Average Channel Research Articles

Data switching method among heterogeneous power information system databases based on knowledge graph

AbstractIn order to solve the problems of long data switching time, low information utilization rate, and low switching accuracy in traditional data switching methods, a data switching method between heterogeneous power information system databases based on knowledge graphs is proposed. Based on the knowledge graph technology and its ternary structure, the data of the heterogeneous power information system is processed, and the N‐Gram model is used to realize the knowledge extraction, and the data error correction is established through the model. Through ODBC technology to complete the link between heterogeneous power information system databases, and then select the data access interface and determine the data extraction task, and finally realize the data exchange between the heterogeneous power information system databases. Experimental results show that the average communication channel bandwidth during the data switching process is 1.8 Gb/s, the highest value of data switching accuracy reaches 82%, and the information utilization rate after data switching is relatively high, indicating that the method has certain effectiveness.

Growth performance and economic analysis of hybrid Catfish (Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus ♀ × Blue Catfish, I. furcatus ♂) and Channel Catfish (I. punctatus) produced in floating In-Pond Raceway System

The In-Pond Raceway System (IPRS) is a promising technology that addresses issues that have troubled the U.S. catfish industry for decades. This case study evaluated hybrid and Channel Catfish growth performance and economic efficiency in two sizes of floating IPRS units using two stocking density approaches. Each IPRS unit was placed into a 0.4 ha pond. In year 1, hybrids were raised in the IPRS and net yields ranged from 12,848 kg/ha to 15,330 kg/ha, with survival from 75%–97%. Individual hybrid Catfish harvest weights ranged from 671 to 825 g (268 days of production) with 90–97% of the fish in the premium size class (0.454–1.82 kg) and had a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.50–1.64. In year 2, Channel Catfish were raised in the IPRS, with net yields from 7,416 to 9,819 kg/ha, and survival from 67% to 94%. The average Channel Catfish weight at harvest ranged from 525 to 861 g (217 days of production) with 79–94% in the premium size class and a FCR range from 1.78 to 2.40. Total investment for each 63 m3 raceway was US$34,570 in year 1, plus an additional US$2,280 for year 2. Total investment for each 45 m3 raceway was US$14,949 in year 1, plus an additional US$2,280 for year 2. Income above variable cost was positive for all four raceways in year 1, though negative for large raceways when fixed costs were included. In year 2, all four raceways had negative incomes above variable costs and net returns. This IPRS study showed better performance and economic results for hybrid over Channel Catfish and further research is needed to assess more efficient management strategies for Channel Catfish and, also, to lower initial investment and production costs.

A Novel Gating Mechanism of Aquaporin-4 Water Channel Mediated by Blast Shockwaves for Brain Edema

As the principal water channel in the brain, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays a vital role in brain edema, but its role in blast brain edema is unclear. On the basis of molecular simulations, we reveal the atomically detailed picture of AQP4 in response to blast shockwaves. The results show that the shockwave alone closes the AQP4 channel; however, shock-induced bubble collapse opens it. The jet from bubble collapse forcefully increases the distance between helices and the tilt angles of six helices relative to the membrane vertical direction in a very short time. The average channel size increases about 2.6 times, and the water flux rate is nearly 20 times higher than for normal states. It is responsible for abnormal water transport and a potential cause of acute blast brain edema. Additionally, the open AQP4 channel quickly returns to its normal state, which is in turn helpful for edema absorption. Thus, a novel gating mechanism for AQP4 related to the secondary structure change has been provided, which is different from the previous residue-mediated gating mechanism.

Inherent Safety Characteristics of Lead Bismuth Eutectic-Cooled Accelerator Driven Subcritical Systems

An accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS) is a new nuclear energy system which could not only produce clean energy but also incinerate nuclear waste. In this paper, inherent safety analysis of an ADS is performed with neutronics and thermal-hydraulics coupled code named ARTAP. Five typical accidents are carried out, including the cases of proton beam interruption, transient overpower, reactivity insertion, loss of flow, and loss of heat sink. The transient simulations are performed in the average channel and the hottest channel of the fuel pin in the ADS core. The simulation results for beam interruption show that the highest temperature of the pellet is in the middle of the fuel element in the average channel, while the peak temperature of the cladding is in the top of the fuel element. After the beam is interrupted for 20s, the maximum temperature drops at the fuel center, the cladding inner surface, and the outlet coolant in the hottest channel are 644.46K, 162.27K, and 136.42K respectively. For transient overpower accidents with the increase of beam intensity, the maximum temperature of the fuel and the cladding are below the safety limit. Concerning the reactivity insertion accident, it is found that the ADS has good inherent safety and its margin of criticality safety is large. The calculation results for loss of flow show that the power drop is small due to low sensitivity of the subcritical core to negative reactivity feedback, and the maximum temperature of the cladding reaches 1726K, which means the fuel element would rupture. However, the power and the temperatures of fuel, cladding, and coolant could decrease quickly to the safety level after the proton accelerator is cut off under a loss of flow accident. The results also show that the peak temperature of the cladding is lower than the safety limit under a loss of heat sink accident. The present simulation results reveal that the ADS has a remarkable advantage against severe accidents. It also implies that its inherent safety characteristics could ensure reactor shutdown by cutting off the proton beam after accidents occur.

Average spectral efficiency of multi-pulse position with adaptive transmissions and aperture averaging over atmospheric turbulence

Abstract The analysis of average spectral efficiency (ASE) of multi-pulse position modulation (MPPM) scheme with optimal rate adaptation (ORA) and channel inversion with fixed rate (CIFR) adaptation schemes over the gamma–gamma free space optical (FSO) channel has been carried out in this paper. The performance of the adaptation schemes has been analyzed in terms of the average channel capacity and has been further scrutinized under the aperture averaging effects in moderate and strong atmospheric turbulence. For the first time, closed form expressions for MPPM with ORA and CIFR transmitter adaptation schemes have been derived in terms of Meijer’s G functions. Using the derived expressions, the performance of the two adaptation policies have been compared for different transmitter power and varying FSO length, MPPM modulation order and aperture averaging. The analysis results revealed that generally, ORA performs better than CIFR under the considered turbulence strength, modulation order and aperture averaging. However, aperture averaging offers more gain in ASE in strong turbulence than moderate turbulence for both ORA and CIFR. Furthermore, the results revealed that aperture averaging effects offers much more gain in ASE when used with CIFR than ORA.

Capacity Estimation for a DS-CDMA System in Nakagami-m Fading

Ιn this paper, a novel closed-form expression of the Shannon average channel capacity per user for direct- sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems, operating in Nakagami-m fading, with optimum RAKE reception, is obtained. Numerical results are also presented to illustrate the proposed mathematical analysis and to point out the effect of the fading severity on the user’s average channel capacity.

Throughput Analysis of α-κ-µ Extreme/Gamma Composite Fading Channel

In this paper, we consider α-κ-µ-Extreme/gamma composite fading channel model, which is used to characterize non-linear severe fading and shadowing impairments in enclosed wireless propagation scenarios. For this model, we first obtain the probability density function (PDF) expression for the received signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). Using the derived PDF, throughput analysis is provided by deriving expressions for the average channel capacity(ACC) and effective capacity(EC) in closed-form. The derived expressions are evaluated for several values of fading and shadowing indexes to study their effect on the ACC and EC. Furthermore, asymptotic analysis of ACC and EC are carried out to show better approximation under the high and low SNR regimes.

Performance Analysis of an IRS-Aided Wireless Communication System With Spatially Correlated Channels

An intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) assisted wireless communication system, with statistically correlated channels between the transmitter and the IRS pair and between the IRS and the receiver pair, is studied in the absence of channel state information (CSI). Assuming the phases added by IRS elements to be deterministic, the closed-form analytical expression for the symbol error probability (SEP) and the upper bound on the channel capacity are derived, with the transmitter employing binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation for data transmission. The asymptotic SEP expression is derived and the achievable diversity order of the system is shown to be independent of the number of IRS elements. A search based algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal phase at IRS minimizing the average SEP, as a equal phase configuration. The optimal equal phase is also found to maximize the average channel capacity. Numerical results are presented for the case of channels following a practical IRS correlation model.

