Abstract
1. 1. Ventricular blood pressure consistently rises above general sinus pressure, which remains above branchio-pericardial pressure (pressures of the order of 0–15 cm water : 5 cm : 0 cm). 2. 2. During ventricular systole dorsal pericardial pressure rises (from 9 cm water to 13 cm) while ventricular pressure also rises (from 0 cm to 14 cm), and lateral pericardial pressure drops from around ambient (by about 1 cm). The dorsal pericardium seems functionally separate from the lateral pericardium and may act as an auxiliary heart chamber. 3. 3. Periodic reversal of the direction of scaphognathite beat may increase respiratory efficiency by emptying the gills of blood through a direct pressure effect.
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