Availability Of References Research Articles

VOWEL PHONEMES

The existence of word vowel phonemes in all languages, including in Indonesian is very dominant. All words in their internal structure must be found in phonemes. As a result of the existence of a very dominant vowel phoneme, its existence is able to form what is called a phoneme vocal sequence. The application of research theory in connection with efforts to describe vowel series phonemes is based on the linguistic theory of the phonological field of the phonemic subfield. Because the study focuses on the smallest unit of language sounds, namely phonemes. The research implementation is based on three strategic stages, namely:1. provision of data, 2. classification and analysis of data, 3. preparation / writing of reports. The findings of the data are more secondary, so the findings of the data focus on the availability of references, so that the existence of a large Indonesian language dictionary acts as a "smart" book. The findings of primary data are relatively difficult to do. There are seven kinds of vocal phonemes, namely / a, i, u, ê, é, è, o /. The seven vowel phonemes are relatively capable of forming vowel phonemes, so that in the end a table can be made from each of the seven vowel phonemes in question.

Standardized applications of electroluminescence imaging for efficient investigation of potential-induced degradation shunting in crystalline silicon photovoltaic module

Potential-induced degradation shunting (PID-s) detrimentally impacts a photovoltaic (PV) module’s performance and lifetime. Hence, early PID-s investigation in a field and precise laboratory testing of module PID-s susceptibility is essential before field deployment. Electroluminescence (EL) imaging has been widely used for PID-s investigation, but a lack of standardization exists in its application, which leads to inefficient PID-s investigation. In this work, standardized EL methods are developed to efficiently investigate PID-s. From the perspective of laboratory and field applications, three general cases are considered as per the availability of reference. Critical aspects of EL imaging and PID-s such as EL current, PID-s nature, and severity are analyzed using two diode model of a PV cell. Based on this analysis, an EL method is optimally developed for each case, including the selection of magnitude and number of EL current, PID-s index to represent the PID-s, and EL threshold equivalent to PID-s qualification criterion (5 % STC power loss (Ploss)) used in IEC TS 62804-1. Proposed methods were experimentally validated on PID-s modules, and cell level PID-s investigation performance is compared with the standard I-Vmeasurements. Results show that the EL methods efficiently investigate PID-s before significantPlossresults (≤5%). For the quantitative PID-s investigation, empirical correlations have been derived relating normalized cellPlossas the sole function of PID-s index, which estimatesPlosswith ±3 % relative error. Thus, the proposed work optimally utilizes the potential of EL imaging and enables effective qualitative as well as quantitative PID-s investigation.

FAKTOR PENGHAMBAT MEMBACA PERMULAAN PADA SISWA KELAS II SDN 32 CAKRANEGARA TAHUN AJARAN 2020/2021

This study aims to determine the inhibiting factors for early reading in grade II students of SDN 32 Cakranegara and alternative solutions that can be used so that they do not experience obstacles in beginning reading. Internal factors include intelligence, interests, talents, and motivation, while external factors include family environment, school environment, and community environment. This type of research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique used is data reduction, data presentation, conclusion or verification. . Test the validity of the data using triangulation of sources, and the availability of references. The subjects of this study were second grade students. The results of this study indicate that the inhibiting factor for early reading of students in grade II is the lack of interest, talent, motivation from within the students themselves to learn to read, this is also supported by family and school environmental factors. First, the lack of support and motivation from parents and families towards students in the absence of special attention given to students in teaching students to read at home, secondly, the absence of teacher creativity in teaching students to read and the absence of facilities from schools that support the learning process. There are also strategic efforts used by the teacher in overcoming the obstacles to students' early reading, namely dividing students / focusing on teaching students who cannot read, providing special books for early reading, playing games / games, reminding parents to often teach children to read at home, no matter how busy they are, and train students on a daily basis.
 Keywords: analysis, inhibiting factors, early reading, SDN 32 Cakranegara.

Bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the position of interchangeability

The choice of drugs used to treat patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (inhaled β-agonists, M-anticholinergic drugs, inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)) in view of their interchangeability is reviewed in this article. This aspect is especially important for clinicians when choosing an effective and safe treatment for COPD and for increasing patient adherence to treatment.The aim of this study was to assess the ratio of the number of reference (original), interchangeable, and generic drugs used in COPD.Methods. In accordance with the Russian clinical guidelines 2018 and GOLD 2019, modern drugs for the treatment of COPD with bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory activity were selected. All trade names of the corresponding drugs for each international non-proprietary name (INN) In the State Register of Medicines website were considered. The information on the availability of reference (original) drugs and the corresponding interchangeable products, as well as their presence in the List of vital and essential drugs was analyzed.Results. A large number of generic prodcuts are registered in the State Register of Medicines, and only a few of them are interchangeable with the corresponding reference (original) drug.Conclusion. The analysis will help widen the doctors’ choice of interchangeable drugs in treatment of COPD with an equivalent effect and safety of reference drugs, as well as to increase the patients’ adherence to treatment.

Pemanfaatan Perpustakaan sebagai Sumber Belajar oleh Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Ekonomi

This research aims to determine the activities of students of the Economic Education Study Program in utilizing of the Mahaputra Muhammad Yamin University library as a learning resource, obtaining information and analyzing what information materials can be obtained from the Mahaputra Muhammad Yamin University library, and obtaining information regarding the obstacles faced by students in utilizing the library at Mahaputra Muhammad Yamin University as a learning resource. This research is a qualitative research in which the research data is obtained through interviews. Data analysis techniques include data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the study found that students have used the library as a learning resource by borrowing reference books, doing group study, and utilizing the available internet wifi. The information obtained in the library is in the form of reference books for lecture assignments and the preparation of final assignments, then also available novels, magazines, story books and student final assignments. The constraints found in utilizing the library are still the lack of availability of references that are sought both in terms of collection and quantity and there are also no results of research and community service produced by lecturers at the Mahaputra Muhammad Yamin University library.

Learning Strategies in Early Childhood Language Development during the Covid-19 Pandemic

This study aims to determine learning strategies in early childhood language development during the Covid-19 pandemic. The focus of the research is the learning strategies applied by teachers in developing the language of children aged 5-6 years during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research was conducted in Al-Muthamainnah Islamic Integrated Kindergarten, Jambi City. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach using data collection methods of observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The data reliability test was carried out by extending the participation of researchers in the field, accuracy of observations, triangulation of data, availability of references, and advisory consultations. The results showed that the learning strategy during the Covid-19 pandemic could be implemented well even though there were still some obstacles. The online learning strategy that is implemented in the Al-Muthmainnah Islamic Kindergarten in Jambi City shows a positive influence on the language development of early childhood. It can be concluded that the learning strategies implemented in Al-Muthmainnah Islamic Kindergarten in Jambi City can develop children's language skills. Theoretically, this research has implications for choosing the right learning strategy to be applied during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Analysis of factors affecting thesis work of physics students in digital era

Thesis is one of the mandatory requirements to complete education at the university level. The conditions in that process indicate that many factors influence the completion of student thesis, especially in the Physics department. Physics students are currently in the digital age, so the rapid development of technology contributes to the completion of thesis. The purpose of this study is to describe the results of the analysis of factors that influence the successful completion of thesis Physics students in the digital era. This type of research is descriptive, with samples35 Physics students covering undergraduate, master and doctoral level. Based on the results of this study, it was found that there are several factors that influence the success of student thesis in the digital era, namely: internet browsing preferences, quality of guidance, desire to graduate on time, want to boast of parents, ability to write articles, pressure from family, motivation from friends, availability of references on campus, availability laboratorytools, campus internet access, using of chat applications on smartphones, internet network quality, intensity of attending peer sessions and proficiency in technology.

Performance Assessment of Software to Detect and Assist Prescribers with Antimicrobial Drug Interactions: Are all of them Created Equal?

