Auxiliary Verbs Research Articles

학습자 언어 분석을 통한 한국어 보조용언 연구

The purpose of this study is to analyze the combination pattern by categorizing a list of various preceding verbs combined with '-eojida' auxiliary verbs with frequency information through large-scale learner corpus analysis. To this end, preceding verbs combined with '-eojida' were extracted from a large-scale learner octopus corpus, and the list was classified into levels, parts, and forms and presented systematically. As a result of the analysis, the learner combined more diverse preceding verbs at the advanced stage than at the intermediate level. The adjective was combined 2801 times, which is 77.08% of the total, and 843 times, which is 23.2% of the total, with only one preceding adjective “좋다.” The combination composition and characteristics preferred by learners were analyzed by presenting the combination frequency of parts and forms. It was also suggested that it is possible to access vocabulary education.

Cyclic Selection: Auxiliaries Are Merged, Not Inserted

Traditional approaches to verbal periphrasis (compound tenses) treat auxiliary verbs as lexical items that enter syntactic derivation like any other lexical item, via Selection/Merge. An alternative view is that auxiliary verbs are inserted into a previously built structure (e.g., Bach 1967, Arregi 2000, Embick 2000, Cowper 2010, Bjorkman 2011, Arregi and Klecha 2015). Arguments for the insertion approach include auxiliaries’ last-resort distribution and the fact that, in many languages, auxiliaries are not systematically associated with a given inflectional category (Bjorkman’s (2011) “overflow” distribution). Here, I argue against the insertion approach. I demonstrate that the overflow pattern and last-resort distribution follow from Cyclic Selection (Pietraszko 2017)—a Merge counterpart of Cyclic Agree (Béjar and Rezac 2009). I also show that the insertion approach makes wrong predictions about compound tenses in Swahili, a language with overflow periphrasis. Under my approach, an auxiliary verb is a verbal head externally merged as a specifier of a functional head, such as T. It then undergoes m-merger with that head, instantiating an External-Merge version of Matushansky’s (2006) conception of head movement.

THE POLYSEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VERB IN THE KOREAN LANGUAGE

This article highlights the peculiarity of the polysemantic verb in the Korean language. In particular, the specific aspects of the lexical meaning of the verb “하다” [hada] are given. Also, in Korean linguistics, the function of the verb “하다” [hada] in the sentence and the specific aspects of its use are analyzed. Some linguists include this verb as an auxiliary verb, while others call it an auxiliary verb. In fact, considering the fact that this verb has a polysemantic feature, as well as the fact that it is used in various functions, it is important to study this verb separately.

A comparative study on verbal affixes and auxiliary verbs as functional heads in Japanese and Korean

It is true that languages differ, but they can only be different as the universal principles and parameters allow. Professor Hiroshi Aoyagi is interested in linguistic curiosities and the universality of language. He and his research team in Japan are investigating the possibility that proto-Korean and proto-Japonic languages branched off from a common source thousands of years ago. Japanese and Korean have grammatical similarities but the typological relationship between the two is yet to be determined. Aoyagi is seeking to substantiate the hypothesis of a common origin for the two languages and, in doing so, will contribute to the typology of the three major languages in the Far East: Japanese, Korean and Ryukyuan. In his 1999 book, Shiro Hattori stated that Korean may have a kinship relation with Japanese (next to Ryukyuan) and the two languages must have split more than 4,000 years ago. Aoyagi believes that this conjecture, if tenable, accounts for the presence of double causatives, the absence of the benefactive auxiliary verbs and the absence of exclusive/adversity use of the passive morphemes in Korean and Ryukyuan. His studies involve an explanation of the core morpho-syntactic characteristics of the Japanese and Korean languages. A similarity between Japanese and Korean is that they are both head-final agglutinative languages. Aoyagi will conduct a comparative study of how functional morphemes are combined in Japanese and Korean. In his work, he is using the principles and parameters approach proposed by Noam Chomsky; namely Universal Grammar (UG).

