Auxiliary Diesel Generator Research Articles

Оценка нестабильности последовательных впрыскиваний топливной аппаратуры дизелей

The issues of uneven cyclic feed in sequential injections by diesel fuel equipment are considered, which is directly related to solving the problem of ensuring the quality of operation of engines of various types and purposes when operating at low loads and rotational speeds. The special importance of solving these problems from the standpoint of ensuring fuel efficiency, environmental pollution, solving issues of engine reliability and improving their operational properties was noted. The features of the formation of residual fuel pressure in the high-pressure pipeline are revealed. The periodic fluctuations of the cyclic feed and injection parameters from cycle to cycle are estimated. A study of possible options for the operation of fuel equipment in low fuel supply modes has been carried out. Based on the analysis, a criterion for evaluating the instability of successive injection cycles for diesel fuel equipment during its operation in various modes has been introduced. By studying numerical examples, the conditions of unstable fuel supply processes in successive injections of various characteristic modes are determined. The criterion determines the quality of the fuel equipment of marine diesel engines and diesel generators in terms of ensuring a minimum stable idle speed and the possibility of ensuring stable reduced fuel supplies. The variability of fuel supply processes in sequential feeds is the cause of increased exchange processes of electric power flow during parallel operation of diesel alternators and reduces the performance characteristics of diesels for various purposes when operating in partial modes. In the process of carrying out development work, scientific research and during the refinement of diesels, the instability criterion allows us to assess the quality of the fuel equipment precisely in partial modes. This is of particular importance for diesel engines of fishing vessels operating for a long time at shared loading modes and low idle speeds, as well as for engines of the tugboat fleet and auxiliary diesel generator sets of all types of facilities used.

Energy and power management system for microgrids of large‐scale building prosumers

AbstractA method for optimal energy and power management of microgrids consisting of mega buildings, plug‐in electric vehicles (PEVs) and renewable energy sources (RES) with low computation requirements is proposed by the authors. Thermal and electrical loads are considered for the operation scheduling of the microgrid. In case of non‐interconnected operation of the microgrid with the main power grid, the proposed method allows the microgrid to meet the power demand by the buildings and distribution loads exploiting only the hosted PEVs, the integrated RES and, if it is necessary or financially optimal, building auxiliary diesel generators. The primary goal of the suggested algorithm is to significantly reduce the overall daily cost of the microgrid's operation while simultaneously meeting a wide range of constraints. The implementation of the method is based on the exploitation of a two‐level hierarchical multi‐agent system (MAS) at the level of the microgrid. Suitably defined flexibilities of the microgrid's components to change their power are used to implement optimal power dispatch to them. Detailed simulation results indicated that a remarkable cost reduction of 27% can be achieved.

Design of Container Ship Main Engine Waste Heat Recovery Supercritical CO2 Cycles, Optimum Cycle Selection through Thermo-Economic Optimization with Genetic Algorithm and Its Exergo-Economic and Exergo-Environmental Analysis

In the present study, energy and exergy analyses of a simple supercritical, a split supercritical and a cascade supercritical CO2 cycle are conducted. The bottoming cycles are coupled with the main two-stroke diesel engine of a 6800 TEU container ship. An economic analysis is carried out to calculate the total capital cost of these installations. The functional parameters of these cycles are optimized to minimize the electricity production cost (EPC) using a genetic algorithm. Exergo-economic and exergo-environmental analyses are conducted to calculate the cost of the exergetic streams and various exergo-environmental parameters. A parametric analysis is performed for the optimum bottoming cycle to investigate the impact of ambient conditions on the energetic, exergetic, exergo-economic and exergo-environmental key performance indicators. The theoretical results of the integrated analysis showed that the installation and operation of a waste heat recovery optimized split supercritical CO2 cycle in a 6800 TEU container ship can generate almost 2 MW of additional electric power with a thermal efficiency of 14%, leading to high fuel and CO2 emission savings from auxiliary diesel generators and contributing to economically viable shipping decarbonization.

