Average Amount Of Money Research Articles

Factors Affecting to Saving of Enterprise Employees in Oudomxay Province

The study of the factors affecting the saving of state enterprise employees in Oudomxay province aims to study the behavior of saving and factors affecting the saving of state enterprise employees within Oudomxay province. Which used a questionnaire to collect data from a sample group of 183 people using basic statistics and analyzed it with the least square regression analysis model (Ordinary Least Square). The result of the study found that most of the reasons why state enterprise employees decide to save money are for security in life, accounting for 79.78%, with the people who influence the decision to save money the most being themselves, and accounting for 49.18%, of which 57.38% do not specify the exact amount of saving money. The method of saving money is deducted from the salary account, accounting for 45.36%. The average amount of money that can be saved per month is between 500,001 - 2,000,000 kip. Covering 56.28%, with most of the average frequency of saving money per month being 1 time covering 76.50%, the selected period of ablution is indefinite, covering 49.46%. The form of withdrawal is depositing at banks or financial institutions, covering 94.54%, and the goal of withdrawing money is mainly to spend in emergencies, covering 65.57%, with 100% choosing to continue withdrawing money, and if they continue to withdraw, they will withdraw as before, covering 55.19%. The factors that affect retirement in the same direction include: interest rate, retirement preparation, and monthly income, number of branches of the institution, interesting promotion activities, and expectation of results. The correlation factors in the opposite direction include: daily life expenses, travel transaction fees, and health expenses, with a statistical significance level of 99%, 95%, and 90%, respectively.

Modeling and controlling the spread of epidemic with various social and economic scenarios.

We propose a dynamical model for describing the spread of epidemics. This model is an extension of the SIQR (susceptible-infected-quarantined-recovered) and SIRP (susceptible-infected-recovered-pathogen) models used earlier to describe various scenarios of epidemic spreading. As compared to the basic SIR model, our model takes into account two possible routes of contagion transmission: direct from the infected compartment to the susceptible compartment and indirect via some intermediate medium or fomites. Transmission rates are estimated in terms of average distances between the individuals in selected social environments and characteristic time spans for which the individuals stay in each of these environments. We also introduce a collective economic resource associated with the average amount of money or income per individual to describe the socioeconomic interplay between the spreading process and the resource available to infected individuals. The epidemic-resource coupling is supposed to be of activation type, with the recovery rate governed by the Arrhenius-like law. Our model brings an advantage of building various control strategies to mitigate the effect of epidemic and can be applied, in particular, to modeling the spread of COVID-19.

Willingness to pay for cataract surgery and associated factors among cataract patients in Outreach Site, North West Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, cataract surgery is mainly provided by donors free of charge through outreach programs. Assessing willingness to pay for patients for cataract surgery will help explain how the service is valued by the beneficiaries and design a domestic source of finance to sustain a program. Although knowledge concerning willingness to pay for cataract surgery is substantive for developing a cost-recovery model, the existed knowledge is limited and not well-addressed. Therefore, the study aimed to assess willingness to pay for cataract surgery and associated factors among cataract patients in Outreach Site, North West Ethiopia. A cross-sectional outreach-based study was conducted on 827 cataract patients selected through a simple random sampling method in Tebebe Gion Specialized Hospital, North West Ethiopia, from 10/11/2018 to 14/11/2018. The data were collected using a contingent valuation elicitation approach to elicit the participants' maximum willingness to pay through face to face questionnaire interviews. The descriptive data were organized and presented using summary statistics, frequency distribution tables, and figures accordingly. Factors assumed to be associate with a willingness to pay were identified using a Tobit regression model with a p-value of <0.05 and confidence interval (CI ≠ 0). The study involved 827 cataract patients, and their median age was 65years. About 55% of the participants were willing to pay for the surgery. The average amount of money willing to pay was 17.5USD (95% CI; 10.5, 35.00) and It was significantly associated with being still worker (β = 26.66, 95% CI: 13.03, 40.29), being educated (β = 29.16, 95% CI: 2.35, 55.97), free from ocular morbidity (β = 28.48, 95% CI: 1.08, 55.90), duration with the condition, (β = -1.69, 95% CI: -3.32, -0.07), admission laterality (β = 21.21, 95% CI: 3.65, 38.77) and remained visual ability (β = -0.29, 95% CI (-0.55, -0.04). Participants' willingness to pay for cataract surgery in outreach Sites is much lower than the surgery's actual cost. Early intervention and developing a cost-recovery model with multi-tiered packages attributed to the neediest people as in retired, less educated, severely disabled is strategic to increase the demand for service uptake and service accessibility.