Hedging with modal auxiliary verbs in scientific discourse and women’s language

AbstractThis Critical Discourse Analysis examines hedging as a linguistic device at the intersection of scientific discourse and women’s language. Hedging has been identified as a marker of scientific discourse where it is valued for expanding dialogic space for the promulgation of knowledge. It is also a recognised marker of women’s common language, where it is purported to align with discriminatory gender norms that women should not impose their views but could also be construed as a lack of clear thinking, conviction, or confidence. This could be limiting, especially in professional domains, however, the particular value attached to hedging in scientific discourse challenges this hypothesis and provides the focus of this study of gender differences in hedging with modal auxiliary verbs in the context of scientific discourse. The findings confirm hedging as a marker of scientific discourse and reflect modal auxiliaries being used with similar frequency by women and men, although with subtle, but significant differences in the specific modals that were used, and how. This provides a nuanced picture of women hedging in ways that mostly exemplify the standards of scientific discourse while also integrating some of the socially normative hedging practices that are associated with women’s language.

French Predicate Anaphora, Comparatives, and Ellipsis

Abstract While French does not display the kind of VP-ellipsis found in languages like English, it effects verbal anaphora by means of two constructions that have received relatively little attention in the literature. Both of these combine the generic ‘action verb’ faire ‘do’ with what appears to be a pronoun. The first one, which I call le-faire anaphora (LFA), uses the clitic le, whereas the second one, which I call faire-ça anaphora (FCA), brings into play the strong pronoun ça ‘it/that’. Taking such pronouns to be substitutive pro-forms devoid of inner structure cannot, however, explain why LFA, but not FCA, can appear in the standard of a comparative, a property that distinguishes English VP-ellipsis from VP-pro-forms like do it/that/so, which behave like FCA. On the other hand, LFA, unlike English VP-ellipsis, does not allow wh-extraction from a VP-internal position outside the realm of comparatives, which leads to a paradox left unresolved in the literature. In this article, I argue that LFA involves ellipsis of a whole vP phase. Specifically, I argue that faire in LFA, but not in FCA, is a (semi)auxiliary verb that takes a vP complement and bears an E-feature lexicalized by the clitic le. I show that this correctly predicts that A-movement out of the ellipsis site is possible and that A-bar movement of a degree wh-phrase out of vP in comparatives is made possible by the fact that French licenses Quantification at a Distance, a grammatical operation that allows degree quantifiers to escape vP before the next phasal head (C) is merged and triggers ellipsis. Other wh-quantifiers that do not benefit from the Quantification at a Distance option are then expected to not be able to escape vP prior to ellipsis, hence run-of-the-mill wh-extraction out of VP is correctly predicted to be incompatible with LFA. I then turn to what appears to be a related anaphoric phenomenon, which consists of the predicational copula être ‘be’ and the clitic le, which I call l’être anaphora (LEA), and show that it too is an instance of ellipsis in that it allows the full range of extraction phenomena out of the missing constituent introduced by the copula. I assume that in those cases in which the copula takes a small clause, it participates in an asymmetric structure where it lexicalizes Pred, a head that mediates between subject and predicate. In those cases in which the copula introduces a passivized VP, on the other hand, I assume that it lexicalizes v, an assumption in line with theories that posit multiple instantiations of predicate mediators (so-called ‘flavors of v’). In both cases, the copula in LEA heads a phase, bears an E-feature lexicalized by le, and is argued to license ellipsis of its phasal complement. Thus, elements are allowed to escape ellipsis by moving to the edge of the phase headed by the copula, and this correctly predicts that LEA permits a wider range of extractions out of the ellipsis site than LFA does.