Energy Efficiency Improvement of Diesel–Electric Trains Using Solar Energy: A Feasibility Study

Nowadays, productivity challenges in modern manufacturing systems have been the driving force in generating energy-efficient technologies in every industry, including diesel–electric locomotives. The diesel–electric locomotive is one of the most widely used methods in rail transportation, especially in North America. More precisely, the evolution of the electric transmission has allowed the locomotive’s effective tractive effort to increase its diesel engine horsepower. In this paper, we study a new way to improve the energy efficiency of diesel–electric trains using photovoltaic solar panels. This solution is suitable for reducing greenhouse gas emissions of the diesel–electric locomotive system, particularly in cold climates. We explore the amount of energy produced by the PV solar panels and compare it with that produced by the auxiliary diesel-generator during a train’s journey. This comparison clarifies the actual percentage of energy that solar panels can cover. Thus, this paper presents a validation of feasibility and profitability as a function of the train’s specific operating conditions and the meteorological data associated with their routes. Based on the results, the minimum annual fuel reduction of auxiliary generators allowed using PV solar panels is above 50% in all cases and wagon classes, proving this solution’s feasibility. Regarding the comparison, case 3 (Sept-Îles to Schefferville) and case 4 (Luxor to Aswan) are the best, with over 100% of the energy provided by PV solar panels in all the wagons’ classes. The payback period ranges from 2.5 years to 9.1 years, while the CO2 emission reduction’s revenues range from $460 to $998 per year/wagon.

AN ICOR APPROACH TOWARDS SHIP MAINTENANCE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Ship maintenance is one of the key processes to improve system performance and reliability onboard. Maintenance onboard ships is required to be performed in a planned manner because safe and efficient operation of a ship is very much depending on equipment reliability in operational level. A planned maintenance system (PMS), mainly supported with software, is established to monitor the maintenance implementations on board ships. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of onboard maintenance and limited with the procedures and specific softwares employed for the maintenance on board. Specifically, the process analysis approach is developed to execute the existing ship PMS phases based on four dimensions such as input, control, output, resources (ICOR). Besides the critical points to be improved in ship maintenance, this research reveals recommendations to increase the functionality of selected software in terms of workload balance, smart scheduling and safe working environment. To demonstrate the functional improvements, an illustrative case study on an auxiliary diesel generator maintenance routines are conducted. The contributions of the study are expected in both ship operations management and marine software development.

Optimal energy scheduling of a solar‐based hybrid ship considering cold‐ironing facilities

There are many restrictions on shipping, which reduce or prohibit the use of diesel generators for feeding the energy demand of the electric ships, especially in ports. Therefore, the use of shore power system (SPS) together with renewable energies and energy storage systems (ESSs) can lead to many environmental benefits while ships are berthing in ports. In this study, the shipboard hybrid power system (HPS) is proposed, including diesel generators, solar photovoltaic panels (PV), ESS and cold-ironing (CI) facilities for using SPS to efficiently supply the ship's electrical demand. With such HPS aboard, the solar generated power is estimated accurately based on the navigation route. By optimal energy scheduling in a real hybrid cruise ship, the use of diesel generators gets minimised, due to the utilisation of PV and ESS. In addition, using CI service instead of switching on auxiliary diesel generators in ports leads to a 3 h increase in charging and discharging times of the ESS. Furthermore, the efficient use of CI service results in less use of diesel generators even at sailing hours, reducing emissions and minimising the costs of supplying ship's energy demand. The total cost reduction of the HPS in different case studies, without the use of CI services is only 1% to 2%, while this reduction is about 6% to 7% by adding the CI facilities to the HPS. Moreover, the economic characteristics of the proposed diesel-PV-ESS-CI by adding the CI facilities to the HPS are analysed and the profitability of this HPS in reducing the daily costs with considering the share of installation costs on the target day is proved.

A trip-ahead strategy for optimal energy dispatch in ship power systems

Optimizing ship power systems with diesel generators such as the platform supply vessel (PSV) has become a pressing issue due to the emission of carbon dioxide. This paper investigates the optimal operation of diesel generators in marine power systems, particularly the PSV. The investigation is mainly focused on carbon dioxide emission and fuel consumption in a ship's mission. In this regard, this paper presents a clear optimization strategy, called a trip-ahead to determine the best operation schedule of generators to supply the electricity demand for the next days of a PSV. The PSV has six generators (i.e., four primary and two auxiliary diesel generators) with two different fuel consumption curves and carbon dioxide emission. The trip-ahead algorithm's objective functions consist of minimization of cost and emission during the complete PSV mission. A power level is assigned to each generator for each hour of the next day of a 5-day trip, taking into account the fuel consumption per kilowatt-hour (kWh). The prepared sample of the load profile is the historical demand records of a real PSV. Additionally, this paper compares the results of the proposed approach with other optimization algorithms such as the Genetic algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO), and the software HOMER Pro optimization tool. Moreover, this paper presents the sensitivity analysis to compensate for possible errors in prediction demand for the next trip. The results prove the proposed algorithm in comparing GA and PSO is more accurate and the calculation velocity of the proposed algorithm when objective functions are cost and emission is about 27% and 46% better than the PSO and about 36% and 62% better than the GA, respectively.

