Avar Language Research Articles

Речевые формулы, обслуживающие бытовой дискурс шангодинского говора аварского языка

<p>The article is devoted to the study of the formulas of speech etiquette, the most common in everyday communication of the speakers of the Shangodinsky speech of the Andalal dialect of the Avar language. The relevance of the study is due to the following factors: 1) the real threat of the disappearance of this speech (today, less than a hundred people live in the village of Shangoda; 2) the lack of a special scientific study of the speech in Shangoda, the data on which are scarce and contradictory. The main research objective of the presented article is to describe the communicative functions of etiquette formulas used in the everyday discourse of the Shangodinsky speech of the Andalal dialect, with the identification of their pragmatic and semantic potential. To solve this problem, the following research methods were used: synchronous-descriptive (for a systematic description of various types of etiquette formulas), a functional method (for a communicative-semantic analysis of speech etiquette formulas); method of component analysis (for the analysis of the semantic structure of speech formulas). The method of introspection also turned out to be in demand in the work. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the involvement in scientific circulation of previously unexplored original etiquette vocabulary from the sphere of everyday discourse of one of the unexplored dialects of the Avar language. The results obtained in this connection are new. They have a certain scientific and practical significance for linguistic Dagestan studies. The practical significance of the study conducted in this article lies in the fact that the results obtained in the course of the study can be used in the preparation of special courses on the theory of speech acts, on the principles of discourse construction, as well as in the preparation of lectures on ethno-linguistics, intercultural communication and linguoculturology for the Dagestan audience.</p>

Морфологический портрет имени прилагательного аварского языка

<p>The article examines the topical issues of distinguishing possessive adjectives as an independent category of words in the Dagestan languages, which are relevant not only for Dagestan studies, but also for general language studies and are ambiguously interpreted in the linguistic literature. The study investigates the implementation of grammatical categories in the structure of the Avar adjectives, which have not found adequate coverage in the Avar studies. This paper considers the issues of the grammatical status of genitive forms of the name, functioning in the attributive form, which are being actively discussed in Caucasian studies. In this research we also determine the grammatical status of comparative constructions formed on the basis of traditional persistent comparisons, qualified in the scientific literature as either compound adjectives or phraseological expressions. It is noted the possibility of realization of possessive relations not only by a noun in the genitive case, but also by a noun in the nominative form. Along with the descriptive method, the article applies the comparative-typological method. For the purpose of comparison and typological analysis the material of related Dagestan languages is used. A number of illustrative materials are introduced into scientific usage for the first time. The obtained results suggest that in the Avar language, in contrast to most related Dagestan languages, along with genitive forms of name in the attributive function morphologically formed possessive adjectives are presented.</p>

Historical Memory of Derivational and Form-building Affixes of Dagestanian Languages

The article deals with the role of scientific etymology in restoring the origin of the word. The historical patterns, nature, and nature of the changes, development, and improvement of the language are analyzed. Attention is paid to the process of restoring historical memory as a powerful tool of knowledge. The article deals with the etymological semantics of the formants of the case system, the genesis of the ergative system, the historical memory of the class indicators of Avar language in correlation with the materials of other Dagestan languages. The paper examines the inner essence of language development in a comparative aspect. The importance of the concept of language development and the reconstruction of the forms of language units in both diachronic and synchronic terms is noted.

Comparative study of caucasian languages

The authors explore the Avar language, which has not yet been sufficiently studied and is waiting for a detailed linguistic characterization by specialists. Following the scientific tradition of reconstruction of the protolanguage, this question is relevant for the Avar language: the language on which Avar is based is not historically attested, unlike in the case of French, whose development can be traced back over the centuries. Comparative study of Caucasian languages has become especially popular in recent years. The choice of French, one of the most scrutinized languages of global cultural significance, as the external etalon is explained not only by the lack of similar works in Avar linguistic literature but also by the fact that French linguists, who have long been researching Caucasian languages, particularly Avar, regrettably, neglect the comparative aspect of research.

СИНТАКСИС ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ АВАРСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The article is devoted to the study of the syntax of the phraseological units of the Avar language. In a sentence, phraseological units most often act as semantic equivalents of phrases and words. Phraseological units enrich the language with imagery, capacity, depth, therefore they are more often found in the works of oral folk art. A comprehensive study of the syntax of the phraseological units of the Avar language allows you to get an idea about the features of their functioning and about their main structural, semantic and stylistic types.

