Average Efficiency Research Articles

Accelerated Selective Li+ Transports Assisted by Microcrack-Free Anionic Network Polymer Membranes for Long Cyclable Lithium Metal Batteries.

Rechargeable Li metal batteries have the potential to meet the demands of high-energy density batteries for electric vehicles and grid-energy storage system applications. Achieving this goal, however, requires resolving not only safety concerns and a shortened battery cycle life arising from a combination of undesirable lithium dendrite and solid-electrolyte interphase formations. Here, a series of microcrack-free anionic network polymer membranes formed by a facile one-step click reaction are reported, displaying a high cation conductivity of 3.1 × 10-5 S cm-1 at high temperature, a wide electrochemical stability window up to 5V, a remarkable resistance to dendrite growth, and outstanding non-flammability. These enhanced properties are attributed to the presence of tethered borate anions in microcrack-free membranes, which benefits the acceleration of selective Li+ cations transport as well as suppression of dendrite growth. Ultimately, the microcrack-free anionic network polymer membranes render Li metal batteries a safe and long-cyclable energy storage device at high temperatures with a capacity retention of 92.7% and an average coulombic efficiency of 99.867% at 450 cycles.

Shielding‐Anchoring Double Protection Tactics of Imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine Additive for Ultrastable Zinc Anode

AbstractAqueous zinc‐based energy storage devices have competitive advantages such as high power density, good safety, and wide source. However, because of the direct touch among zinc anode and aqueous electrolyte, dendrite growth and electrode side reactions are easy to occur in the plating and striping process, which seriously hinders the further development of aqueous zinc‐based energy storage devices. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the above problems to expand the existing energy storage devices. In this work, by adding an imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine (IP) electrolyte additive, the dendrites' growth and corrosion on the zinc anode surface could be effectively inhibited by the shielding‐anchoring double effects, which are verified by the comprehensive in situ and ex situ characterization techniques as well as the theoretical calculation support. Accordingly, the IP‐based electrolyte encourages extremely high stable zinc anode (cycling 2200 h at 1 mA cm−2) with high average Coulombic efficiency (98.72%). Moreover, the IP‐based Zn‐V2O5 full battery also exhibits excellent reversible capacity, reaching 160.8 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 2 A g−1. Through a straightforward alteration to the Zn anode surface, this study considerably enhances the use of highly stable and secure aqueous zinc‐ion batteries.

Improvement of Laser-Induced Damage on High-Efficiency Solar Cells via Top-Hat Beam Ablation

An important challenge in industrial laser ablation is laser-induced damage. In this study, reduced damage was achieved through the transition of the laser distribution from a Gaussian beam to a top-hat beam using diffractive optical elements (DOE), which overcome inhomogeneous irradiation. The higher peak fluence of a Gaussian beam far exceeded the ablation threshold and led to severely melted silicon at a higher depth covering the polished texture. The top-hat beam, with uniform irradiation, had a superior ablation characteristic and created a uniform square opening with the shallow melted silicon in the lift-off process. Thus, its effective minor carrier lifetime was 15.35% less at an ablated area fraction of 2% after re-passivation because of the decreased damage. After optimizing the ablation pattern with a top-hat beam, the local contacts improved the average open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc) values of the cells due to the decreased damage and the uniform openings, but the damage induced by a Gaussian beam was too deep and can be partly restored under back surface field (BSF) formation. The overall increment in Isc and Voc enhanced the average efficiency by 0.05% of the absolute value for the PERC cells and 0.03% of the absolute value for bi-facial PERC cells.

Exploring low-carbon and sustainable urban transformation design using ChatGPT and artificial bee colony algorithm

The aim of this study is to provide effective solutions to promote the transition of resource-based cities to low carbon and sustainable development. Firstly, this study investigates the background of low-carbon transformation of resource-based cities. Secondly, it introduces the application method of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) in detail. Finally, this study proposes a comprehensive application of ChatGPT and artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. The results show that the average energy utilization efficiency improvement index of the group using ChatGPT is 0.11. The average energy efficiency improvement index of the group using ABC algorithm is 0.02 higher than that of the control group. The integrated application of ChatGPT and ABC algorithm can further improve the low-carbon transformation effect of resource-based cities and achieve the goal of green development.