Background: Detecting and managing antimicrobial drug interactions (ADIs) is one of the facets of prudent antimicrobial prescribing. Our aim is to compare the capability of several electronic drug–drug interaction (DDI) checkers to detect and report ADIs. Methods: Six electronic DDI checking platforms were evaluated: Drugs.com®, Medscape®, Epocrates®, Medimecum®, iDoctus®, and Guía IF®. Lexicomp® Drug Interactions was selected as the gold standard. Ten ADIs addressing different mechanisms were evaluated with every electronic DDI checker. For each ADI, we assessed five dimensions and calculated an overall performance score (maximum possible score: 10 points). The explored dimensions were sensitivity (capability to detect ADI), clinical effect (type and severity), mechanism of interaction, recommended action(s), and documentation (quality of evidence and availability of references). Results: The electronic DDI checkers did not detect a significant proportion of the ADI assessed. The overall performance score ranged between 4.4 (Medimecum) and 8.8 (Drugs.com). Drugs.com was the highest ranked platform in four out of five dimensions (sensitivity, effect, mechanism, and recommended action). Conclusions: There is significant variability in the performance of the available platforms in detecting and assessing ADI. Although some ADI checkers have proven to be very accurate, others missed almost half of the explored interactions.

A Statistical Frame Work to Identify Type and Level of Image Distortion

Growth and usage of digital images have been tremendous in recent years as they are the source for representing and communicating information. Various algorithms are developed to improve the performance of an image when it is subjected to distortions viz., acquisition, transmission, compression. It is highly undesirable to evaluate the quality score or quantitative index based on Human Visual System (HVS) in practical systems. A large number of restoration algorithms are available to enhance quality. So, a quality metric needs to be deployed to determine which algorithm automatically predicts the quality score of an image based on the availability of reference(original) image and without availability, and it should provide the best results. Blind Image Quality Assessment (BIQA) aims to identify the distortion level and type blindly without prior knowledge about the reference image. Contrast features convey most of the skeletal information about an image. Work is to extract the features based on the joint statistics of adaptive normalization of Gradient Magnitude (GM) and Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG). These normalized responses are quantized into different levels and Q, respectively. For the quantized levels of GM and LOG, estimate the Marginal and conditional probabilities, i.e., P _GM and P _log, c _g and c _l. When an image is unnatural, the shapes of P _GM and P _log, c _g and c _l will be different when compared to the natural image. To estimate the quality score, the correlation between probabilities using Spearman and Pearson methods is used and the classical tool SSIM. The Proposed model is evaluated on the CSIQ 2013 database for different levels of and Q, the correlation coefficients will follow specific relationship to identify the distortion type, and its performance is highly competitive when compared with some of the NR-IQA algorithms.

Voices Matter! A Reflective Analysis of Graduate Students' Assessment on Instructional Systems Design Program

The study described the reflective analysis of the eight ISD graduates for school years 2016, 2017 and 2018. The graduates were interviewed of their reflections on the assessment on the courses taken in the Instructional Systems Design (ISD) curriculum considering their relevance, effectiveness, adequacy of content/topics; availability of references; and impact. The data gathered are considered primary sources because they are based from actual experiences of the participants. The findings revealed that after their graduation from the Ph.D. in Education with specialization in ISD program there was horizontal and vertical rise in rank and promotion. They revealed that the curriculum and subjects are relevant, effective and had a great impact. They also find the contents and topics adequate, however, they find the available references inadequate and limited. The ADDIE (Assessment, Design, Developed, Implement and Evaluate) Model was most helpful when they go through with the research and dissertation. Keywords : Reflective analysis, instructional systems design, assessment

Fonem Deret Vokal dalam Bahasa Indonesia

The existence of word vowel phonemes in all languages, including in Indonesian is very dominant. All words in their internal structure must be found in phonemes. As a result of the existence of a very dominant vowel phoneme, its existence is able to form what is called a phoneme vocal sequence.The application of research theory in connection with efforts to describe vowel series phonemes is based on the linguistic theory of the phonological field of the phonemic subfield. Because the study focuses on the smallest unit of language sounds, namely phonemes. The research implementation is based on three strategic stages, namely: 1. provision of data, 2. classification and analysis of data, 3. preparation / writing of reports.The findings of the data are more secondary, so the findings of the data focus on the availability of references, so that the existence of a large Indonesian language dictionary acts as a "smart" book. The findings of primary data are relatively difficult to do.There are seven kinds of vocal phonemes, namely / a, i, u, ê, é, è, o /. The seven vowel phonemes are relatively capable of forming vowel phonemes, so that in the end a table can be made from each of the seven vowel phonemes in question.