Culturological Aspect of Russian Interpretation of Avar Literary Works (based On “My Daghestan” by R. Gamzatov)

The topic of this article is up-to-date due to the fact that the problems of adequate Russian interpretation of My Daghestan book by Rasul Gamzatov are not completely solved yet. Moreover, the urgency of further solvation of this problem is complicated by the fact that all translations of this book into other languages are done on the basis of its Russian version. Thus all the flops in the Russian interpretation are kept in the translations into other languages as well. The main objective of the article is to claim attention to the importance of original ethnic context for proper reflection of the cultural peculiarities. The source for research is taken from My Daghestan book by R. Gamzatov in the original (Avar), as well as from its Russian interpretation done by V. Soloukhin. The main approach in the research is the method of comparative analysis of the original text and its interpretation. The given research results in the conclusion that lack of ethnic cultural knowledge of the Avar language world picture as well as the differences between ethnic and cultural values led to some certain mistakes in Russian interpretation of the text. In some cases the interpreter doesnt perform literary images corresponding to the original and to Daghestan mentality, instead leading to lack of original artistic and emotional impressions in the translation. The interpreter has also some difficulties with transmission of the original text by Rasul Gamzatov from one linguistic and cultural sphere into other, not though on the reason that it is unknown, but because it is strange for him. We should admit that while interpreting the text it is inevitable for the interpreter to use some of his individual thinking. But the best adequate interpretation needs maximum keeping to the characteristic features of the original. The individualism of the interpreter must not interfere.

THE LANGUAGE OF ORAL FOLK ART AS A SOURCE OF FORMATION OF THE AVAR LITERARY LANGUAGE

Oral and poetic creativity played a huge role in the development of the Avar language, in particular, in the for-mation, formation and development of written and literary norms. It was folklore that had a beneficial influence on the formation and development of the narrative genres of Avar fiction. Already at the dawn of its develop-ment, Avar fiction used all the expressive means of colloquial speech developed in folklore. The hammered syllable of the oral and poetic creativity of the Avars, its rich vocabulary, complex syntactic constructions were the basis for the formation of written literary norms.

REVIEW. Khapizov Sh.M., Shekhmagomedov M.G. Ibrahim-Haji from Urada (1701-1770) and his era: studies on history and life. Makhachkala, 2021. ISBN 978-5-6045929-0-8

The present review discusses the collective monograph “Ibrahim-Haji from Urada (1701-1770) and his era: studies on history and life” (Makhachkala, 2021), which is a significant contribution to Caucasian studies. Given the fact that in recent years in historical science there has been an increased interest in the personality of Ibrahim-Haji al-Uradi, the comprehensive monograph sheds light on many aspects of the life and work of the outstanding scholar and expert in Islamic law and grammar of the Avar language, author of poems in Avar, theologian, one of the ideologists of the struggle between the Dagestanis and Nadir Shah, Qadi of Gidatl. The authors of the collective monograph, using a rich documentary base, carry out a scrupulous reconstruction of political events in the Caucasus of the period under study, and against this background analyze the life and work of Ibrahim-Haji al-Uradi. For the first time in modern Caucasian studies, the authors have introduced a number of Georgian, Turkish and Iranian primary sources, which help to reveal a more complete picture of the events in the Eastern Caucasus and the entire Caucasian region as a whole in the second half of the 18th century. Moreover, the authors attracted Arabic-language sources from private manuscript collections from Gidatl and the contents of the collections from the Collection of Oriental Manuscripts of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the DFRC RAS. In addition to that, it is necessary to mention the private and mosque manuscript collections of Dagestan. In total, the authors have attracted more than 2000 works in their work. This study undoubtedly occupies a worthy place along with other works devoted to the life and work of Ibrahim-Hajji al-Uradi.

THE FIRST DICTIONARY OF THE ANDALAL DIALECT OF THE AVAR LANGUAGE (BOOK REVIEW: SAIDOVA P.A. DICTIONARY OF THE ANDALAL DIALECT OF THE AVAR LANGUAGE)

We present for your consideration the review of the book: “Saidova P.A. Dictionary of the Andalal dialect of the Avar language”.