Image Dehazing from Repeated Averaging Filters with Artificial Neural Network

Abstract: The physical process of converting an image signal into a physical image is known as image processing. Either a digital or analogue image signal can be used. An actual physical image or the attributes of an image can be the actual output. The logical process of detecting, identifying, classifying, measuring, and evaluating the relevance of physical and cultural items, their patterns, and spatial relationships is referred to as image processing. This paper presents a method for measuring ambient light from a single foggy image using Repeated Averaging Filters, which adds to greater radiance recovery. The problem of halo artefacts in the final output image after dehazing plagues existing dehazing algorithms. An averaged channel is created from a single image using recurrent averaging filters using integral images with artificial neural network, which is a faster and more efficient method of reducing halo artefacts. In terms of quantitative and computational analysis, the suggested dehazing method achieves competitive results and outperforms many earlier state-of-the-art solutions. Index Terms: Image Dehazing; Averaging Filter; Integral Image; Gaussian smoothing, Feed Forward Neural Network

Deposition, Characterization, and Performance of Spinel InGaZnO4

Polycrystalline indium–gallium–zinc oxide (IGZO) in the spinel phase was obtained by physical vapor deposition (PVD), using reactive sputtering from an IGZO target with In/Ga/Zn = 1:1:1 composition. The initial growth of spinel IGZO is investigated by X-ray diffraction measurements after annealing the film. Deposition of spinel IGZO initially starts as a mixed amorphous/c-axis-aligned crystalline (CAAC) film, after which a metastable spinel IGZO is formed. Using a template of polycrystalline spinel Ga2ZnO4, the growth of the spinel phase is immediately achieved and enables the electrical characterization of pure spinel IGZO channels in scaled thin-film field-effect transistors. The average effective channel field-effect mobility of spinel IGZO of 50 ± 10 cm2/(V s) is slightly higher than amorphous IGZO in the same devices. This is in line with a slightly lower effective electron mass, as is calculated with density functional theory. The calculated total energies and band gaps have similar values to CAAC-IGZO. This metastable nature identifies spinel IGZO as an intermediate phase before the onset of CAAC-IGZO formation during PVD. Spinel IGZO is an interesting alternative to amorphous IGZO (a-IGZO) and CAAC-IGZO because of potentially higher robustness to oxygen vacancy formation.

Investigation on Ultra-Compact 2DPC Coarse Wavelength Division Demultiplexer

A two dimensional Photonic Crystal (2DPC) based eight-channel wavelength division de-multiplexer is proposed and designed for Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) applications. The circular ring resonator, channel selector, circulator rod, L bend waveguide and linear bus waveguide are essential parts of the proposed system. The system’s functional parameters such as Transmission efficiency, resonant wavelength, spectral width, channel spacing, Quality factor and crosstalk investigated this paper. The eight different wavelengths of channels are filtered out by altering the size of channel selector rod, setting the radius of the circle shaped cavity and relative refractive index of circulator rod. Initially the Photonic Band gap (PBG) is manipulated by applying Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) method of the 2DPC structure. The functional parameters are analysed by Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method in periodic and non-periodic structure of the proposed system to arrive normalized transmission spectrum. The resonant wavelengths of designed eight paths of the device are varying from 1420nm to 1460nm with average spectral width and channel spacing are 5.8nm, 5.6nm respectively. The footprint of the device is 286.84μm2. Hence, this small device can be implemented for CWDM systems in Photonic Integrated Circuits (PIC)

An Effective Framework for the Classification of Retinopathy Grade and Risk of Macular Edema for Diabetic Retinopathy Images

