Auxiliary Chamber Research Articles

Heat loss and heat release on premixture combustion in a stratified charge spark ignition engine with an auxiliary combustion chamber.

高効率・低公害化機関を目的とした層状給気機関の一つである副室付き火花点火機関において,燃焼機構と熱損失を実験的に調査した.特にこの形式の機関の特徴である連絡孔からの火炎噴流と熱損失および熱発生との因果関係を熱流束と燃焼圧力とから求め,この燃焼方式の機関における熱伝達率を推定する実験式を得た.さらに熱発生率の形が連絡孔径だけではなく熱損失によっても変化することを明らかにした.

Impact tool with damping chambers

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Analysis of Re-Ignition of Multiple Break Switches Devices Application to Shunt Reactor Current Interruption

The interruption of shunt reactor current has been studied on a Hydro-Quebec substation. The study describes the test results basedon particular characterlstics of the circuit breaker: the influence of the auxiliary chamber synchrcnism and the influence of the opening resistor values of the breaker arefirst recorded. Their theoretical models are then developed to appraise the trqrlsient voltage across the breaker terminals and the overvoltages phenomena experienced. The re-ignition, phenomena is then modeled according to the CIGRE Working Group 13-02 Recommendatatives and, a good correlation between the test results and the models output are confirmed.

Analysis of Re-Ignition of Multiple Break Switches Devices Application to Shunt Reactor Current Interruption

The interruption of shunt reactor current has been studied on a Hydro-Quebec substation. The study describes the test results based on particular characteristics of the circuit breaker: the influence of the auxiliary chamber synchronism and the influence of the opening resistor values of the breaker are first recorded. Their theoretical models are then developed to appraise the transient voltage across the breaker terminals and the overvoltages phenomena experienced. The reignition phenomena is then modeled according to the CIGRE Working Group 13-02 Recommendatatives and a good correlation between the test results and the models output are confirmed.

A combined vacuum interlock and preparation assembly for MBE and surface analysis

A vacuum interlock system for sample transfer into an interlock carousel station is described. In this station samples can be stored and prepared before being further transferred into an MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) system of an auxiliary analysis chamber. The described system is a redesign of the commercial load-lock system on the Varian MBE-360 system.

Rubber elastic engine mounts or supports with hydraulic damping, especially for engine suspensions in motor vehicles

A rubber elastic engine mount with hydraulic damping, especially for motor vehicles, includes an elastic peripheral wall on the engine side joined with a metallic end wall that can be connected with an engine casing, and joined also with a metallic supporting element that can be connected to an engine supporting frame. The elastic wall together with the end walls forms a liquid-filled main chamber which is closed off by a partition connected with the supporting element, and which is connected with an auxiliary liquid-filled elastic walled chamber on the other side of the partition. The auxiliary chamber may be constructed generally the same as the main chamber, including an elastic peripheral wall joined with the supporting element and with a metallic end wall relatively away from the engine. The two end walls are rigidly connected. The peripheral walls function as thrust springs. The partition may be rigid and stationary, or it may be movable. A foamed material may be disposed in the chambers so as to accommodate low amplitude oscillations without any appreciable hydraulic damping. One or both of the end walls may be double-walled, including an outer fixed wall and an inner diaphragm-like yieldable wall, the inner wall being constructed with a predetermined yieldability so as to accommodate high frequency oscillations of low amplitude without any appreciable hydraulic damping.

Double Chamber Partial Pressure Gauge

A partial pressure gauge has been developed in which the interaction between the hot filament and the residual gases is virtually eliminated by placing the filament in an auxiliary vacuum chamber pumped separately. The electron beam passes through a small hole into the ionization chamber. Due to a particular combination of ion source and magnetic analyzer, collecting ions from a large volume, a sensitivity of 10−4 A/Torr or 1.2 Torr−1 is realized at a mass resolution of 65 (FWHM definition). The instrument can be operated with another filament in conventional manner. Then the sensitivity is 10−2 A/Torr which is about one order of magnitude better than most commercial instruments. A partial pressure of 3×10−13 Torr is detectable without a multiplier.

Haemodynamics of Carcinus maenas (L.)