Preparation of Manganese Dioxide Lithium Ion Sieve and Its Application in Lithium Extraction from Coal Fly Ash

The present study focuses on the synthesis of a manganese dioxide lithium ion sieve and its application for the extraction of lithium from coal fly ash. The preparation and adsorption experiments of the manganese dioxide lithium ion sieve were carried out using the orthogonal method, while the HCl elution experiment was carried out using the single factor method. The results showed that the optimum preparation conditions under which the average lithium adsorption efficiency reached 99.98% were a 10:1 mass ratio of manganese dioxide to lithium hydroxide, calcination at 800 °C for 60 min, 1.5 mol/L HCl, soaking for 24 h and stirring for 18 h. Additionally, the optimum adsorption efficiency was observed with an adsorption time of 30 min, KOH pH of 8 and KOH scrubbing time of 10 min, resulting in 100% lithium adsorption efficiency. The optimum elution conditions for lithium were determined to be an HCl concentration of 0.01 mol/L and an elution time of 40 min, giving 100% lithium elution efficiency.

DEVELOPMENT AND INSTALLATION OF SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM FOR FEDPODAM HOSTEL

This paper presents the result of the Development, Installation and Performance evaluation of a 500 liter capacity hot water storage tank with an additional 500 liter capacity cold water storage tank that was, developed, installed and tested at Maryam Abatcha female hostel in the Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria which is located at latitude 12.290N and Longitude 11.440E using available materials and thermo syphon principle at an average solar radiation of 630W/m2 to investigate the potential of using solar either directly and indirectly for heating water and to compare its cost with electricity. This design utilized a flat plate collector which was chosen because of the simplicity in construction and ease of maintenance. Two collectors of 1m2 each with single glazing were used as a heat exchanger. The surfaces of the collectors were painted with black paint of absorptivity 0.95 and emissivity of 0.09 to improve its absorption capacity. Readings were taken for a period of nine months starting from March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October and November with minimum ambient temperature of 320C. Maximum hot water temperature inside the tank as 82.30C with an average efficiency of 28.06% in June, with clear sunny atmosphere days and November with lower outlet likely due to cold dusty of the period. Test conducted reveal that the system could satisfy the hot /warm water requirements of the hostel. It was also observed that the water temperature is a function of solar radiation while the cloud cover and dust particles were observed to also affect the performance of solar water heating system thereby reducing its efficiency.

A Molecule Crowding Strategy to Stabilize Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractAqueous sodium‐ion batteries (ASIBs) have recently emerged as a compelling choice for large‐scale energy storage when considering their safe operational characteristics and cost‐effectiveness. Nonetheless, the inadequate electrochemical stability window (ESW) of water (1.23 V) and severe dissolution of electrodes in aqueous electrolytes have proven bottlenecks to enabling high energy density and long lifespan of ASIBs. Here, a molecular crowding electrolyte is introduced, featuring nonflammable polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PED) as a crowding agent and a hydrogen bond receptor to further diminish the water activity. The 4.5 m (mol kg−1) NaClO4‐4 wt% H2O‐96 wt% PED electrolyte displayed an impressive ESW of 3.4 V, all while maintaining a moderate salt concentration of 4.5 m. Meanwhile, this electrolyte demonstrated substantial mitigation of vanadium dissolution in Na3V2(PO4)3. Consequently, in a comprehensive evaluation, the aqueous NaTi2(PO4)3||Na3V2(PO4)3 full cell exhibited an energy density of 47 Wh kg−1 at 1 C with a 74% retention after 100 cycles, and displayed negligible capacity decay (≈0.014% per cycle) at 5 C in 1000 cycles with high average coulombic efficiency of 99.8%. This work offers a universal strategy for the design of aqueous electrolytes with wide ESW and the ability to effectively suppress vanadium dissolution.