PROBLEMS OF THE AVAR WRITING AND WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION

The article gives a brief history of the emergence of writing in the Avar language, shows some ways that, in our opinion, will help improve the script and spelling rules of this language.

NOTES ON THE WRITING OF THE AVAR LANGUAGE OF THE PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

The article gives a brief history of the emergence of writing in the Avar language, shows some ways that, in our opinion, will help improve the script and spelling rules of this language.

TO THE QUESTION OF THE CORRELATION OF LABILITY AND CAUSATIVE IN THE AVAR LANGUAGE

The article establishes that one or another form of a labile verb can be transitive or intransitive, even when it implements the same semantics. Historically, the opposition transitivity ~ intransitivity was preceded by opposition on the basis of static ~ dynamic, which led to the emergence of two syntactic constructions – the absolutive and the ergative. Opposition on the basis of static ~ dynamic determines the specificity of the entire grammatical structure of the Avar language, including the formation of the causative. The specificity of the formation of the causative by labile verbs in the Avar language is that only a form repre-senting the semantics of an action is capable of expressing direct or intentional causation, and a form repre-senting the semantics of a state expresses only an unintentional causation.

Синтаксические свойства подлежащего в аварском языке

The syntactic essence of the main members of a sentence can be determined only within the framework of syntactic correlation. The subject in the Avar language is included in the predicative basis, although it is not the carrier of the predicative. Its participation in the design of the predicative stem is that it is coordinated with the predicate verb in the class and number. A cool verb refers to a nominative name in a sentence structure. Only a name in the nominative can be a subject in the Avar language.

Avar Linguistics in the Novocherkassk Gymnasium in the 1850s — 1860s: the Experience of the Incorporation of the Caucasian Highlanders into the Imperial Cultural Space

The presented article is devoted to one of the little-known historical plots related to the scientific and educational practices of the Department of Oriental Languages of the Novocherkassk Military Gymnasium in the middle of the 19th century. The consistent creation of methodological manuals on the Avar language and specialized training in the “native dialect” of future officers are considered as an important element of the administrative and cultural incorporation of the Caucasus into the Russian imperial space, which was not limited to the well-known Russification. The empirical basis of the article under consideration was formed as a result of a comprehensive study of differentiated documentary and narrative sources, some of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The author's reflections are determined by the established historiographical tradition devoted to the systemic interaction of the Russian Empire and mountain communities, an organic element of which were specialized educational practices.

Арабографические источники по истории Дагестана на аварском языке (XIX – нач. XX в.): палеографическая характеристика и общий обзор.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study and introduction into scientific circulation of arabographic written sources in the Avar language of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Until recently, some of these sources were not known at all, and they were not the subject of scientific research. With the emergence of new sources on the history of the Caucasus, it became necessary to conduct a critical source study of the texts of previously published sources. Materials and methods. The research is based on the study of a number of sources in the Avar language, among which we can single out the most informative and early ones, such as: a). Chronicle "Derbent name" (History of Derbent) from the private collection of M.G. Nurmagomedov; b). The composition of Muhammadrafi (14th cent.), known in the historical literature as "Tarikh Dagestan". in three lists from, private and mosque collections; in). “Tarikhi Jar” (History of Jar) from the collection of Nakkaw Muhammad of Jar; d). One-village chronicle “Tarikh Argvani” (History of Argvani) and “Imam Gazimuhammad” by Hasanilav from Gimri, etc. We will tell you more about them below. As we have already mentioned, some texts of the studied sources have already been the subject of research and were previously published [1; 2; 6; 8; 13; 18;20; 22; 23]. The studies are provided with paleographic descriptions, which, in addition to information about the author and scribe, include basic paleographic information such as the date and place of correspondence, volume, paper, handwriting, language of the manuscript and place of storage. If the author of the essay is known, brief information about his life and work is provided. If the text of the essay was previously published in the Arabic edition, or in another Arabic script, then a comparative comparison of the most important plots and fragments (names, toponymic, date of compilation, etc.) of the text was carried out. After the paleographic part, short annotations were compiled to the source texts, divided into semantic and situational syntagms. Research results. Because of the study, we were able to introduce into scientific circulation new sources on the history of the peoples of the North Caucasus, as well as critically analyze the previously published texts of arabographic sources, taking into account modern source studies. The introduction of new narratives in the Avar language into scientific circulation makes it possible to determine the place and role of local historical works in the general system of arabographic sources on the history of the peoples of Dagestan. The results of the research can be used in compiling a special course for students of universities and colleges on source study and historiography of the peoples of the North Caucasus.