1. 1. Ventricular blood pressure consistently rises above general sinus pressure, which remains above branchio-pericardial pressure (pressures of the order of 0–15 cm water : 5 cm : 0 cm). 2. 2. During ventricular systole dorsal pericardial pressure rises (from 9 cm water to 13 cm) while ventricular pressure also rises (from 0 cm to 14 cm), and lateral pericardial pressure drops from around ambient (by about 1 cm). The dorsal pericardium seems functionally separate from the lateral pericardium and may act as an auxiliary heart chamber. 3. 3. Periodic reversal of the direction of scaphognathite beat may increase respiratory efficiency by emptying the gills of blood through a direct pressure effect.

Changes in the Fish Population in the Upper Ohio River following Temporary Pollution Abatement

The abatement of pollution in the upper Ohio River following closure of the steel industries on July 15, 1959, led to a marked improvement in water quality accompanied by a rapid increase in the variety and abundance of fishes. Collections of fishes with rotenone from the auxiliary lock chamber at Montgomery Lock and Dam yielded more than twice as many different kinds and more than five times as many individuals within 11 days after the beginning of the steel strike than comparable samples taken from the same area before the strike. The principal difference in species composition was the occurrence of “clean-water fishes” that invaded the previously polluted area, probably from nearby unpolluted waters.

Influence of Connecting Passage on Diesel Knock in Divided Chamber Type Engines

Combustion noise of the Diesel engine of a pre-combustion chamber type will be originated by some mechanical cause involved with sharp pressure rise in the main chamber. This pressure rise is determined by the rate of heat release in it and the quantity of gas issued from the auxiliary chamber. In order to clarify the latter effect, which will be closely related with the pressure rise in the auxiliary chamber and the area of the connecting passage, an air model was proposed. The pressure rise in the main chamber caused by a sudden pressure jump in the auxiliary chamber was measured in various areas of the connecting passage, and was compared with the theoretical calculation in which gas inertia was neglected. As the result, it was found that the rate of pressure rise in the main chamber is proportional to the area ratio of the passage and inversely proportional to the volume ratio of the main chamber. Application of the result to the actual engines shows that transmission of rapid pressure rise in the pre-chamber to the main chamber is strongly suppressed, resulting in a smooth pressure rise with the pre-combustion chamber type engine, while it cannot be with the swirl chamber type.

Analysis of Pressure Propagation in the Combustion Chamber of Diesel Engine by Means of Water Model

It was suggested in the previous paper that the area of the connecting passage in a divided chamber type Diesel engine determines wheither the sharp pressure rise in the auxiliary chamber transmits to the main chamber. No attention, however, was paid to the pressure wave propagation in the chamber that would possibly be of importance. In order to make up this, the water analogue method was applied to simulate such a two-dimensional unsteady problem. Test results show that, with a wide connecting passage, a sharp pressure pulse is formed and spreads in the main chamber, followed by a rapid pressure rise and pressure vibration of relatively low pitch. Such pulse and vibration decline with the decrease of the passage area and with smoothing the pressure rise in the auxiliary chamber. Owing to this pulse, the maximum rate of pressure rise in the main chamber is exceedingly larger than the theoretical one predicted in the previous paper, while the average rate coincides virtually with it, if fine waves are ignored.

The Effect of Combustion Swirl on the Combustion in a Diesel Engine

In order to investigate the effect of the timing of swirl creation on the combustion process in a Diesel engine, varying amounts of fuel were injected from two sets of fuel-injection equipments into the main and auxiliary combustion chambers respectively at different timings. A swirl was created in the main chamber by an outflow of gas from the auxiliary chamber. Swirl creation prior to the fuel injection into the main chamber brings a small improvement on the combustion state, but is accompanied by an unfavorably rapid and high pressure rise. Swirl creation after ignition is more effective in shortening the after-burning of fuel, as ascertained by the high-speed photography. When fuel is injected into the auxiliary chamber after TDC, the noiseless and smokeless combustion with fairly low peak pressure is materialized without the expense of fuel consumption.