Contingent valuation of road traffic noise: A case study in China

It is necessary to conduct an economic valuation of noise control to justify the high potential costs of traffic noise mitigation. This study was based on a combined social survey on community responses to road traffic noise and contingent valuations of noise reduction in China. The results showed that the number of highly annoyed people increased rapidly with exposure to road traffic noise, particularly when the exposure level exceeded 70 dBA. The average amount of money that households were willing to pay to reduce the noise was 162.64 RMB. The residents' willingness to pay (WTP) was affected significantly by their annoyance level and three other factors, namely, age, income, and the noise prevention method used before. The residents' WTP increased non-linearly with noise exposure level: at 55 dBA, the average WTP for a 1 dB reduction was about 2.12 RMB per household and about 4.74 RMB at 70 dBA.

Positional Consumption and the Wedding Industry

Recent decades have seen substantial increases in the average amount of money spent on wedding ceremonies in economically developed countries. This article develops an account of wedding expenditure as a form of positional competition where participation involves purchasing services in a market. The main emphasis is on the role that conspicuously expensive weddings can play in enabling certain kinds of signalling, most notably the signalling of commitment to a personal relationship and a distinct signalling of personal wealth. The analysis seeks to demonstrate how wedding expenditure is both similar to but distinct from the positional consumption associated with markets in other goods and services. While much of the work in this article is descriptive, it aims to complement more normatively engaged work on the moral status of marriage, and on the proper evaluation and response to excessive positional consumption.

Health professionals' willingness to pay and associated factors for cervical cancer screening program at College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia.

IntroductionCervical cancer is a major public health problem in developing countries like Ethiopia. Cervical cancer screening service has been offered to high-risk groups in Ethiopia since 2013. However, there is no evidence on the willingness to pay for the screening. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the female health professionals’ willingness to pay for cervical cancer screening at the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsInstitutional based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the health professionals’ willingness to pay for the cervical screening from March to April, 2018. Simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants from a list of female health professionals who has been working for the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar. The data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. Tobit models were used to identify factors which had statistical significant association with willingness to pay for cervical cancer screening service.ResultsA total of 392 respondents participated in the study with a response rate of 92.7%. The majority (83.4%) of participants were willing to pay for cervical cancer screening. The average amount of money they were willing to pay was ETB 194.7 (US$7.16) per service. Age ≥ 30 years, educational status, perceived seriousness of cervical cancer, perceived quality of cervical cancer screening service and monthly income were significantly associated with willingness to pay for cervical cancer screening.ConclusionHigh proportion of study participants were willing to pay for cervical cancer screening. Therefore, the policy makers can scale-up cervical cancer screening by setting appropriate fee for service charge. They can also raise awareness of cervical cancer and offer quality service in order to increase the benefits of the program.

Private Car Users’ Willingness to Pay for Designated Parking Spaces in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

The study examined the private car users’ willingness to pay for designated parking spaces in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. This is with a view to providing information for sustainable provision of car park and its inherent facilities in major activity centers of the urban environment. Data were obtained from 167 private car users in major activity centers of the study area through purposive sampling technique. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Relative Willingness Index (RWI) in the study area showed that the car users were most willing to pay for ‘surface car park’ and ‘shared car park’ with indices of 4.47 and 3.39 respectively. The basic car park attributes preferred were: car washing service, toilet facilities, security service and surveillance cameras among others. It was also established that the willingness to pay (WTP) for parking space varied directly with the education (primary RWI= 2.97; secondary RWI= 3.44; tertiary RWI= 4.15) and income statuses (low RWI= 2.72, middle RWI= 3.61; high RWI= 3.94) of the users. The minimum, maximum and average amount of money that the users could afford and willing to pay after using parking space and inherent facilities were respectively N50, N250 and N175 (US$1 = N365). The study concluded that the information obtained on the car owners’ WTP for parking space and associated facilities could be effective device in the hands of policy makers and private investors at ensuring that the problems of the unavailability of car parks in the urban environment are curbed.

Rigorous Results for the Distribution of Money on Connected Graphs

This paper is concerned with general spatially explicit versions of three stochastic models for the dynamics of money that have been introduced and studied numerically by statistical physicists: the uniform reshuffling model, the immediate exchange model and the model with saving propensity. All three models consist of systems of economical agents that consecutively engage in pairwise monetary transactions. Computer simulations performed in the physics literature suggest that, when the number of agents and the average amount of money per agent are large, the distribution of money at equilibrium approaches the exponential distribution for the first model, the gamma distribution with shape parameter two for the second model and a gamma distribution whose shape parameter depends on the saving propensity for the third model. The main objective of this paper is to give rigorous proofs of and extend these conjectures to generalizations of the first two models and a variant of the third model that include local rather than global interactions, i.e., instead of choosing the two interacting agents uniformly at random from the system, the agents are located on the vertex set of a general connected graph and can only interact with their neighbors.