PERSIAN LAYER OF PERSONAL NAMES IN THE AVAR LANGUAGE

The system of personal names of the Avar language had been forming over a long period in specific historical, geographical and linguistic conditions. Historically formed ethnic and cultural contacts of the Avars both with neighboring and geographically remote tribes and peoples are reflected in the system of personal names of the Avars. Anthroponyms-persisms presented in the modern Avar language are divided into various thematic groups, which are determined by their correlation with certain concepts in the source language. These names can be described as canonical Muslim names enshrined by the traditions of Islam.

GRATITUDE FORMULAS IN THE AVAR LANGUAGE

The article examines the formulas of the speech etiquette of the Avar language used in various communicative acts to express gratitude. The use of gratitude formulas depends on various social indicators, on the time and place of residence. Along with the universal neutral formula of gratitude barkala (thank you), the Avar speech etiquette has a number of nationally specific gratitude formulas in the form of good wishes.

THE LIFE AND WORK OF A PROMINENT SCHOLAR AND EDUCATOR ISMAILDIBIR FROM SHULANI

Ismaildibir from Shulani – a scholar-enlightener who contributed greatly to the intellectual sphere of Dagestan in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. He was part of the Dagestan cohort of scholars that produced a substantial layer of spiritual literature, popularized Islamic knowledge and made a significant contribution to the cultural heritage of the peoples of Dagestan. His life and work, as well as many other Dagestan scholars, theologians, educators, have been studied poorly.
 With the aim of compiling the biographical portrait of the scholar and studying his bibliographical heritage, the authors conducted a field trip to the village of Shulani, Gunibsky district of the Republic of Dagestan. We had an opportunity to meet Ismaildibir’s granddaughter, Bagzhat Alikhanova, and to study his private library.
 Ismaildibir translated works of Arab scholars to the Avar language and published them in Muhammadmirza Mavraev’ typography in Temir-Khan-Shura. He also made copies of popular Arabic works due to having calligraphic handwriting. The paper gives a list of these works.
 In 1996, a manuscript with Ismaildibir’s poems in the Avar language was returned from Turkey to Dagestan. During the trip to Shulani, we studied the aforementioned collection of poems. The paper provides the table of the collection’s contents and an annotation to his works.
 As a result of the study, we managed to clarify and supplement the biography of the scholar. A list of his works was compiled, features of Ismaildibir’s creative heritage were extended. The introduction of the works of Ismaildibir from Shulani in the Avar language, written in the Ajam script, his translations of theological works of Arab scholars into the native Avar language is an essential contribution to the study of the history of spiritual literature and esthetic thought of the peoples of Dagestan.

THE TURKIC LAYER OF PERSONAL NAMES IN THE AVAR LANGUAGE

The system of personal names of the Avar language was formed over a long period under peculiar historical, geographical and linguistic conditions. Historically formed ethnic and cultural contacts of the Avars, both with neighboring and geographically remote tribes and peoples, are directly reflected in the system of personal names of the Avars. After classical Arabic, the Turkic anthroponymic model became the further basis for the development of personal name systems in the Avar language. Anthroponyms-turkisms represented in the modern Avar language are divided into various thematic groups, which are determined by their correlation with certain concepts in the source language.

ARABIC LAYER OF PERSONAL NAMES IN THE AVAR LANGUAGE

The system of personal names of the Avar language has formed over a long period in a peculiar historical, geographical and linguistic conditions. Ethnic and cultural contacts of the Avars, both with neighboring and geographically remote tribes and peoples, are directly reflected in the system of personal names of the Avars. The Arabic classical anthroponymical model became the basis for further development of personal name systems in the Avar language. Anthroponyms-arabisms, represented in the modern Avar language, are divided into various thematic groups, and conditioned by their correlation with certain concepts in the source language. These names can be described as canonical Muslim names, fixed by the traditions of Islam.