АНАЛИЗ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ОТКАЗОВ НА ПРОМЫСЛОВЫХ СУДАХ В ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОМ РЕГИОНЕ

The article focuses on the main factors influencing the safety of navigation, such as natural factors, man-made impact, depreciation aspect, operational impact and human factor. The analysis of marine accidents in the far East region determined the value of its technical component. The statistics of the machinery failures on fishing vessels is given. One out of ten accidents has been stated to occur as a result of force majeure events, three quarters of the accidents are related to the human factor in the form of personnel erroneous actions, the rest happen due to technical imperfection of the ships. The chart shows the distribution of accidents by years due to failures and breakdowns of ship technical equipment given in percentage figures. Breakdowns of the main engines, auxiliary mechanisms and their elements, including their systems, annually make up 33.9 - 40.7% of the total number of accidents. Characteristic failures of ship technical equipment are: breakdowns of the main engines, auxiliary diesel generators, auxiliary mechanisms, electrical equipment, screw-steering complex with the shaft line, automation systems. Statistics of the causes of breakdowns of propulsion plant, auxiliaries, main systems and their elements is proportional to the data of similar studies. An attempt has been made to evaluate the importance of the operator-machine link at all levels of responsibility for coastal personnel and ship crews. The impact on the man-machine link in the whole chain of operation of the vessel is important; thus, there was set a task to carry out a quantitative investigation of the reliability of this link. In terms of the ergotechnical component of the fishing fleet operation there has been substantiated the necessity of developing measures (technical, economic, informational, legal) to improve the quality of the vessel activity.

Оценка ресурсных показателей резервных дизель-генераторов атомных электростанций

Оценка ресурсных показателей резервных дизель-генераторов атомных электростанций

ПОВЫШЕННАЯ ВИБРАЦИЯ НА РЕФРИЖЕРАТОРНЫХ СУДАХ ПРОЕКТА В437/11 И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ПО ЕЕ СНИЖЕНИЮ

The paper considers the causes of increased vibration of four auxiliary diesel-generator sets of "Sulzer" 5АL25 type on board nine refrigerated vessels of B437 / 11 project after 15 years of operation. The proposed wide range of possible applications to address the problem of high vibration of diesel generators and motor vessels there were generally implemented upgraded turbocharger brackets, engine sub-frame and supporting spiral-rope vibration isolators in the shock absorption system of the diesel-generator. Four original patented technical solutions have been presented, among which one solution is implemented in 5AL25 diesel generator and 2H 8.5/11 diesel damping systems. There has been offered wide application both wire rope vibration isolators and combined isolators, in which elastic elements are made of nonflammable materials. Wire rope vibration isolators combine high bearing capacity (static loads within 1 N - 50 kN) with high elasticity under dynamic effects; their natural frequencies can drop to 2.5 Hz. Under the worst conditions 75% of the free moving weakens the impact to values that ensure the necessary safety of the object. Experience in designing vibration isolation systems allows to set the maximum range of loads within 15 - 25 g. The vibration isolators made of steel wire rope are practically not affected by the environment, they are made of stainless steel. They effectively operate at temperatures -200°C - +370°C in the presence of oil, dirt, sand, salt fog, etc. They usually have a service life comparable with the service life of the insulated object. Wire rope vibration isolators and combined vibration isolators can be used in all fields of modern technology: shipbuilding, power engineering, automotive, aviation and space industries, etc.

An ICOR Approach Towards Ship Maintenance Software Development

Ship maintenance is one of the key processes to improve system performance and reliability onboard. Maintenance onboard ships is required to be performed in a planned manner because safe and efficient operation of a ship is very much depending on equipment reliability in operational level. A planned maintenance system (PMS), mainly supported with software, is established to monitor the maintenance implementations on board ships. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of onboard maintenance and limited with the procedures and specific softwares employed for the maintenance on board. Specifically, the process analysis approach is developed to execute the existing ship PMS phases based on four dimensions such as input, control, output, resources (ICOR). Besides the critical points to be improved in ship maintenance, this research reveals recommendations to increase the functionality of selected software in terms of workload balance, smart scheduling and safe working environment. To demonstrate the functional improvements, an illustrative case study on an auxiliary diesel generator maintenance routines are conducted. The contributions of the study are expected in both ship operations management and marine software development.

