on different criteria. Here, we have taken a call to review for assessment of craniofacial morphology in relation golden proportion.

Asociación entre el perfil anatómico y la severidad del Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño en una muestra de pacientes peruanos

Introduction: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the total or partial limitation of the passage of air through the upper respiratory tract during sleep, it has two forms of presentation: central and obstructive (related to anatomical profile). Objective: To determine the relationship between the anatomical profile and severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in adult patients of a Private Clinic in Lima Norte, Lima, 2020-2022. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study. We used medical records of patients diagnosed with OSA during the period 2020-2022 in a private clinic in Lima, Peru. Our variable was the severity of OSA, in addition to apnea-hypopnea per hour (AHI), in addition we also took oxygen desaturation index (ODI), Epworth Scale, CT90%, body mass index (BMI), minimum saturation and snoring and of the newborn reported in the clinical history. The response variable was OSA . Results: a total of 120 clinical histories were studied. The predominant OSA was mild (29.2%), followed by very severe (26.7%). In very severe OSA, patients with retrognathia had 3.0 higher frequency, those with long face had 30.0 lower frequency and those with short face had 4.0 higher frequency, compared to patients with normal face (40 vs 7 vs 41 vs 37; p<0.01). Conclusions: OSA is associated with the anatomical profile. The ANGLE scale was the one most associated with OSA compared to the Friedman Score. OSA was associated with BMI, IDO, minimum saturation, and maximum heart rate.

Determination of cephalometric parameters according to the COGS method, which characterize the position of individual teeth relative to cranial structures depending on the types of faces in Ukrainian young men and young women with an orthognathic bite

An aesthetically pleasing face is one of the main goals of orthodontic treatment. However, in the case of severe pathology, in order to achieve the harmony of the complex of soft and hard tissues of the face, it is necessary to carry out not only orthodontic but also surgical intervention, i.e. orthognathic surgery. A cephalometric analysis for orthognathic surgery (COGS) is an effective element necessary for planning such treatment. The purpose of the study is to establish the peculiarities of cephalometric parameters that characterize the position of individual teeth relative to cranial structures according to the COGS method in Ukrainian young men and young women with an orthognathic bite, depending on the type of face. 46 young men (aged 17 to 21) and 72 young women (aged 16 to 20) who belonged in three generations to residents of Ukraine of the Caucasian race and had an orthognathic bite, underwent cephalometry according to the COGS method. OnyxCeph³™ software, version 3DPro, Image Instruments GmbH, Germany, was used for cephalometric analysis of indicators characterizing the position of individual teeth relative to cranial structures. According to the value of Garson's morphological index, the type of face was determined. Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out in the license package “Statistica 6.0” using non-parametric estimation methods. Between young women with different types of face, the following reliable or trends of differences in linear and angular indicators, which characterize the position of individual teeth relative to cranial structures according to the COGS method, were established: in young women with a very wide face type, smaller values of the distances 1u-NF, 1l-MP, 6u-NF and the OP-HP angle (compared to medium and narrow face types), as well as the 6l-MP distance (compared only to the medium face type); young women with an average face type have larger values of the 6l-MP distance (compared to narrow face types), as well as the OP-HP angle (compared to wide and narrow face types). Between young men with different types of faces, there are practically no reliable or trends of differences in linear and angular indicators that characterize the position of individual teeth relative to cranial structures according to the COGS method. Manifestations of sexual dimorphism of linear and angular indicators, which characterize the position of individual teeth relative to cranial structures according to the COGS method, have been established: in young men, the values of most linear dimensions are higher in representatives with very wide, wide and narrow face types; young women with different types of faces have larger values of the OP-HP angle. The obtained results will allow dentists to provide the necessary assistance to the patient at a modern level, taking into account not only the age, sex and ethnic characteristics of a person, but also the type of his face.

Cephalometric characteristics of the upper respiratory tract in Ukrainian young men and young women with an orthognathic bite without and with the type of face taken into account