Artificial neural network-based optimization studies for efficient energy harvesting from auxetic laminated composite smart beam

In the present study, a smart laminated composite beam with auxetic configurations is considered to improve its energy harvesting capabilities. For this purpose, three different cases of auxetic geometries are considered on the cantilever laminated composite beam near the fixed end, and the piezoelectric patches are attached in bimorph configuration over this auxetic region. The coupled structural and piezoelectric equations are developed based on beam element theory. The principle of minimum potential energy is implemented to solve the equations of motion. Effective Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the auxetic geometric region are utilized in the beam model, and the results are validated with three-dimensional finite element solution. An experimental study is carried out to validate the finite element studies. The energy harvesting capability of laminated composite beam has significantly improved by using reentrant auxetic geometry. In addition to auxetic geometry, auxetic cubical inclusions are also considered to study their effect on energy harvesting potential. On validating the results obtained from auxetic geometry and auxetic cubical inclusion cases, some parametric studies are conducted to know the influence of auxetic inclusion dimensions, ply orientations, and thickness ratio on the voltage energy output. It is found that with an increase in the length and thickness of the auxetic geometry, the cross-ply oriented auxetic energy harvester’s output potential raised considerably. To obtain the optimum parameters required to enhance average output power and minimize the energy loss factor, grey-relational analysis tool, and artificial neural network-based optimization schemes are implemented. The energy harvesting system with the optimized parameters has shown about 60% improvement in the average power output and conversion efficiency.

Forage cactus as an additive in corn without the cob silages of feedlot sheep diets.

This study aimed to assess the impact of adding forage cactus as an additive to the production of corn silage without the cob on the performance of feedlot sheep and subsequent silage losses. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of three treatments: corn silage without cob; 0% = 100% corn plant without the cob; 10% = 90% corn plant without cob + 10% forage cactus; 20% = 80% corn plant without cob + 20% forage cactus. Significant effects were observed for dry matter intake (P = 0.0201), organic matter (P = 0.0152), ether extract (P = 0.0001), non-fiber carbohydrates (P = 0.0007). Notably, nutrient digestibility showed significant differences in organic matter (P = 0.0187), ether extract (P = 0.0095), neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.0005), non-fiber carbohydrates (P = 0.0001), and metabolizable energy (P = 0.0001). Performance variables, including total weight gain (P = 0.0148), average daily weight gain (P = 0.0148), feeding efficiency, and rumination efficiency of dry matter (P = 0.0113), also exhibited significant effects. Consequently, it is recommended to include 20% forage cactus in corn silage, which, based on natural matter, helps meet animals' water needs through feed. This inclusion is especially vital in semi-arid regions and aids in reducing silage losses during post-opening silo disposal.

Effect of linear anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) dosage on nitrogen removal performance of an anammox reactor

AbstractThe impact of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, as model linear anionic surfactant) dosage on overall nitrogen removal performance of anammox reactor alongside its microbial population and sludge properties was investigated. In this study (day 136), an anmmox sequencing batch biofilm reactor was subjected to gradual dosage of SDS from 0 to 20 mg L−1. Intriguingly, results revealed that SDS at ≥7.5 mg L−1 prompted sludge disintegration, evidenced by increased protein and polysaccharide content in the effluent. Nevertheless, reactor's average total nitrogen removal efficiency slightly improved from 83.12% (0 mg L−1) to 86.3% (20 mg L−1). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that SDS dosing significantly suppressed the unwanted and unavoidable nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOBs) in the reactor as the abundance of genus Nitrospira declined from 40.68% (day 1) to 19.15% (day 136). The abundance of anammox genus Candidatus Kuenenia significantly improved from 1.86% (day 1) to 40.02% (day 136) as a result of NOB suppression. This study revealed that low concentration of surfactants in wastewater does not affect the anammox bacteria in a biofilm reactor. Furthermore, adding low concentrations of SDS (≥7.5 to 20 mg L−1) to wastewater may effectively suppress notorious NOBs in biofilm‐based anammox systems.