Idle Hour

This article discusses that according to the Argonne National Laboratory Center for Transportation Research, long-haul truck idling in the United States burns more than 800 million gallons of fuel a year. The big reasons for idling include heating and cooling of sleeper cabs and generating electricity for onboard appliances like refrigerators and microwaves. In severe, glove-cracking cold, truckers idle to avoid cold starts and to keep their fuel from turning to slush. Onboard idle-reduction systems range from simple start–stop arrangements to full-out auxiliary diesel generators. They require greater financial commitments than stationary systems on the part of the truckers or the employers who buy them. Yet, unlike many pollution prevention programs, where installing equipment often spells lower efficiencies, idling reduction stands a good chance of lowering both fuel usage and emissions. A business case can be built for many idling reduction schemes.

確率特性を考慮した系統独立型太陽光発電システムの性能評価法

A probabilistic approach to evaluating the performance of a stand-alone photovoltaic system with a storage battery is proposed. In consideration of probabilistic characteristics of insolation and electricity demand, the loss-of-load probability as well as the expected values of electric power generated by an auxiliary diesel generator and electric power disposed of are evaluated in relation to the surface area of the photovoltaic array, the capacity of the storage battery, and the capacity of the diesel generator. The probability density function of insolation for each hour is expressed using beta distributions. Instead of considering the hourly change in insolation as a stochastic process, we adopted two simplified models : in one the hourly insolation changes randomly, and in the other it changes deterministically. These models give extreme cases for the hourly change in insolation, from which the system performance for an actual change in insolation can be estimated by interpolation. A case study is carried out using measured data on insolation. The results obtained using this probabilistic approach are compared with those obtained using a deterministic approach, and the usefulness of the proposed approach is ascertained.

The optimization of hybrid energy conversion systems using the dynamic programming model—Rapsody

The paper describes a stochastic, dynamic programming model, RAPSODY, which is designed to analyse and determine optimal operating strategies for a hybrid electricity generating system comprising up to three diesel sets with optional battery storage and augmented by variable wind or photo-voltaic power. The model takes capital, operating and maintenance, and fuel costs into account to assess the optimal operating strategy for the auxiliary and to calculate the average daily cost of satisfying an electrical load profile which may also contain a stochastic element. In doing so, the decreased fuel efficiency and lifetime of the diesel set as it is operated below full capacity is explicitly taken into consideration as is a further important cost component attributable to switching on. The model is provided with an efficient optimizing routine which allows the user to obtain optimal component sizes for a particular load profile and wind or solar resource. An example is given in which a hybrid wind power system incorporating battery storage and an auxiliary diesel generator is optimized. For the case studied, the auxiliary switching cost and the shape of its operating cost function were important in defining the optimal operating strategy which was a significant factor in minimizing generating costs.

Auxiliary Diesel Electric Propulsion of Large Fishing Boat

The government of Formosa has completed at Mitsubishi Dock Yard, a large fishing boat, equipped with two direct reversible four cycle Diesel engines, each developing 340 B. H. P. at 275 r. p. m. for main propulsion.She is accommodated with many up-to-date fishing and sailing apparatus, among which most remarkable one is the auxiliary Diesel electric propulsion. In case of the tunny fishing with line-hauler, it is most desirable to propel the boat at a very slow speed nearly same as winding of line-hauler. Such a slowest speed of propeller as 11 r. p. m. is easily obtained by the Diesel electric propulsion.There is another remarkable merit. Captain himseff can manoeuver the engine by remote control from the bridge, while inspecting the condition of the line-slack or tight-which is most important for this special fishing practice.The electric propulsion is of Leonard system, where electric power is supplied from auxiliary Diesel generator of variable voltage type, to the variable speed 75 B. H. P. D. C. motor which is connected to the shaft through reduction gears and a clutch. There are two clutches provided for one propeller shaft, one of which is engaged to the main engine and the other to the auxiliary propelling motor through reduction gearing. When one of the clutches is engaged, another is disengaged by the same operating handle so as to avoid the mishandling.