A contrastive analysis of modality between english and behdini-kurdish

The current study intends to conduct a comparative analysis of modality in English and Behdini-Kurdish. Modality is a linguistic category pertaining to expressing possibility and necessity, among other meanings. The paper’s central problem is that Behdini-Kurdish learners face difficulty in comprehending the notion of modality in English, precisely of modal auxiliary verbs. The primary goals of this investigation are to define epistemic and deontic modalities in the two languages in order to illustrate the similarities and dissimilarities between them. The results reveal that modals in English are predominantly grammatical auxiliaries. In contrast, in Kurdish, they are mainly lexical items, many of which are used to represent a single English modal auxiliary. The findings of the study are summarized in a number of conclusions.

Modalitas Epistemik -Hazu Da dan Padanannya dalam Bahasa Indonesia

Japanese epistemic modality can be expressed through by linguistic markers, such as adverb markers indicate the gradient or level of the speaker’s assumptions about a specific phenomenon. This study aims to investigate the epistemic modality of Japanese -hazu da and its Indonesian equivalent. This study utilized descriptive and qualitative methods, and data were obtained from various novels and Shonagon corpus. The findings of the present study are the adverbs and grammatical components that appear with modal auxiliary verbs, resulting in different epistemic gradations, notably uncertainty in the lowest rank, expectation/reasonable prediction, agreement/consent, disaffirmation, and strong negation, as well as strong affirmation in the highest rank. The Indonesia equivalent derived from this modality are ‘mungkin’, ‘tentunya’, ‘pastinya’, ‘kalau tidak salah’, and ‘mana mungkin’. The speaker’s logical reasoning and assumption supported by the contextual aspect and grammatical items in sentences.

Frequent linguistic errors in the writing of Yemeni EFL Arabic-speaking learners

The Yemeni EFL learners are prone to share their knowledge and views regarding what and how to say. The constraints of combining this expertise have hampered learners’ writing success. Those obstacles can cause learners to make errors. Error Analysis (EA) and Surface Strategy Taxonomy (SST) were used to analyze learners’ linguistic errors. Error causes were also investigated. This research used a qualitative process style to use a case study approach. Ellis’ five-step EA procedure was followed to analyze essay data each comprising 100-350 words or more written by 20 Yemeni EFL eighth semester Arabic-speaking learners at the Department of Education, Sana’a University, Yemen. They were purposely selected as research subjects. It was noticed that omission was the most common error detected in the learners’ writings. Overall, this form of error accounted for 58.71% of 118 cases out of 201 cases. The learners’ common error categories were the number marker, verb-tenses articles, prepositions, subject-verb agreements, and pronouns. This was preceded by addition (20.39%), incorrect formation (15.92%), and word order (4.97%). Intralingual transfer turned out to be the key reason that caused the errors in the learners’ writing. Any of the interlinguistic comparisons was the cause behind the errors. In terms of verb conjugation component, inflectional morpheme, and auxiliary verb abandonment, Arabic and English have different formal definitions. Interlingual transfer and learning context also caused errors. To prevent errors from fossilizing, language instructors should provide continual corrective feedback, and learners should pursue the correct target language form.

A Study on Collocation Graph of the Auxiliary verb ‘nagada’-Focusing on Comparison of Korean Native Speakers and Learners’ Usage Patterns-

이 연구는 한국어에서 방향성 진행상을 표시하는 문법적 기능을 가진 보조용언 ‘나가다’를 대상으로 하여 말뭉치에 나타난 사용 양상을 중심으로 의미 특성을 규명하고 이를 연어그래프를 통하여 시각화함으로써 디지털인문학적 관점에서 의미에 대한 연구가 어떠한 방향으로 시도될 수 있는지 그 사례를 제안하고자 하였다. 또한 한국어 학습자의 사용 양상을 아울러 검토함으로써 한국어 학습자들이 보조용언 ‘나가다’를 잘 습득하여 사용하고 있는지 살펴보고 이를 토대로 하여 보조용언 ‘나가다’의 교수 포인트를 정리하여 제시하였다. 이 연구는 언어학적, 그리고 응용언어학적 학술 연구의 장에서 말뭉치 분석과 시각화 기법이 어떻게 활용될 수 있는지 그 구체적인 방안을 사례를 통해서 제안하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