Solar Hybrid System: Innovations in Cooking, Drying, and Power Generation

A hybrid system has been designed and developed which comprises the principle of solar thermal and photovoltaic. Flat plate collector and concentrating trough collector were incorporated under solar thermal technology. Solar thermal device which makes the most using infrared radiation out of solar spectrum. Black copper sheet at focal point of the solar trough served as a stand for cooking pan was able to gain direct as well as high intensity reflected solar radiation to expedite the cooking process. The electric unit of the system worked on the principle of photovoltaic effect. Main components of the hybrid system were collector housing, solar trough reflector, triangular shaped glazing surfaces, copper sheet to place cooking pots and dedicated insulation to prevent heat loss. The dual concept hybrid system was found exceptionally speedier as compared to traditional box type cooker. Results revealed that cooking pot attained maximum temperature of 104.50 C at 12.30 pm, which was sufficient for cooking nutritious food. The experiment was conducted in winter season on 18th January, 2018. Average thermal efficiency (ηtherm) was estimated as 35.1%, cooking power (P) was estimated 47.68 W and the overall heat loss coefficient was calculated 3.03 W/m2°C. Average cooking time found to be just 130 minutes which was otherwise more than 3 hrs in case of traditional box type cooker. Electric power which was stored in the battery can operate 5W dc bulb for 9 hours in single charging. It also could operate smart phone charger and a dc fan (12V, 4Ah) for 60 minutes each.

Synergistic Effect of 3D Elastomer/Super‐Ionic Conductor Hybrid Fiber Networks Enables Zinc Anode Protection for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) with the merits of superior security, natural abundance, and inexpensive Zn hold great promises for next‐generation energy storage. Nevertheless, the instabilities of the Zn anodes arising from the unsatisfactory dendrite growth and parasitic reactions have seriously restricted their practical application. Herein, an interfacial protection engineering approach is proposed for stabilizing Zn anode via in‐situ constructing 3D hybrid fiber networks within high elastic polyether‐type polyurethane (TPEU) and super‐ionic conductor NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP). This 3D NTP@TPEU fiber framework demonstrates synergistic effects of enhancing Zn2+ immigration kinetics and improving the desolvation process. Subsequently, such a superior protected interface induces a highly reversible Zn (002) deposition/stripping with a dendrites‐free feature. Moreover, the NTP@TPEU/Zn displays an ultralong lifespan of over 2000 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.5% in the half‐cell configuration. To highlight, a full battery matched with Ca‐doped VO2 on carbon cloth cathode acquires an enhanced CE as high as 99.8% and delivers good cycling stability with a capacity retention of 81.6% at 2 A g−1 over 3000 cycles. These excellent outcomes provide a distinctive perspective of designing a highly stable zinc anode for the practical application of AZIBs.

Does the Covid-19 Have an Impact on the Insurance Industry? A Non-Parametric Approach to Takaful and Conventional Insurance in Indonesia

This study aims to see the efficiency level of insurance companies, especially general insurances in Indonesia, both Islamic insurance (known as takaful) and conventional insurance using nonparametric approach. The study period of this study was five years from 2016 to 2020, especially highlighting the year of 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic spread in Indonesia, and whether it impacts the insurance companies. The findings of this study indicate that the average efficiency score of Sharia and conventional insurance in Indonesia from 2016 to 2020 has fluctuated differently, with conventional insurance decreasing and sharia insurance increasing following a dip. This may explain why COVID-19 has had little effect on the insurance business. COVID-19 has a detrimental impact on the efficiency of conventional insurance but does not affect Islamic insurance, according to the DEA research. Additionally, this study classifies the improvement potential for each input and output variable.

A new efficiency figure of merit for induction heating appliances operating under highly variable operating conditions

Induction heating is an efficient and high-performance heating method which already has a significant market penetration and economic impact due to its benefits inherent to contactless energy transfer systems such as quickness, cleanness, and safety. Efficiency is a key design parameter since it determines not only the appliance performance but also its environmental impact, with significant socio-political implications. However, it is not easy to determine and compare the actual power converter efficiency operating under highly variable conditions typical of IH. This paper proposes an averaged efficiency parameter elaborated based on technical and typical IH usage conditions that offers a useful value to compare power converters operating under realistic operation conditions. The proposed parameter has been evaluated in some of the most significant power converter topologies used in reported state-of-the-art induction heating systems.

Performance of micro-pressure double-cycle coupled membrane integrated bioreactor for the treatment of urban sewage.