Anterior insula signals inequalities in a modified Ultimatum Game

Studies employing the Ultimatum Game (UG) which involves two parties (i.e., proposers and responders) splitting some money have suggested the role that anterior insula (AI) plays in detecting fairness norm violation, i.e., violation of the responder’s expectation of receiving equal splits from the proposer. In this study, we explored how AI would respond when there existed simultaneously another expectation of being treated equivalently as others. Participants acted as responders and would be informed about both the offers they received and the average amount of money the same proposer offered to others. Hence we introduced different conditions where participants were treated equivalently or not equivalently as other responders in UG. Participants could decide to accept or reject the offer with acceptance leading to the suggested split and rejection leaving both parties nothing. Behavioral results showed that participants rejected more unfair offers and reacted more slowly during acceptance (vs. rejection) of offers when they were offered less than others. At the neural level, stronger AI activation was observed when participants received unfair relative to fair offers, as well as when they received unequal relative to equal offers. Moreover, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dmPFC/dACC) exhibited greater activity during receiving unequal (vs. equal) offers and during acceptance (vs. rejection) of offers which were less than others’. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that the treatment of others modulated both behavioral responses to unfairness and neural correlates of the fairness-related decision-making process, and that AI played a general role in detecting norm violations.

Rigorous Proof of the Boltzmann–Gibbs Distribution of Money on Connected Graphs

Models in econophysics, i.e., the emerging field of statistical physics that applies the main concepts of traditional physics to economics, typically consist of large systems of economic agents who are characterized by the amount of money they have. In the simplest model, at each time step, one agent gives one dollar to another agent, with both agents being chosen independently and uniformly at random from the system. Numerical simulations of this model suggest that, at least when the number of agents and the average amount of money per agent are large, the distribution of money converges to an exponential distribution reminiscent of the Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution of energy in physics. The main objective of this paper is to give a rigorous proof of this result and show that the convergence to the exponential distribution is universal in the sense that it holds more generally when the economic agents are located on the vertices of a connected graph and interact locally with their neighbors rather than globally with all the other agents. We also study a closely related model where, at each time step, agents buy with a probability proportional to the amount of money they have, and prove that in this case the limiting distribution of money is Poissonian.

Willingness to Pay for Community Based Health Insurance among Households in the Rural Community of Fogera District, North West Ethiopia

Introduction: Community-based health insurance schemes are becoming increasingly recognized as a tool to finance health care in developing countries. The Ethiopian government is now implementing community-based health insurance for citizens in the informal and agriculture sectors as a pilot basis. Objective: This study was conducted to assess the willingness to pay for community based health insurance and associated factors among household heads in the rural community of Fogera district, North West Ethiopia, 2013. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted. Multistage sampling technique was undertaken to get a total of 528 households. Pre-tested, structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect the desired data. Double-Bounded Dichotomous Choice Variant of the contingent valuation method was used to assess the maximum willingness to pay for the schemes, and a multiple linear regression equation model was used to answer how much one is willing to pay once one decides to enroll in the scheme. The degree of association between independent and dependent variables were assessed using coefficient and p-value. Results: The study revealed that, 80% of respondents expressed willingness to enroll in the community-based health insurance system. The average amount of money willing to pay for the scheme was 187.4Birr per household per annual. Based on the multiple linear regression model; being male [B=17.28], large household size [B= 4.54], schooling experience [B=1.85], farmer household [B=33.79], merchant household [B=58.50], richer household [B=14.94] were significantly associated with the willingness to pay for community based health insurance scheme. Conclusion and recommendation the willingness to pay for the Community-based health insurance scheme was encouraging. However, the amount of the premium should consider the family size, wealth status and the willingness of the households.

Increasing access to modern contraceptives: the potential role of community solidarity through altruistic contributions