It is well know that for a diabetic patient, Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a speedy spreading infection which results in total loss of vision. Hence for diabetic patient, prior DR identification is important issue to protect eyes furthermore supportive for opportune treatment. The DR identification should be possible physically and could likewise distinguished consequently. In previous framework, assessment of fundus pictures of retina for checking the phonological variety in Micro Aneurysms (MA), exudates, hemorrhages, macula and veins is a drawn-out and lavish errand. However in the robotized framework, picture handling strategies can be utilized for before DR identification. Here, a framework for DR discovery is proposed. To start with, the information picture is pre-prepared utilizing crossover CLAHE and circular average filter round normal channel and veins are extricated by Coye Filter. A short time later, picture is exposed to irregularities division, where division of MA, hemorrhages, exudates, and neovascularization are conveyed. Almost 36 distinct highlights are removed from sectioned pictures. A half breed salp swarm-feline multitude advancement (CSO) calculation is used for choosing the appropriate highlights. At last, an arrangement is conveyed by changed RNN-LSTM. Three orders are conveyed, (I) Classification of kind of retinopathy, (ii) Classification of evaluation of retinopathy, (iii) Risk of Macular Edema (ME). The order correctness’s got are: 99.73% for kind of DR, 95.6% for NPDR grade and 99.4% for NPDR Macular Edema Risk, 92.3% for PDR Macular Edema Risk. Our simulation results reveals that with Decision Tree (DT) and Random Forest (RF) Algorithm, this framework provides better results in terms of accuracy of affectability and explicitness and Precision.

Misalignment fading effects on the ACC performance of relay-assisted MIMO/FSO systems over atmospheric turbulence channels

<span>The continuous development of internet of things (IoT) technology enables many devices to be interconnected through the external environment. Meanwhile, 5G technology provides an enhanced quality of services with high data transmission rates, requiring IoT implementation in the 5G architecture. Free-space optical communication (FSO) is considered a promising technique that can provide high-speed communication links, so FSO is an optimal choice for wireless networks to fulfill the full potential of 5G technology, providing speeds of 100 Gb/s or more. By implementing 5G features in IoT, IoT coverage and performance will be enhanced by using FSO models. Therefore, the paper proposed and investigated the multiple-input and multiple-output/free-space optical communication (MIMO/FSO) model using subcarrier quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-QAM) and relay stations over atmospheric turbulence channels by log-normal and gamma-gamma distribution under different turbulence conditions. The performance is examined based on the average channel capacity (ACC), which is expressed in terms of average spectral efficiency (ASE) parameters while changing the different parameters of the model. The mathematical formulas of ACC for atmospheric turbulence cases are calculated and discussed the influence of turbulence strength, the different number of relay stations, misalignment effects, and different MIMO configurations.</span>

Intelligent Jamming Strategies for Secure Spectrum Sharing Systems

This paper investigates the secrecy performance of a spectrum sharing network, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> legitimate source-destination pairs orderly access the shared spectrum for communication, while an eavesdropper (E) attempts to tap the legitimate information transmission. To improve the physical layer security, we propose two jamming strategies that can intelligently switch between jamming and non-jamming, namely, suboptimal jammer selection (SJS) scheme and optimal jammer selection (OJS) scheme. Specifically, when a user pair is assigned to access the shared spectrum, another source is chosen as a friendly jammer in order to create intentional interference at E. For the purpose of comparison, we present the non-jammer selection (NJS) scheme as a benchmark. Analytical closed-form secrecy outage probability expressions of NJS, SJS and OJS schemes are derived over Nakagami-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> fading channels. We further present an asymptotic secrecy outage probability analysis to evaluate the secrecy diversity gain performance of NJS, SJS and OJS schemes. Numerical results show that the secrecy outage probability performance of OJS scheme is better than SJS and NJS schemes in the low average channel power gain <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathop \Omega \nolimits _{D} }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> region. Furthermore, the secrecy outage probabilities of NJS as well as SJS and OJS schemes converge to each other with the increase of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathop \Omega \nolimits _{D} }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, due to the fact that the OJS and SJS scheme will switch to NJS scheme when <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathop \Omega \nolimits _{D} }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> tends to infinity.

Особенности каталитической трансформации метанола в углеводороды в условиях микроструктурированных потоков