Passive Sampling Methods for Assessing the Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Sediments

Heavy metal contamination in sediments has been a great concern around the world due to their potential toxic effects on ecological predators and on human health. Accumulation of heavy metals in benthic organisms is often observed in spite of their low bioavailability in sediments. Direct measurement of bioaccumulation levels using whole organism or tissue samples is probably the most reliable measure for bioaccumulation. However, the whole process of sample preparation and analysis for this is costly and time-consuming and can suffer from experimental artifacts; hence, passive sampling techniques have been successfully used as surrogates for assessing bioaccumulation in sediments. The present work aims to review state-of-the-art passive sampling methods (PSMs) for assessing the bioaccumulation of heavy metals to benthic organisms in sediments. The reviews are divided into four categories: PSMs for biogeochemistry and sediment quality studies, PSMs for bioaccumulation studies, PSMs for bioturbation studies, and PSMs for remediation performance assessment studies. Based on the availability of references on the different PSMs discussed in this paper, the diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) technique is the most widely used because of its ability to measure the bioavailable fraction of contaminants in sediment. Use of PSMs, coupled with direct measurements from biological samples, can be a robust approach as they can provide a better understanding of the bioaccumulation and the different biogeochemical factors that can affect the uptake of heavy metals by benthic organisms.

Accordance of Online Health Information on Prostate Cancer with the European Association of Urology Guidelines

Background: The internet is an emerging source of information for prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Since little is known about the quality of information on PCa provided online, we investigated its accordance to the latest European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines. Methods: A total of 89 German web pages were included for analysis. A quality model classifying the provider of information and its expertise was introduced. Correctness of provided information was systematically compared to the EAU guidelines. Results: Information was provided by medical experts (41%), media (11%), and pharmaceutical companies (6%). Certificates were found in 23% with a significantly higher rate if provided by medical experts (p = 0.003). The minority of web pages showed information in accordance with the EAU guidelines regarding screening (63%), diagnosis (32%), classification (39%), therapy (36%), complications (8%), and follow-up (27%). Web pages by medical experts as well as websites with any kind of certification showed a significantly higher guideline conformity regarding diagnosis (p = 0.027, p = 0.002), therapy (p = 0.010, p = 0.011), follow-up (p = 0.005, p < 0.001), and availability of references (p = 0.017, p = 0.003). Conclusions: The present study reveals that online health information on PCa lacks concordance to current guidelines. Certified websites or websites provided by medical experts showed a significantly higher quality and accordance with guidelines.

Le Fort Fractures: A Collective Review

Le Fort fractures constitute a pattern of complex facial injury that occurs secondary to blunt facial trauma. The most common mechanisms of injury for these fractures, which are frequently associated with drug and alcohol use, include motor vehicle collisions, assault, and falls. A thorough search of the world's literature following PRISMA guidelines was conducted through PubMed and EBSCO databases. Search terms included "Le Fort fracture", "facial", "craniofacial", and "intracranial." Articles were selected based on relevance and examined regarding etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and outcomes in adults. The analyzed studies were published between 1980 and 2016. Initial data search yielded 186 results. The search was narrowed to exclude articles lacking in specificity for Le Fort fractures. Fifty-one articles were selected, the majority of which were large case studies, and collectively reported that Le Fort fractures are most commonly due to high-velocity MVC and that the severity of fracture type sustained occurred with increasing frequency. It was also found that there is a general lack of published Level I, Level II, and Level III studies regarding Le Fort fracture management, surgical management, and outcomes. The limitation of this study, similar to all PRISMA-guided review articles, is the dependence on previously published research and availability of references as outlined in our methodology. While mortality rates for Le Fort fractures are low, these complex injuries seldom occur in isolation and are associated with other severe injuries to the head and neck. Quick and accurate diagnosis of Le Fort fractures and associated injuries is crucial to the successful management of blunt head trauma.

Le Fort Fractures: A Collective Review.