BackgroundThere is an urgent need for universal access to modern contraceptives in Nigeria, to facilitate the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and other national goals. This study provides information on the potential role of community solidarity in increasing access to contraceptives for the most-poor people through exploration of the role of altruism by determining level of altruistic willingness to pay (WTP) for modern contraceptives across different geographic contexts in Nigeria.MethodsIt was a cross-sectional national survey which took place in six states spread across the six-geopolitical zones of the country. In each state, an urban and a rural area were selected for the study, giving a total of 6 urban and 6 rural sites. A pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from at least 720 randomly selected householders from each state. The targeted respondent in a household was a female primary care giver of child bearing age (usually the wives), or in her absence, another female household member of child bearing age. A scenario on altruistic WTP was presented before the value was elicited using a binary with open-ended follow-up question format. Test of validity of elicited altruistic WTP was undertaken using Tobit regression.FindingsMore than 50 % of the respondents across all the states were willing to contribute some money so that the very poor would be provided with modern contraceptives. The average amount of money that people were willing to contribute annually was 650 Naira (US$4.5). Mean altruistic WTP differed across SES quintiles and urban-rural divide (p < .01). Multiple regression analysis showed that age was negatively related to altruistic WTP (p < 0.05). However, years of schooling, being employed by government or being a big business person, prior experience of paying for contraceptives and socioeconomic status had statistically significant effects on altruistic WTP (p < 0.05).ConclusionThere is room for community solidarity to ensure that the very poor benefit from modern contraceptives and assure universal coverage with modern contraceptives. The factors that determine altruistic WTP should be harnessed to ensure that altruistic contributions are actually made. The challenge will be how to collect and pool the altruistic contributions for purchasing and delivering modern contraceptives to the most-poor, within the context of community financing.

Personal Luck Usage Scale (PLUS): psychometric validation of a measure of gambling-related belief in luck as a personal possession

Luck is by definition a random event. However, many people believe luck to be something it is not – an internal, personal quality. An obstacle for understanding personal luck and its sequelae among gamblers has been the lack of a psychometrically sound measure. The current paper reports the development of the Personal Luck Usage Scale (PLUS). In Studies 1 and 2 (Ns = 347 and 361, respectively), a one-dimensional, eight-item scale emerged and was subsequently confirmed among university-aged gamblers. Importantly, the PLUS was distinguishable from a general belief in luck (Study 2). In Study 3 (N = 60), a behavioural consequence of belief in personal luck was assessed among a community sample of gamblers. Specifically, PLUS scores were positively associated with the average amount of money spent in a gambling session. The implications of a belief in gambling-related personal luck for the progression and maintenance of problem gambling are discussed.

Reports of evidence planting by police among a community-based sample of injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand

BackgroundDrug policy in Thailand has relied heavily on law enforcement-based approaches. Qualitative reports indicate that police in Thailand have resorted to planting drugs on suspected drug users to extort money or provide grounds for arrest. The present study sought to describe the prevalence and factors associated with this form of evidence planting by police among injection drug users (IDU) in Bangkok.MethodsMultivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with evidence planting of drugs by police among a community-based sample of IDU in Bangkok. We also examined the prevalence and average amount of money paid by IDU to police in order to avoid arrest.Results252 IDU were recruited between July and August, 2008, among whom 66 (26.2%) were female and the median age was 36.5 years. In total, 122 (48.4%) participants reported having drugs planted on them by police. In multivariate analyses, this form of evidence planting was positively associated with midazolam use (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.84; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.58 - 5.11), recent non-fatal overdose (AOR = 2.56; 95%CI: 1.40 - 4.66), syringe lending (AOR = 2.08; 95%CI: 1.19 - 3.66), and forced drug treatment (AOR = 1.88; 95%CI: 1.05 - 3.36). Among those who reported having drugs planted on them, 59 (48.3%) paid police a bribe in order to avoid arrest.ConclusionA high proportion of community-recruited IDU participating in this study reported having drugs planted on them by police. Drug planting was found to be associated with numerous risk factors including syringe sharing and participation in government-run drug treatment programs. Immediate action should be taken to address this form of abuse of power reportedly used by police.

The problems of medical malpractice litigation in Japan:: The significant factors responsible for the tendency of patients to avoid litigation

The present research has demonstrated that the Japanese tendency to avoid medical malpractice litigation can be ascribed to Japan's medical malpractice litigation system, and not the Japanese legal consciousness. From this standpoint, the present research has made clear the specific problem areas of the litigation system by looking at all cases from the last 10 years in the main district courts. The total average time taken for medical malpractice litigation is 3.0 years – much longer than the average time for normal litigation. Furthermore, the average amount of money needed to bring a medical malpractice complaint was 2,200,000¥, far too much for the patient's family to bear. We have also demonstrated to what extent the amount is inversely related to the patient's age. Naturally, it is possible to bring a case without reliance on a lawyer, but in 90.0% of cases a lawyer was employed, and the success rate of litigants that had not employed a lawyer was 0%. Through the above discussion, we have show the present situation regarding time and costs in medical malpractice litigation, and it is suggested that these are the important reasons why medical malpractice disputants demonstrate a tendency to avoid litigation.

TRENDS IN FOOD CONSUMPTION

The Annual Report of the National Food Survey Committee, published recently, gives detailed analyses of household food consumption, expenditure and nutritional levels in Great Britain in 1987, based on detailed records kept by over 7000 households throughout the UK. The average amount of money spent on food consumed at home (excluding alcohol, confectionery and pet food) was £10.44 per person per week.