The methanol into hydrocarbons transformation is a complex catalytic reaction accompanied by the formation of a wide range of hydrocarbons and proceeding on the surface of acid sites of various zeolites. Zeolite H-ZSM-5 considered to be most often used catalyst for this process. H-ZSM-5 is a highly dispersed material with a crystal diameter of 1–20 microns, which complicates its direct use in reactors with a fixed catalyst bed due to the high hydraulic pressure drop of the catalytic bed. Traditionally in industry, this issue is solved by using complex reactor systems with a fluidized bed, which is justified for large-scale production. In small and medium-size plants, the use of fluidized bed systems is not economically feasible. One of the possible solutions to this problem is the use of a monolithic catalyst with a supported layer of H-ZSM-5 zeolite. This article presents a study of the catalytic activity of a zeolite-containing microstructured monolith in methanol into hydrocarbons transformation. The monolith was synthesized by pressing a zeolite-containing mass followed by drying, calcining, and secondary growth of the zeolite on the monolith surface. A sample of a monolith with an average channel diameter of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm were synthesized this way. Samples of the microstructured catalyst were tested at varying temperatures from 250 to 450 °C and at varying the specific methanol feed rate from 0.65 to 2.3 kg (MeOH)/(kg (Cat) h). For this purpose, the monolithic catalyst was placed in a reactor for testing microstructured catalysts, which consisted of a pump, a temperature controller, a catalytic reactor, a condenser, a separating funnel, and a chromatograph. Varying the conditions showed that for the preferential production of gaseous C1–C4 hydrocarbons, it is advisable to carry out the reaction under the following conditions: the average diameter of the catalyst channels is 2 mm, the reaction temperature is 350 °C, the methanol feed rate is 1.65 kg (MeOH)/(kg (Cat) h). For the predominant formation of liquid hydrocarbons of the C5–C8 fraction, it is advisable to carry out the transformation of methanol into hydrocarbons under the following conditions: the average diameter of the catalyst channels is 1 mm, the reaction temperature is 350 °C, the methanol feed rate is 0.65 kg (MeOH) / (kg (Cat) h). For the predominant formation of liquid hydrocarbons of the C9–C12 fraction, it is advisable to carry out the transformation of methanol into hydrocarbons under the following conditions: the average diameter of the catalyst channels is 0.5 mm, the reaction temperature is 350 °C, and the methanol feed rate is 0.65 kg (MeOH) / (kg (Cat) h).

Hybrid Dual-Hop RF/FSO Terrestrial-Deep Space Communication System under Solar Scintillation during Superior Solar Conjunction

Free-space optical communication (FSO) technology has wide prospects in deep space exploration, but it will encounter coronal turbulence during superior solar conjunction, and solar scintillation will seriously affect the communication quality. In this paper, we propose a terrestrial–deep space hybrid radio frequency (RF)/FSO system with the hybrid L-pulse position modulation-binary phase shift keying-subcarrier intensity modulation (L-PPM–BPSK–SIM) scheme, where the RF channel of the satellite-terrestrial relay follows the Rayleigh distribution, and the FSO channel of the relay satellite to the deep space probe adopts Gamma–Gamma distribution. Considering the pointing error, the expression of the bit error rate (BER), the outage probability, and the average channel capacity of the hybrid system are derived. In addition, we evaluated the influence of coronal turbulence parameters on the system through amplitude fluctuations. The simulation results demonstrate that the hybrid RF/FSO system improves the BER performance by 10 to 30 times in a deep space environment, and the use of a hybrid modulation can further reduce the BER. The non-Kolmogorov spectral index, outer scale, solar wind density fluctuation factor, and optical wavelength comprehensively affect the BER through amplitude fluctuations. Our research results have potential application value for evaluating the link performance of future deep space communications.

On the Zero-Outage Secrecy-Capacity of Dependent Fading Wiretap Channels

It is known that for a slow fading Gaussian wiretap channel without channel state information at the transmitter and with statistically independent fading channels, the outage probability of any given target secrecy rate is non-zero, in general. This implies that the so-called zero-outage secrecy capacity (ZOSC) is zero and we cannot transmit at any positive data rate reliably and confidentially. When the fading legitimate and eavesdropper channels are statistically dependent, this conclusion changes significantly. Our work shows that there exist dependency structures for which positive zero-outage secrecy rates (ZOSR) are achievable. In this paper, we are interested in the characterization of these dependency structures and we study the system parameters in terms of the number of observations at legitimate receiver and eavesdropper as well as average channel gains for which positive ZOSR are achieved. First, we consider the setting that there are two paths from the transmitter to the legitimate receiver and one path to the eavesdropper. We show that by introducing a proper dependence structure among the fading gains of the three paths, we can achieve a zero secrecy outage probability (SOP) for some positive secrecy rate. In this way, we can achieve a non-zero ZOSR. We conjecture that the proposed dependency structure achieves maximum ZOSR. To better understand the underlying dependence structure, we further consider the case where the channel gains are from finite alphabets and systematically and globally solve the ZOSC. In addition, we apply the rearrangement algorithm to solve the ZOSR for continuous channel gains. The results indicate that the legitimate link must have an advantage in terms of the number of antennas and average channel gains to obtain positive ZOSR. The results motivate further studies into the optimal dependency structures.