Based on the theory of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and technical requirements, a micro-pressure double-cycle bioreactor coupled with membrane components was used to treat municipal wastewater. The method realized the simultaneous removal of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the same reactor and had the characteristics of membrane bioreactor process. Results showed that the average removal efficiency of COD, NH+4-N, TN, and TP were 93.74%, 95.1%, 71.85%, and 81.03%, respectively. During operation, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the main dominant bacteria, and they had complete nitrogen and phosphorus metabolic pathways. Owing to the low protein content in the mixture, the design of film placement in the micro-precipitation zone was conducive to alleviating the membrane pollution caused by the accumulation of protein, thereby improving the effluent quality and extending the service life of the membrane components.

Intermittent cryogen spray cooling coupled with cold air jet for heat transfer enhancement and cryogen saving of laser dermatology

Laser dermatology has become a convenient technique for medical treatment. However, the epidermal temperature could be increased, leading to intolerable side effects. Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is implemented to decrease epidermal damage, but the current CSC could increase cryogen wastage. In this study, the CSC is coupled with a cold air jet (CAJ) and is further subjected to intermittent strategy (ICSC) to mitigate film deposition, enhance heat transfer, and save cryogen consumption, through CAJ-to-spray interaction. The surface temperature is measured by a thin film type-T thermocouple, while the heat transfer is estimated by enhanced Duhamel theorem. The film intensity is captured by a digital single-lens reflex camera through the scattering-illumination technique. The results affirmed the benefits of using ICSC/ICSC-CAJ for laser dermatology. It demonstrated lower surface temperature, film intensity, and film resistance as well as higher convection and efficiency compared with CSC. ICSC-CAJ showed the lowest minimum temperature (1.8%–4.9% decrement) and film resistance (3.8%–17.5% decrement), the highest average convective coefficient (84%–92% increment) and efficiency (7%–9% increment) compared with ICSC. Lower frequency and moderate duties would be preferable for ICSC, while higher frequency and lower duties would be preferable for ICSC-CAJ. The efficiency increased with the saving (110% increment), which insights into our understanding of alternative enhancement toward cryogen saving strategy.

Using Machine Learning to Identify and Optimize Sensitive Parameters in Urban Flood Model Considering Subsurface Characteristics

This study presents a novel method for optimizing parameters in urban flood models, aiming to address the tedious and complex issues associated with parameter optimization. First, a coupled one-dimensional pipe network runoff model and a two-dimensional surface runoff model were integrated to construct an interpretable urban flood model. Next, a principle for dividing urban hydrological response units was introduced, incorporating surface attribute features. The K-means algorithm was used to explore the clustering patterns of the uncertain parameters in the model, and an artificial neural network (ANN) was employed to identify the sensitive parameters. Finally, a genetic algorithm (GA) was used to calibrate the parameter thresholds of the sub-catchment units in different urban land-use zones within the flood model. The results demonstrate that the parameter optimization method based on K-means-ANN-GA achieved an average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) of 0.81. Compared to the ANN-GA and K-means-deep neural networks (DNN) methods, the proposed method better characterizes the runoff generation and flow processes. This study demonstrates the significant potential of combining machine learning techniques with physical knowledge in parameter optimization research for flood models.

Correlating Buffering Agents' Premier pH with Interface Stability Toward Long-Term Zn Metal Anodes.

Aqueous solvents in Zn metal batteriesinevitably induces hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) due to fluctuating pH levels in electrolytes, leading to severe side reactions and dendrite growth. To address these challenges, buffering agents have been recently proposed as a solution to maintain constant electrolyte pH values upon cycling. Nonetheless, the critical role of buffering additives' premier pH in determining interface stability is largely overlooked. Herein, two types of buffering agents, single amphoteric and conjugate acid-base pairs, are employed to correlate their initial pHs with the interface stability. Based on the observations, the lifetime of Zn metal anodes initially increases and then decreases as the initial pH level goes up from 2.0 to 5.0, with an optimal lifetime at pH 3.3 for both buffering agent categories. This phenomenon lies in ampleH+ in low pH and rich OH- in high pH, leading to either severe HER or by-products passivation layer. The optimized pH allows cells to deliver a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.61% over 1500 cycles at a large current density of 5mAcm-2, which is significantly superior to 345 cycles achieved in the pristine electrolyte. Furthermore, this enhanced interface enables stable Zn/activated carbon full batteries over 15000 cycles.