The upper respiratory tract is a component of the respiratory system, which ensures the performance of several key human functions at once. The variability of cephalometric indicators of this structure of the human body, depending on the peculiarities of body structure, nationality, sex, and other factors, is one of the current topics of discussion among modern scientists. The purpose of the study is to establish the peculiarities of the cephalometric characteristics of the upper respiratory tract in young people without pathology of the upper respiratory tract with an orthognathic bite without and taking into account the type of face. For 72 Ukrainian young women and 46 young men with an orthognathic bite and the absence of pathology of the upper respiratory tract, taken from the database of the research center and the pediatric dentistry department of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, determination of cephalometric parameters of the upper respiratory tract itself was carried out. The face type of young women and young men was determined using Garson's morphological index. The statistical analysis of the obtained results was carried out in the licensed statistical package “Statistica 6.0” using non-parametric estimation methods. In Ukrainian young women and young men without and taking into account the type of face, the percentile range of cephalometric parameters of the upper respiratory tract proper was established (distance PASmin – the size of the retroglossal oropharyngeal airway space, distance PM-UPW – the size of the nasopharyngeal airway space, distance U-MPW – the size of the retropalatal oropharyngeal airway space, distance V-LPW – the size of the hypopharyngeal airway space, area UAA – the size of the upper airway area). Sex differences (significantly greater, or a tendency towards greater values in young men) of distance V-LPW values were found in representatives without taking into account the face type by 13.8 %, with a wide face type – by 11.6 % and with a narrow face type – by 15.9 %; as well as the size of the UAA area in representatives without taking into account the face type by 20.6%, with a very wide face type – by 21.2 %, with a wide face type – by 21.6 % and with an average face type – by 23.1 %. Both in young women and in young men, no reliable differences or trends in the magnitude of the cephalometric parameters of the upper respiratory tract between representatives with different types of faces were established.

Data Analysis and Visualization for Dow & Jones Industrial Average Facing COVID-19 Pandemic

This paper investigates the Dow Jones Industrial Average performance facing the crash triggered by COVID-19. We find that all constitute stocks experienced negative returns during the peak of a collision, but different constitutive sectors show us different elasticity in responding to the crisis. There are three sectors that offer such striking performances: Technology, Pharmacy&Biotech, and Oil that we conducted most parts of the research for analyzing these sectors. The Technology and Pharmacy&Biotech sectors had a satisfactory rate of loss compared to other sectors, whereas the Oil sector’s stock values fell dramatically. The analysis reveals not only the reasons why the index and its sectors reacted differently to the crash but also how should investors or anyone interested in the stock market conduct proper investment strategies for a potential future crisis.

Incomplete faces are completed using a more average face

Facial first impressions are known to influence how we behave towards others. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we often view incomplete faces due to the commonplace wearing of face masks. Previous research has shown that perceptions of attractiveness are often increased due to these coverings, with initial evidence suggesting that this may be caused by viewers using a mental representation of the average face to complete any missing information. Here, we directly address this hypothesis by presenting participants with incomplete faces (either the lower or upper half removed) and asking them to decide how they thought the actual, full face looked. Participants were able to manipulate the missing half of the face onscreen by increasing or decreasing the averageness of its shape. Our results demonstrated that participants did not select the original versions of the faces but instead chose more average versions when manipulating both the lower and upper face. Further, the typicality of the original image influenced responses, with less typical faces (in comparison with more typical ones) being completed using an even more average version of the missing half of the faces. Taken together, these findings provide the first direct evidence that people utilise an average/typical internal representation when inferring information about incomplete faces. This result has theoretical importance in terms of visual perception, as well as real-world relevance in a time where face masks are commonplace due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ethical challenges in gerontological social work in Finland during the Covid-19 pandemic

Our study focused on identifying the ethical challenges employees of gerontological social work have faced during Covid-19 pandemic. The ethical guidelines, based on international ethical principles of social work (IFSW), play a key part in Finnish social work. Still, even in normal times social workers face situations in which they are forced to work against professional ethical principles. Covid-19 pandemic changed the working conditions of social work dramatically and employees of gerontological social work have been in the front line working with elderly, who are vulnerable to the virus but also to the social repercussions of the pandemic. This qualitative interview study, based on 14 semi-structured interviews of employees of gerontological social work from different parts of Finland, was conducted between November 2020 and February 2021. Data was analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. The results showed that the employees’ biggest ethical challenge was related to the shutting down of elderly people’s services and the reduced possibilities to meet their clients. The participants described feeling helpless because they could not respond to their clients’ needs. Also, the unclear instructions given on how to respond to the threat of Covid-19 were making ethical practices difficult. In addition, the participants were worried about the increased loneliness and depression of their clients and were anxious on how to respond to the growing service needs of elderly with very limited resources. As times were rough, the participants would have needed of their colleagues’ support, which they now lacked because of remote working. They also described the lack of acknowledgement by their employers.