The Divertor, a Device for Reducing the Impurity Level in a Stellarator

A divertor, designed to reduce the flow of impurities from the wall into a gas discharge, has been used with a small stellarator. In the divertor an outer shell of magnetic flux is bent away from the discharge channel into a large auxiliary chamber. Ions diffusing toward the wall tend to follow the lines of force of this outer shell into the divertor chamber. Impurities produced by wall bombardment in this chamber do not readily return to the discharge. The magnetic design of this device is described, and a phenomenological theory of its performance is outlined. The spectroscopic data with and without the divertor activated indicate that the divertor reduces the influx of impurities by a factor of two to three, while the impurity concentration at the core, or central region, may be diminished by an order of magnitude when the divertor is activated. Kinetic temperatures of positive ions determined from spectroscopic measurements of Doppler broadening increase from 40 ev without the divertor to 60 ev for He+ and to 130 ev for O++++ with use of the divertor.

Artificial reverberation

The demand for a source of artificial reverberation in sound transmission systems is commonly met by the use of reverberation rooms, but attempts have been made to fulfil the requirements by devices involving the transmission of the signal through a number of delay channels. The design and operation of such devices can be treated by simple theory, but in the present state of the art, the quality of artificial reverberation, like that of the natural product, cannot be completely assessed except by ear.The characteristics of artificial-reverberation apparatus employing delay channels with overall feedback are discussed and illustrated by the results of early experiments using acoustic-delay tubes. The acoustic-tube system, while simple in principle, involves in practice much instrumental complication and becomes uneconomic if good sound quality and long reverberation time are required.Artificial-reverberation apparatus employing a magnetic-recording delay system, which is free from the defects associated with the acoustic tube, is described. By means of an artifice involving the use of a double recording track, the effective number of delay paths is greatly increased and a high standard of performance is thus attained. This equipment has been in regular use by the B.B.C. for 2½ years.Artificial-reverberation systems involving a finite number of delay paths tend to produce flutter effects when transmitting impulsive signals. Such effects can be mitigated by the use of a small auxiliary reverberation chamber. By temporarily transferring the signal to the ultrasonic-frequency region, the required effect can be conveniently obtained with a small water-filled reverberation tank. Details are given of equipment of this type which has been designed for use in conjunction with the magnetic recording system referred to.

Direct Measurement of X-Ray Mass Scattering Coefficient

The mass scattering coefficients for Li, B, C, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and Na at wave-lengths $\ensuremath{\lambda}.32$,.43,.54,.66,.79A were measured directly by collecting the scattered radiation in an ionization chamber surrounding the scatterer, and comparing its intensity with that of a portion of the primary beam going through an auxiliary ionization chamber of equal length along the ray path. The primary beam consisted of the continuous radiation from a Coolidge tungsten tube, filtered through Al and Cu until the spectral width between the half-maximum intensity points was about 25 percent of the mean wave-length. Corrections were made for internal absorption in the scatterer and for the increased absorption of the scattered beam in the ionization chamber due to the Compton effect. The uncertainty in these corrections forms the chief limitation on the accuracy of the measurement. The values of mass scattering coefficient determined are tabulated. The scattering coefficient in all cases starts, for short wave-lengths, below the value computed from Thomson's formula, and slowly increases for longer wave-lengths. For all substances but boron it finally crosses the Thomson value because of gradual entering in of excess scattering.

PNEUMATIC ILLUMINATED INFANTILE SIGMOIDOSCOPEA NEW RECTAL INSTRUMENT

This instrument was designed primarily for the examination and treatment of rectal diseases in children. Reflected light gave very unsatisfactory results because of the resistance and struggle of the little patients. The light could not be placed and fixed at the point to be examined as it can with this instrument. These drawings and designs were made by me and sent to the Electro-Surgical Instrument Company of Rochester, N. Y., who produced a most satisfactory instrument. It is simply a modification of Dr. James P. Tuttle's 6-inch illuminated pneumatic proctoscope. I claim originality only for the instrument being made for the examination and treatment of children. The modifications are as follows: 1. The instrument is very much reduced in caliber. 2. The auxiliary chamber is placed wholly within the tube in order to make the instrument as small as possible and yet give ample room for making application through it.