Milton, Shakespeare, and the English Grammar of Possibility

ABSTRACT This article considers Milton’s art in relation to modality and the evolving grammar of possibility in Early Modern English. Specifically, it reads the surprisingly complex modal auxiliary verbs, may and its rival can, as keywords in poetic scenes of mental deliberation. A comparative analysis of Shakespearean drama sets the scene, demonstrating how the polysemy of may contributes not only to a psychology of potential action in Brutus’s deliberation over Caesar’s assassination but also to his political conceptions. In Milton’s Sonnet 8, by comparison, the ascendance of ability-can over may affirms the poet’s power and the potential reach of the English language. In the translated epigraph to Areopagitica, genuine liberty finds definition in the interplay of a distinctive English liberty-may with a meritocratic ability can-and-will. Can and will are again lead performers in the deliberative interrogation of divine agency in Paradise Regained, whereas the role of might is questioned in Milton’s tragic depiction of fallen agency in Samson Agonistes.

Несоюзные функции форм вспомогательного глагола речи гэв бурятском языке

В статье рассматриваются несоюзные функции грамматикализованных инфинитных и финитных форм от глагола речи гэ- ‘говорить’ в бурятском языке. Актуальность исследования определяется чрезвычайно важной ролью дицендиального глагола на уровне как простого, так и сложного предложения в монгольских языках. Поскольку значительная часть системы союзных средств базируется именно на инфинитных формах этого глагола, то союзные функции исследованы в первую очередь, а несоюзные функции остаются в тени. Для выявления и описания последних решались следующие задачи: изучить работы синтаксистов на материале других монгольских языков, провести анализ бурятского корпусного материала, классифицировать случаи несоюзного употребления инфинитных и финитных форм глагола речи гэ-. Материалом исследования послужили современные словари и оригинальные художественные тексты на бурятском языке, размещенные в электронном Бурятском корпусе, а также результаты анкетирования носителей языка. Применялись следующие методы исследования: лингвистическое наблюдение, интроспекция, описание, метод компонентного анализа, метод корпусного анализа. В итоге выявились различные направления грамматикализации форм глагола речи гэ-: включение слов, фокусное выделение слов, маркирование логического вывода, привлечение внимания, выражение эмоций, роль вспомогательного глагола в аналитических конструкциях. При этом инфинитные и финитные формы зачастую утрачивают связь с исходным глаголом речи гэ-, грамматикализуясь в различные частицы. В центре описания находятся две наиболее грамматикализованные частицы гээшэ и гэгшэ, образованные от фокусных причастий на -ААшА и -гшА. Несоюзные функции этих частиц во многом обусловлены значениями их составляющих: глагола речи гэ- и выделительных причастий. The article considers the non-conjunctional functions of grammaticalized infinite and finite forms from the verb of speech ge- ‘to speak’ in the Buryat language. The relevance of the study is determined by the extremely important role of the decendial verb both at the level of simple and complex sentences in the Mongolian languages. Since almost the entire system of conjunctions is based precisely on the infinite forms of this verb, conjunctional functions are studied first, and non-conjunctional functions remain in the shadows. The purpose of this article is to identify and describe previously unexplored non-conjunctional functions in forms formed from the service verb of speech. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: to study the works of scientists on the material of other Mongolian languages, to analyze the Buryat corpus material, to select and classify cases of non-conjunctional use of the infinite forms of the speech verb ge-. The material of the study was modern dictionaries and the original literary texts in the Buryat language, posted in the electronic Buryat corpus, as well as the results of a survey of native speakers. The research methods are linguistic observation, introspection, description, component analysis method, corpus analysis method. As a result, various directions of grammaticalization of the forms of the speech verb ge- were revealed: the inclusion of words, focus highlighting, marking a logical conclusion, attraction of attention, expressing emotions, the role of an auxiliary verb in analytical constructions. At the same time, infinite and finite forms often lose their connection with the original verb of speech ge-, grammaticalizing into various particles. In the center of the description are the two most grammaticalized particles geeshe and gegshe, formed from focus participles in - АAšA and - gšA. The non-conjunctional functions of these particles are determined by the meanings of their components: the verb of speech ge- and focus participles.