Le Fort fractures constitute a pattern of complex facial injury that occurs secondary to blunt facial trauma. The most common mechanisms of injury for these fractures, which are frequently associated with drug and alcohol use, include motor vehicle collisions, assault, and falls. A thorough search of the world's literature following PRISMA guidelines was conducted through PubMed and EBSCO databases. Search terms included "Le Fort fracture", "facial", "craniofacial", and "intracranial." Articles were selected based on relevance and examined regarding etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and outcomes in adults. The analyzed studies were published between 1980 and 2016. Initial data search yielded 186 results. The search was narrowed to exclude articles lacking in specificity for Le Fort fractures. Fifty-one articles were selected, the majority of which were large case studies, and collectively reported that Le Fort fractures are most commonly due to high-velocity MVC and that the severity of fracture type sustained occurred with increasing frequency. It was also found that there is a general lack of published Level I, Level II, and Level III studies regarding Le Fort fracture management, surgical management, and outcomes. The limitation of this study, similar to all PRISMA-guided review articles, is the dependence on previously published research and availability of references as outlined in our methodology. While mortality rates for Le Fort fractures are low, these complex injuries seldom occur in isolation and are associated with other severe injuries to the head and neck. Quick and accurate diagnosis of Le Fort fractures and associated injuries is crucial to the successful management of blunt head trauma.

Trauma to the Superior Mesenteric Artery and Superior Mesenteric Vein: A Narrative Review of Rare but Lethal Injuries.

Mesenteric vessels, including the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and vein (SMV), provide and drain the rich blood supply of the midgut and hindgut. SMA and SMV injuries are rare and often lethal. Clinical management of these injuries is not well established, but treatment options include operative, non-operative, and endovascular strategies. A narrative review of the literature was conducted using MEDLINE Complete-EBSCO. Relevant studies, specifically those focusing on diagnosis and management of SMA and SMV injuries, were selected. Only original reports and collected series were selected to prevent duplication of cases. A search of the literature for mesenteric arterial injuries yielded 87 studies. Vessel-specific breakdown of the studies yielded 40 with SMA injuries and 41 with SMV injuries. These searches were winnowed to 26 individual studies, which were included in this collective review. Limitations of this study are similar to all narrative literature reviews: the dependence on previously published research and availability of references as outlined in our methodology. Although historically rare, mesenteric vessel injuries are seen with increasing incidence and continue to present a challenge to trauma surgeons due to their daunting mortality rates. Currently, universal treatment guidelines do not exist, but the various options for their management have been extensively reviewed in the literature.

Trauma to the bladder and ureter: a review of diagnosis, management, and prognosis.

Injuries to the ureter or bladder are relatively rare. Therefore, a high level of clinical suspicion and knowledge of operative anatomy is of utmost importance for their management. Herein, a review of the literature related to the modern diagnosis, management, and prognosis for bladder and ureteral injuries is presented. A literature search was conducted through PubMed. A thorough search of the world's literature published in English was completed. Search terms included "injury, diagnosis, prognosis, and management for ureter and bladder". All years, both genders, as well as penetrating, blunt, and iatrogenic mechanisms were evaluated for inclusion. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies were selected based on relevance and then categorized. 172 potentially relevant studies were identified. Given our focus on modern diagnosis and treatment, we then narrowed the studies in each category to those published within the last 30years, resulting in a total of 26 studies largely consisting of Level IV retrospective case series. Our review found that bladder ruptures occur from penetrating, blunt, or iatrogenic mechanisms, and most are extraperitoneal (63%). Ureteral injuries are incurred from penetrating mechanisms in 77% of cases. The overall mortality rates for bladder rupture and ureteral injury were 8 and 7%, respectively. Limitations of this article are similar to all PRISMA-guided review articles: the dependence on previously published research and availability of references. The bladder is injured far more often than the ureter but ureteral injuries have higher injury severity. Both of these organs can be damaged by penetrating, blunt, or iatrogenic mechanisms and surgical intervention is often required for severe ureter or bladder injuries. Since symptoms of these injuries may not always be apparent, a high level of suspicion is required for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Marijuana: Proposed Treatment in Trauma Patients

