Average Daily Requirement Research Articles

A New Method of Administering Heparin.

In the course of studies on experimental subacute bacterial ednocarditis, attempts were made to produce the disease in heparinized rabbits. The methods for heparinizing humans, namely, by continuous venoclysis or by repeated intravenous injections, were virtually impossible of adaptation for the rabbit. However, rabbits will develop and maintain a prolonged coagulation time over a protracted period with repeated subcutaneous injections of heparin, the average daily requirement being about 45 mg of commercial heparin administered in fractional doses. In order to eliminate the disturbing abrupt rises, sharp peaks and unpredictable drops in coagulation time as well as the technical difficulties incidental to fractional daily dosage, a simpler means had to be devised for continuous heparinization by the subcutaneous route. In view of the success obtained with pellet and capsule implantation of hormones, similar experiments were pursued with heparin. Pellets containing 50 mg and glass capsules tightly packed with 100 mg of heparin were implanted under sterile precautions subcutaneously or subfascially through a small skin incision. While rabbits could be heparinized in this fashion, this approach had to be abandoned for the following reasons: The results with glass capsules were erratic. On some occasions a spectacular but shortlived effect was obtained: at other times, the results were negative and when the capsule was removed subsequently it was discovered that practically none of the heparin had been acted upon. Additional shortcomings were: The necessity for instrumental procedure; the rapid absorption of pellets with resultant inordinately delayed coagulation time and subsequent precipitate drop; the presence at times of local hemorrhage and the obvious impracticability of sustaining heparin effects over prolonged periods.

MODERN BREAD

For some two years medical and nutritional scientists have discussed the nutritional significance of bread, lawyers have argued about regulations pertaining to flour and bread, advertising copy writers have written about the new enriched bread. Consumers apparently have continued to pay scant attention to the important changes that have been made recently in this basic food. The average American consumes each day about 6 1/4 ounces of white flour in various forms; to a large extent flour is used as white bread and other bakery products. This amount of flour will provide about one fourth of the average daily caloric requirements. The amount of white pan bakers' bread consumed daily is sufficient to provide each man, woman and child in the country with 70 Gm. of bread each day, or approximately two and one-third slices weighing 30 Gm. each. Nearly all this bread is consumed without special regard to its

Influence of Estrogen on Insulin Requirement of the Diabetic

This study consists of a series of 9 diabetic women taken from the Metabolic Service of Sea View Hospital. The patients were chosen without regard for an indication for estrogen therapy. They were followed for a period of one year: 4 months before the beginning of estrogen, 5 months during its administration, and 3 months after it had been discontinued. Estrogen was administered intramuscularly in doses of 10,000 International Units twice a week for a period of 4 months. During the 4 months before estrogen therapy a definite effort was made to maintain the individual insulin dosage at the lowest level compatible with proper control of the diabetes. A patient was considered well controlled when in the absence of acetonuria there was less than 1 % of sugar in each of the partition specimens of urine and the total amount of sugar spilled in a period of 24 hours was less than 20 g. To meet these requirements it was necessary to increase our daily insulin dose steadily from 63 units at the beginning of this period of observation to 84 units at the end of this 4-month period. Two weeks after estrogen was instituted the average daily insulin requirement started to show a significant decline so that during the 5 months in which our patients were receiving estrogen there was a drop in the daily average insulin requirement from 84 to 54 units, representing a saving of 35%. At the end of this 5-month observation period estrogen was discontinued. The patients were then followed 3 months longer. There was a gradual increase from an average daily requirement of 54 units at the beginning of this time to 63 units at the end.

Industrial Uses of Ohio River Water

AN industrial man the Ohio River means several things. For one thing, it offers a splendid means of low cost transportation. The huge tonnages of coal, iron, scrap materials and finished steel products which are transported on the river bear witness to the dependence of industry upon this natural resource. For many years the Federal Government has recognized this feature and has so improved the river by locks and dams that it is available for transportation purposes even during periods of lowest water. Wheeling Steel Corporation alone transported 1,572,000 tons by river in 1937. Some other mills moved much greater tonnages during this period. A second and probably most important service which the river renders industry is an abundant supply of process water. Few people realize the enormous quantities of water used in industry. Wheeling Steel Corporation mills at Steubenville require 100 tons of water to make each ton of finished steel. At Portsmouth Works where the corporation manufactures its own electric power 270 tons of water are required per ton of steel. It is not customary to speak of water in terms of tons but it gives a clear picture for comparative purposes. The combined daily requirements of Wheeling Steel plants along the Ohio River, under normal operating conditions, is approximately 154 million gallons per day. The Steubenville mills use more than twelve times as much water as the City of Steubenville, five times as much as the average daily requirements of the City of Wheeling, or more than three and one-half times the daily consumption of Steubenville and Wheeling combined. Yorkville Works uses about the same amount as the City of Steubenville. Benwood Works uses about the same amount as the City of Wheeling. Portsmouth