THE PEDAGOCIAL POTENTIAL OF POPULAR MUSIC LYRICS IN TEACHING GRAMMAR IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOMS: SENTENCE STRUCTURES IN ENGLISH

Popular music is an integral part of the cultural landscape of the modern world, and its influence on language and communication cannot be overstated. This paper examines the advantages of integrating popular music lyrics into foreign language classrooms, with a particular focus on sentence structures. Using a corpus of 802 songs with more than 200 million views on YouTube, the research aims to explore the accuracy of popular music lyrics with respect to different sentence structures and subject-verb agreement. The initial hypothesis suggested that popular music lyrics would predominantly contain grammatical errors, which our analysis revealed showing that 396 songs were grammatically correct (49.37%), while 406 songs contained errors (50.62%), resulting in a total of 1506 syntactic errors, 794 of them being related to sentence structure errors and 417 to the incorrect subject-verb agreement. The remaining errors (295) were related to double negatives, which we did not analyze in this paper. The most frequent sentence structure errors included the omission of auxiliary verbs (470 instances), auxiliary verbs that were used as main verbs (110), incorrect verb order (76), bare infinitives that were used as auxiliary verbs (77), and incorrect use of objective pronouns (61). The study utilized a combination of manual and descriptive analysis to investigate the potential benefits of incor- porating popular music lyrics into foreign language classrooms. The findings indicate that such integration can help students develop meta-language awareness and expose them to various language registers. Overall, the research demonstrates the pedagogical potential of popular music lyrics as a resource for foreign language instruction, particularly for teaching grammar and syntax. By using popular music lyrics in foreign language classrooms, educators can cre- ate an engaging and diverse learning environment that helps students comprehend and utilize language in various contexts, ultimately leading to more effective language learning outcomes.

ГРАМАТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІЄСЛІВ КЛАСИЧНОЇ ЯПОНСЬКОЇ МОВИ БУНҐО

Background. Classical bungo Japanese and modern Japanese languages have a number of differences that make it difficult, and in some cases impossible, for an untrained reader to understand a text written in the bungo style, even if the reader has a high level of modern Japanese. This makes it necessary to first familiarize yourself with the grammatical features of the classical Japanese language. Verbs in bungo texts are the most difficult element due to their grammatical differences with modern Japanese, which makes them the object of this study. Methods. The following methods were used: comparative – for comparing verbs in modern Japanese and classical; descriptive – for the description of conjugation rules and functions of auxiliary verbs. Results. The rules of conjugation of verbs in the classical Japanese language were formulated according to the bases of the verbs, examples are given in the form of tables. Examples of verbs in modern and classical Japanese are given, which refer to different conjugations, which complicates the perception of classical texts. After the analysis of literary works written in bungo style, the most common auxiliary verbs (suffixes) are singled out and the features of their use are outlined. The following suffixes have been highlighted: ～ず、～き、～けり、～ぬ、 ～つ、～たり、～り、～む、～けむ、～らむ、～らし、～まし、～べし、～めり、～なり. Such auxiliary verbs as ～ず、～たり、～べし, etc. exist in the modern Japanese language as well, but perform a narrower range of functions. Conclusions. Given the leading role of the verb in the system of the classical Japanese language bungo, the article only provides the list of the main verb suffixes and their functions, therefore, in further research, it is necessary to carry out a detailed analysis of less common verb suffixes, as well as grammatical features of other parts of the language. This will contribute to a deeper and more systematic understanding of bungo texts.