Electrode material impact on microbial fuel cell and electro-Fenton systems for enhanced slaughterhouse wastewater treatment: A comparative study of graphite and titanium.

The treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater is a complex task demanding careful consideration due to its challenging nature. Therefore, exploring more sustainable treatment methods for this particular type of wastewater is of utmost significance. This research focused on the impact of electrode materials, specifically graphite and titanium, on the efficiency of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and electro-Fenton systems in treating slaughterhouse wastewater. Both graphite and titanium electrodes displayed increasing current density trends, with titanium outperforming graphite. Titanium showed superior electron transfer and current generation (2.2 to 21.2 mA/m2 ), while graphite ranged from 2.4 to 18.9mA/m2 . Titanium consistently exhibited higher power density, indicating better efficiency in converting current to power (0.059 to 22.68 mW/m2 ), compared to graphite (0.059 to 12.25 mW/m2 ) over the 48-h period. In removal efficiency within the MFC system alone, titanium exhibited superior performance over graphite in key parameters, including zinc (45.5% vs. 37.19%), total hardness (39.32% vs. 29.4%), and nitrates (66.87% vs. 55.8%). For the electro-Fenton system with a graphite electrode, the removal efficiency ranged from 34.1% to 87.5%, with an average efficiency of approximately 56.2%. This variability underscores fluctuations in the efficacy of the graphite electrode across diverse wastewater treatment scenarios. On the other hand, the electro-Fenton system employing a titanium electrode showed removal efficiency values ranging from 26.53% to 89.99%, with an average efficiency of about 68.4%. The titanium electrode exhibits both a comparatively higher and more consistent removal efficiency across the evaluated scenarios. On the other hand, the integrated system achieved more than 90% removal efficiency from most of the parameters. The study underscores the intricate nature of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment, emphasizing the need for sustainable approaches. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Microbial fuel cell (MFC) and electro-Fenton were investigated for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. The MFC microbial activity started to decrease after 24 h. The integrated system achieved up to 99.8% removal efficiency (RE) for total coliform bacteria. Up to 99.4% of RE was also achieved for total suspended solids (TSS). The integrated system highly improved RE of the pollutants.

The investigation of V-shaped arrays with non-uniform diameter cylinders for high performance hydrokinetic energy conversion

Harnessing hydrokinetic energy through vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is of great significance. The energy capture efficiency of VIV cylindrical arrays still has great potentials for making further progress. This paper investigates the energy conversion performance of cylinder cluster arrays with non-uniform diameter positioned at the upstream, midstream, and downstream locations, utilizing the downstream VIV enhancement effect. The cylinder arrays consist of five cylinders with non-uniform diameters of 2, 3, and 4 cm, resulting in a total of eight different V-shaped configuration scenarios. Through numerical simulation, it is found that the optimal flow velocity for maximizing the cylinder vibration amplitude is 0.8 m/s. In the condition of 0.8 m/s flow velocity, this study investigates the impact of cylinder diameter and the array arrangement on lift force, amplitude response, vortex shedding frequency, converted power, and efficiency. If the diameter of a cylinder is smaller than that of its upstream cylinder, cylinder experiences an enhanced amplitude, and the magnitude of this enhancement increases with the difference in diameters between the two cylinders. The blocking effect in the cylinder array occurs at a distance of two times the diameter. It has been observed that the small diameter cylinder demonstrates exceptional performance, achieving the highest converted power of 6.58 W (88% higher than the single cylinder) and the highest conversion efficiency of 68 % (75% higher than the single cylinder) in the convergent V-shaped array. The divergent V-shaped array achieves a maximum total converted power of 17.12 W (14% higher than the average conversion efficiency of single 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm cylinders), while the convergent V-shaped array achieves a maximum total conversion efficiency of 44% (24% higher than the average conversion efficiency of single 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm cylinders). This study presents an innovative perspective on the VIV enhancement effect in energy conversion, specifically focusing on multi-cylinder arrays with non-uniform diameters.