Background: A standardized treatment approach for trauma patients who test positive for marijuana/THC does not currently exist in the literature. Several medications are recommended to treat withdrawal and the cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Methods: A literature search was conducted through Medline and PUBMED following PRISMA guidelines. Key phrases searched for included “marijuana treatment, trauma marijuana patients, and THC interactions with other medications”. Article selection was based on relevance, with focus on diagnosis and management of marijuana positive patients. All studies, regardless of publication date, were considered due to the paucity of published literature. Results: Of the 1853 studies identified, 24 were selected to have material relevant and useful to this review. Both retrospective and prospective reports were identified in order toclosely examine the relationship between marijuana use and Injury Severity Scores, hospital length of stay, and related hospital costs. Limitations: Limitations of this article are similar to all PRISMA-guided review articles: the dependence on previously published research and availability of references as outlined in our methodology. Conclusion: Patients experiencing marijuana withdrawal should be evaluated for divalproex to reduce marijuana cravings; nefazodone to decrease anxiety and muscle pain; and lofexidine to improve sleep as well as help address withdrawal related stress. Administration of benzodiazepines can be considered to limit aggression. Lorazepam and haloperidol have been shown to be effective for cannabinoid hyper emesis syndrome. All trauma patients should receive tobacco, alcohol, and drug screening, followed by reflex confirmatory blood testing to increase accuracy. Patients testing positive for marijuana should be individually addressed, since cannabis and cannabinoids have been found to alter anesthetic potency. In addition, all marijuana/THC patients should undergo counseling in an effort to reduce use and prevent further morbidity and use related complications.

Chest trauma: “Damage Control” Begins in the emergency room

Background: Patients with severe thoracic injuries and subsequent physiological decline may not be candidates for initial definitive treatment. Despite limited data, this subset of patients may benefit from the implementation of thoracic damage control, which should begin in the emergency room. Methods: A literature search was conducted through Medline following PRISMA guidelines. Articles that focused on damage control surgery, the use of damage control techniques in traumatic injuries, and the use of damage control in civilian populations were selected. Due to the paucity of literature and lack of Level I evidence on this subject, studies published in any year were considered. Results: A search of the literature yielded 119 studies. Most of these were excluded based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty-five articles were selected for review. The majority of these were classified as Level III, IV, or V evidence. Limitations: Limitations of this article are similar to all PRISMA-guided review articles: The dependence on previously published research and availability of references. Conclusion: Effective “Damage Control” following a traumatic injury begins with initial management in the emergency department, which is followed by an abbreviated operation, equally aggressive critical care, and a planned reexploration. Additional studies are required to examine the adaptation of specific damage control techniques to thoracic injuries, but patients with severe chest trauma can benefit from initiation of damage control strategies in the emergency room.

Analysis of Determinants Influencing Students’ Academic Achievement in English and Mathematics Subjects of Ending Classes of Schools at Bahir Dar and Debre Tabor Towns, Ethiopia

Quality education is the question of many countries. Students’ achievement were a measure of teaching-learning process. Scholars suggested that regardless of the subject nature, many factors affect students’ achievements in each school subject. This study is an attempt to determine factors influencing academic achievements of grade 8, 10 and 12 students in Debre Tabor Town (DT) and Bahir Dar Town (BDT) in 2013-2014 academic year with achievements variations occurred in student, class and school levels. Depending on the objectives descriptive analysis and multivariate multilevel linear regression analysis with maximum likelihood estimation were used to analyze the data. The results of BDT data show that school type and average work load of teachers jointly show a significant effect on both subjects; Teachers experience in terms of Mathematics, class size and availability of reference and text books in terms of English show significant influence on academic achievements. From the study, it was found out that multilevel modeling is much better than the single level ordinary regression model in fitting the data and in explaining the variations of the academic achievement at different levels. Likewise, on average non-governmental school students achievements were better than governmental. It can be concluded from this study that the variation of academic achievement of students in each grade level of mathematics and English subjects high within class followed by between schools. It can be recommended that academic facilities and managements at schools and home, and students personal efforts need to be improved in order to achieve better quality of education in all fields of studies at high standard.