Pipeline Signed Japanese Translation Using PBSMT and Transformer in a Low-Resource Setting

We propose a novel pipeline method for translating signed Japanese sentences into written Japanese. Sign languages often suppress functional words such as particles, and most words are not morphologically inflected as they are in spoken languages. Our method explicitly compares and contrasts the two languages and divides the translation process into two tasks: first, it translates glosses into lemmatized Japanese words or phrases, followed by complementing particles and conjugating predicates such as verbs, auxiliary verbs, and adjectives. Our method is especially effective when the size of the parallel corpus is very limited and costly to obtain, but there are plenty of monolingual corpora for the target. Specifically, our method first uses phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) to map sign glosses to corresponding Japanese words or phrases, and then employs a transformer-based neural machine translation (NMT) model trained with a monolingual corpus to refine the output in the first translation. Experimental results show that our pipeline method outperforms direct PBSMT and competitive NMT models with data augmentation, including back-translation and transfer learning in a low-resource setting with a corpus size on the order of 104 words.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТЕМПОРАЛЬНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ОДЕСЬКОГО СПИСКУ «МАЛОГО ЗБІРНИКА ПОВЧАНЬ» ТЕОДОРА СТУДИТА

The article is devoted to studying the specifics of the functioning of the future tense as an important component of the Bulgarian temporal system in the era of the Bulgarian Proto-Renaissance. The research object is an 18th century copy of the «Small Catechism» written by Theodore the Studite, which is a part of the manuscript no.1/154 from the Hryhorovych’s collection kept in the Odesa National Scientific Library. The primary method used for researching the history of languages – the comparative-historical method, is employed here. The involvement of the internal reconstruction approach makes it possible to determine the internal regularities of the development of the Bulgarian language that are valid beyond a particular time. The New Bulgarian monuments, dating to the XVII–XVIII century, from the Odesa manuscript collection are yet not sufficiently described and require careful and in-depth research, that proves the expediency of carrying out this analysis. Furthermore, studying the written monuments of the New Bulgarian period helps to supplement the knowledge about the development of the future tense, and the transformation of its forms, some specific stages of which remain undisclosed. The paper analyzes the forms of the future tense recorded in the text (both simple and compound), characterizes their structural, grammatical and functional particularities, and compares them with other manuscripts of the same period. The article pays special attention to the fact that contrary to the general tendency of using the auxiliary verb щетъ and da-constructions or the abbreviated infinitive as components of future tense forms, the main elements of the forms in the studied manuscript are хотэти and infinitive. The use of combinations б©д© + infinitive as a future tense form, which is not typical for the Bulgarian language history, is fixed. The analysis presented here highlights the regular use of simple future tense forms in subordinate clauses and ascertains their sporadic use in principle ones. Additionally, it notes the special impact of the archaic Middle Bulgarian written tradition and Church Slavonic language of the Eastern redaction on the formation of future tense form in the manuscript.

Inchoative verbs in constructions with infinitives in 16th‒17th century Russian sources: Searching for the difference

The article focuses on the study of differences between phase verbs in constructions with infinitive clause in the 16th‒17th century Russian writing. The verbs under discussion are: načati, počati, jati, učati, and stati, as well as the verb byti, which does not belong to phase ones, but competes with them in the simple future tense form. The study is limited to the constructions with auxiliary verbs in the perfective present tense form, i. e., those that refer to the future. The data was collected from the Middle Russian subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus. Contexts from the corpus are classified according to the following parameters: auxiliariness, infinitive, agency/non-agency and telicity/atelicity/punctivity of the predicate in the infinitive form, aspectual semantics of the construction (phasal, iterative, habitual, general factual, durative-continuative meanings), the type of the clause in question, the date and the title of the source, its register and genre. It was found that each periphrastic construction has a unique set of properties associated with the paradigmatic limitations of the auxiliary verb, tendency to occur in a certain clause type, register and genre. The constructions are sensitive to various semantic features of infinitive and aspectual semantics of the context. It is argued that constructions with the verb učnu are less associated with the expression of inchoativity since they are attested in the contexts uncommon for inchoative verbs. Two distinct clusters of periphrastic constructions are distinguished: older constructions with the verbs načnu, počnu and imu and newer ones with the verbs učnu, stanu and budu.