Pain management after microtia repair with costal cartilage: De-escalation and opioid use reduction

ObjectiveComplex and invasive postoperative pain regimens for microtia reconstruction with costal cartilage are often utilized. These generate added costs and invasiveness. We evaluated the effectiveness of a de-escalated pain regimen without use of invasive interventions. MethodsCase series of patients who underwent stage 1 microtia reconstruction with a modified Nagata/Firmin technique from 2017 to 2020 at a pediatric tertiary care hospital. Patients received intraoperative bupivacaine intercostal blocks and scheduled acetaminophen. Adjunct medications administered and pain scores (Wong-Baker FACES and FLACC-Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) at intervals 2–72 h postoperatively were recorded. Narcotic use, peak and median pain scores, and length of stay were compared with published values. ResultsTwenty patients were included. Mean age of 12 and length of stay of 2.8 days. Average postoperative FACES scores between 0 and 72 h ranged between 0.7 and 4.0. The average peak pain score was 6.1 (±2.0). FLACC scores were low. Narcotics (0.59 ±0 .35 Morphine Milligram Equivalents/kg) were given to 17 patients. Compared to Shaffer et al. (paravertebral catheter-based infusion), total narcotics use (p = 0.03), peak pain (p = 0.0001), and length of stay (p = 0.001) were less. Compared to Woo et al. (intercostal catheter-based infusion), median pain scores at identical time intervals were lower (p = 0.04). ConclusionIntraoperative intercostal nerve blocks followed by scheduled, weight-based acetaminophen, adjunctive medications (ibuprofen and lidocaine patches), and rescue narcotics are effective in managing pain following microtia repair with autologous costal cartilage. It results in decreased narcotic usage, shorter length of stay, and lower pain scores compared to more complex regimens.

The Effect of Layer Batch Normalization and Droupout of CNN model Performance on Facial Expression Classification

One of the implementations of face recognition is facial expression recognition in which a machine can recognize facial expression patterns from the observed data. This study used two models of convolutional neural network, model A and model B. The first model A was without batch normalization and dropout layers, while the second model B used batch normalization and dropout layers. It used an arrangement of 4 layer models with activation of ReLU and Softmax layers as well as 2 fully connected layers for 5 different classes of facial expressions of angry, happy, normal, sad, and shock faces. Research Metodology are 1). Data Analysis, 2). Preprocessing grayscaling, 3). Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), 4). Model validation Testing, Obtained an accuracy of 64.8% for training data and accuracy of 63.3% for validation data. The use of dropout layers and batch normalization could maintain the stability of both training data and validation data so that there was no overfitting. By dividing the batch size on the training data into 50% with 200 iterations, aiming to make the load on each training model lighter, by using the learning rate to be 0.001 which works to improve the weight value, thus making the training model work to be fast without crossing the minimum error limit. Accuracy results in the classification of ekp facial receipts from the distance of the camera to the face object about 30 cm in the room with the use of bright enough lighting by 78%.

The contribution of different face parts to deep face recognition

The development of face recognition improvements still lacks knowledge on what parts of the face are important. In this article, the authors present face parts analysis to obtain important recognition information in a certain area of the face, more than just the eye or eyebrow, from the black box perspective. In addition, the authors propose a more advanced way to select parts without introducing artifacts using the average face and morphing. Furthermore, multiple face recognition systems are used to analyze the face component contribution. Finally, the results show that the four deep face recognition systems produce a different behavior for each experiment. However, the eyebrows are still the most important part of deep face recognition systems. In addition, the face texture played an important role deeper than the face shape.

Association between Anterior Alveolar Dimensions and Different Vertical Facial Patterns

Objective: To determine the association of anterior alveolar dimensions with different vertical facial patterns at a tertiary care Hospital. Material and Methods: This Cross-sectional study took place in Orthodontic Department, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, during 6 months form June 2018 to December 2018. Patients with age group 18-30 years and both genders were included. All the subjects were divided into three groups, Average face (Subjects with LAFH-TAFH ratio of 56% -58%), short face (Subjects with LAFH-TAFH ratio of <55%) and long face (Subjects with LAFH-TAFH ratio of >59%), The vertical facial pattern was calculated from TFH i.e., the LAFH and TAFH ratio All the data was recorded by the study proforma for the purpose of analysis. Results: Total 90 patients were studied; their mean age was 21.12+3.47 years. Females were in majority 52.2% and males were 47.8%. Long face was 37.8%, short face 37.8% and average face were 24.4%. Mean upper posterior alveolus width was significantly higher in short face of vertical facial pattern, and mean of upper anterior alveolus height was higher in long face (p-<0.05). Mean of upper anterior alveolus width was significantly higher in average face of vertical facial pattern, and lower anterior alveolus height was markedly higher in long face of vertical facial pattern (p- 0.001). Though mean of lower anterior alveolus width and lower posterior alveolus width were insignificantly associated with vertical facial pattern. Vertical facial pattern was statistically insignificant according to gender p-value 0.226. Conclusion: There was a significant association between dimensions of anterior alveolar among different vertical facial patterns. Kewords: Anterior alveolar dimensions, vertical facial pattern