Influence of Cooling Scenarios on the Evolution of Microstructures in Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloys

The reprecipitation and evolution of γ’ precipitates during various cooling approaches from supersolvus temperature are studied experimentally and via phase field simulation in nickel-based single crystal superalloys. The focus of this paper is to explore the influence of cooling methods on the evolution of the morphology and the distribution of γ’ precipitates. It is demonstrated that small and uniform spherical shape γ’ particles formed with air cooling method. When the average cooling rate decreases, the particle number decreases while the average matrix and precipitate channel widths increase. The shape of γ’ precipitates which changed from spherical to cubic and irregular characteristics due to the elastic interaction and elements diffusion are observed with the decrease of the average cooling rate. The phase field simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results in this paper. The research is a benefit for the study of the rejuvenation heat treatment in re-service nickel-based superalloys.

An adaptive q-Lognormal model towards the computation of average channel capacity in slow fading channels

The characterization of multipath fading and shadowing in wireless communication systems is essential towards the evaluation of various performance measures. It is well known that the statistical characterization of shadowing phenomena is captured by distributions viz., log-normal distribution, gamma distribution and other mixture distributions. However, it is observed that the log-normal distribution fails to characterize the outliers in the fading signal. The extreme fluctuations in the fading signal needs to be characterized efficiently for error free computation of the various performance metrics. In this context, this paper portrays an adaptive generalized Tsallis’ non-extensive q-Lognormal model towards the characterization of various fading channels. This model operates well with the synthesized fading signals and captures the wide range of tail fluctuations to adapt different fading scenarios. The significance and applicability of the proposed novel q-lognormal model in capturing the slow fading channels is validated using different statistical tests viz., chi-square test and symmetric JS measure. Furthermore, essential performance measures viz., the average channel capacity, closed form expression of cumulative distribution function (CDF) in terms of Gauss-Hypergeometric function \({}_2{F_1}\left[ {\mathrm{{a, b, c; z}}} \right] \), moment generating function, higher order moments corresponding to q-Lognormal channel capacity and coefficient of variation is evaluated corresponding to the proposed q-lognormal model performing extensive Monte-Carlo simulation techniques up to \(O(10^7)\).

HARQ Optimization for PDCP Duplication-Based 5G URLLC Dual Connectivity

Packet duplication (PD) with dual connectivity (DC) was newly introduced in the 5G New Radio (NR) specifications to meet the stringent ultra reliable low latency communication (URLLC) requirements. PD technology uses duplicated packets in the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer that are transmitted via two different access nodes (ANs) to the user equipment (UE) in order to enhance the reliability performance. However, PD can result in unnecessary retransmissions in the lower layers since the hybrid automatic retransmission request (HARQ) operation is unaware of the transmission success achieved through the alternate DC link to the UE. To overcome this issue, in this paper, a novel duplication-aware retransmission optimization (DRO) scheme is proposed to reduce the resource usage induced by unnecessary HARQ retransmissions. The proposed DRO scheme can minimize the average channel use while satisfying the URLLC requirements. The proposed DRO scheme derives the optimal HARQ retransmission attempts for different ANs by solving a nonlinear integer programming (NLIP) problem. The performance of the proposed DRO scheme was evaluated using MATLAB simulation and is compared to the existing 5G HARQ support schemes. The simulations results show that the proposed DRO scheme can provide a 14.71% and 15.11% reduced average channel use gain compared to the selective data duplication upon failure (SDUF) scheme and latency-aware dynamic multi-connectivity algorithm (LADMA) scheme, respectively, which are the existing 5G PD schemes that use HARQ.