Perfects of Yaghnobi

The article describes the semantics of four verb forms in the Yaghnobi language, which are formed from the Past Participle of the lexical verb and the auxiliary verb ‘to be’ or a copula — namely, the Perfect, Pluperfect, Past Perfect, and Past Subjunctive. The data for the study was taken from the Corpus of Yaghnobi oral texts from the 1920s–1960s, containing more than 40 000 tokens. As a result, we established that the Perfect is not a specialized form for expressing the result. The Perfect has the following meanings: experiential, inclusive, immediate, evidential (inferential and reportative), epistemic, mirative, and discursive. The Perfect is also used to express situations that have not yet taken place, but are considered by the speaker as having just happened. The main meaning of the Pluperfect is the discursive emphasis of the situation in the past. The typical meaning of antecedence in the past has been lost by the Yaghnobi Pluperfect. There are also cases of using the Pluperfect to express discontinuous past, avertive, and a failed attempt in the past. The Past Perfect expresses antecedence in the past, inferential evidentiality in the past, and is also used in situations related to the recent past, present, or near future which are thought by the speaker as having happened a long time ago. All meanings of this form are also attested for the Perfect. The main difference between the Past Perfect and the basic Perfect is that the former shifts the situation into the past. The Subjunctive mood of the Past tense is used in sentences with a general question and in subordinate affirmative clauses. The semantics of the mood is not completely clear. Semantically, this form is closest to the Subjunctive mood of the Present-Future tense. The Subjunctive of the Past tense can express the taxis meaning of the antecedence of the situation expressed by the Subjunctive mood of the Present-Future tense, which brings this form closer to the Past Perfect. In addition to a detailed description of the forms with the Past Participle, a significant result of the study is the discovery of the Pluperfect’s discursive function , as well as the use of the Perfect and the Past Perfect to express a situation of the recent past, present, or near future which is thought by the speaker as having already taken place.

Тувинские глагольные конструкции с фрустративной семантикой

In linguistics, the frustrative denotes the categories with different semantics. However, researchers agree that frustrative is associated with the expression of negative emotions resulting from the disruption of the normal course of events. This paper explores three verbal constructions of the Tuvan language expressing a frustrative meaning. The first component is expressed in two constructions by the present participle form in =ar. The second component, in one of the three constructions concerned, is the multifunctional function word čüve“thing,” in the other construction it is the kay particle. The third construction is a participial analytical construction with an auxiliary verb tur= “stand,” “be” acquires a frustrative semantics in certain contexts. All these constructions are grammaticalized due to their established semantics and regular character. Two of them have complete personal-numerical paradigms, except for the participial form with the function word čüve ‘thing’ (3 person singular and plural is absent). These constructions differ in the shades and intensity of the expressed meaning. The construction with the function word čüve has a common and universal character. It can express the whole spectrum of negative emotions, from a feeling of mild discontent or annoyance to strong regret. The semantics of the construction with the kay particle is complicated by a shade of very strong regret, remorse of the speaker about the events that happened or did not happen. A common component of the semantics of these constructions expresses negative emotions of the speaker about the actions committed or not committed in the past.

Auxiliary clitics in Old Russian chronicles

Present tense auxiliaries in Old Russian could have different categorial status: they could be perceived as simple auxiliary verbs, as clitics or as weak pronouns. The investigation aims at clarifying this situation relying on corpus studies in the text of chronicles. Problems like the position of perfect auxiliaries relative to their host, their behaviour in clitic clusters, and their relation to pronominal subjects will be looked at. The quantitative and distributional analysis of these forms helps us decide whether these elements actually acted as enclitics, in what proportions, and what position they occupied in clause.