Autoregressive Cross-lagged Models Research Articles

Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis Between Depressive Symptoms, Social Withdrawal, Self-Esteem, and School Adaptation in Multicultural Adolescents.

In Korea, as the number of multicultural families formed through the marriage of Korean men and foreign women from lower-income countries such as China, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia increases, the psychosocial adaptation of adolescents from these families is becoming increasingly important. This study examines the longitudinal and reciprocal relationships among depressive symptoms, social withdrawal, self-esteem, and school adaptation in multicultural adolescents in high schools. We applied an autoregressive cross-lagged model to a sample of 594 multicultural adolescents extracted from three consecutive years of data from the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Survey and found that depressive symptoms and school adaptation had reciprocal negative relationships in multicultural adolescents' first and second years of high school. In these years, while higher school adaptation led to lower social withdrawal, social withdrawal did not affect school adaptation. In the second and third years of high school, self-esteem and school adaptation had a reciprocal positive relationship. Females had more severe psycho-emotional problems than males. Child neglect increased the risk of depressive symptoms and social withdrawal while lowering self-esteem. A high household income was associated with lower social withdrawal. Adolescents in urban areas exhibited higher levels of depressive symptoms, lower self-esteem, and poorer school adaptation compared to those in rural areas. These results imply that reducing parents' neglect of their children is necessary to alleviate depressive symptoms and school maladaptation among multicultural adolescents. Moreover, financial support for multicultural adolescents in their learning can improve school maladaptation and reduce social withdrawal.

초기 청소년이 지각한 부모양육태도, 우울, 스마트폰 중독의 종단적 관계

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the longitudinal relationship between perceived parenting style, depression, and smartphone addiction in early adolescents. Methods For the purpose of this study, the data of 2,670 elementary school fourth graders from the Korean Child and Youth Panel Survey (KYCPS) 2018 were used for three years from 2018 (1st wave) to 2020 (3rd wave), and analyzed by the autoregressive cross-lagged model, which can confirm the mutual causal relationship between the three variables. The research steps included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and autoregressive cross-lagged analysis. Results The results of the analysis showed that, first, negative parenting, depression, and smartphone addiction at the previous time point significantly predicted negative parenting, depression, and smartphone addiction at the next time point, indicating that the relationship between the three latent variables was stable over the three-year time period. Second, the interaction effects of negative parenting, depression, and smartphone addiction were different. There was a significant cross-lagged effect between depression and smartphone addiction, suggesting a mutual causal relationship between depression and smartphone addiction. There were no cross-lagged effects between negative parenting and depression, and negative parenting and smartphone addiction. Conclusions The relationship between perceived parenting style, depression, and smartphone addiction in early adolescents is consistent over time, suggesting the need for psychoeducational interventions during early adolescence. Furthermore, the reciprocal relationship between depression and smartphone addiction in early adolescents suggests that proactive efforts to prevent depression and smartphone addiction in the early school years are needed.

Loneliness and social anxiety in the general population over time - results of a cross-lagged panel analysis.

Loneliness has become a major public health issue of the recent decades due to its severe impact on health and mortality. Little is known about the relation between loneliness and social anxiety. This study aimed (1) to explore levels of loneliness and social anxiety in the general population, and (2) to assess whether and how loneliness affects symptoms of social anxiety and vice versa over a period of five years. The study combined data from the baseline assessment and the five-year follow-up of the population-based Gutenberg Health Study. Data of N = 15 010 participants at baseline (Mage = 55.01, s.d.age = 11.10) were analyzed. Multiple regression analyses with loneliness and symptoms of social anxiety at follow-up including sociodemographic, physical illnesses, and mental health indicators at baseline were used to test relevant covariates. Effects of loneliness on symptoms of social anxiety over five years and vice versa were analyzed by autoregressive cross-lagged structural equation models. At baseline, 1076 participants (7.41%) showed symptoms of social anxiety and 1537 (10.48%) participants reported feelings of loneliness. Controlling for relevant covariates, symptoms of social anxiety had a small significant effect on loneliness five years later (standardized estimate of 0.164, p < 0.001). Vice versa, there was no significant effect of loneliness on symptoms of social anxiety taking relevant covariates into account. Findings provided evidence that symptoms of social anxiety are predictive for loneliness. Thus, prevention and intervention efforts for loneliness need to address symptoms of social anxiety.

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations Between Pornography Use and Dating Violence Victimization: Are There Risks for Teenagers?

Dating violence victimization (DVV) is a prevalent public health problem with harmful consequences among adolescents. Pornography use has been identified among the factors associated with DVV. However, most studies have relied on cross-sectional designs, limiting the ability to determine temporal relationships between these variables. The present study assessed bidirectional longitudinal associations between pornography use and DVV (psychological, physical, and sexual), also examining cross-sectional associations and gender differences. Participants' self-report data from two assessments of a longitudinal study were used. The sample consisted of 1,556 teenagers (Mage = 14.55 years, SDage = .630; 51.5% were girls) having reported an intimate relationship in the past year at the first and/or second time point (T1/T2). Whereas some cross-sectional associations between pornography use and DVV were observed at T1, results from the autoregressive cross-lagged model revealed no significant longitudinal association between pornography use and the three forms of DVV, regardless of gender. Thus, pornography use may not represent a significant risk factor over time for DVV in adolescents. These findings provide additional insights concerning the associations between pornography use and DVV and suggest that emphasis should perhaps be placed on other variables in the study of risk factors for DVV. Still, although modest, transversal links support the importance of interventions that promote healthy intimate relationships in adolescence and education about pornography use.

Perceived stress mediates the longitudinal effect of sleep quality on internalizing symptoms.

Numerous studies have explored the relationship between sleep quality and internalizing symptoms (i.e., depression and anxiety), but there is uncertainty about their directional pathways. Here, we investigated the longitudinal associations between sleep quality and internalizing symptoms and tested the potential mediation effect of perceived stress. A longitudinal survey of Chinese healthcare students (N = 343) was conducted at three time points: Time 1 (baseline), Time 2 (1 week later), and Time 3 (3 weeks after Time 2). Participants completed the Sleep Quality Questionnaire (SQQ), Perceived Stress Questionnaire-30 (PSQ-30), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) at each time point, where each asked about participants' experiences over the past week. A higher SQQ score indicated poorer sleep quality, while higher scores on the PHQ-4 and PSQ-30 indicated more severe internalizing symptoms and perceived stress. Using autoregressive cross-lagged panel modeling (CLPM), we examined the bidirectional relationships among sleep quality, internalizing symptoms, and perceived stress. CLPM revealed that baseline sleep quality negatively predicted subsequent changes in internalizing symptoms, and vice versa. While perceived stress mediated the relationship between sleep quality and internalizing symptoms at the 3-week follow-up (β = 0.017, p = .038), it did not mediate the reverse relationship between internalizing symptoms and sleep quality. There was a negative bidirectional relationship between sleep quality and internalizing symptoms. Furthermore, perceived stress mediated the effect of poor sleep quality on internalizing symptoms, suggesting that good-quality sleep may enhance stress resilience and alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety, thereby improving overall wellbeing.

중도입국 초등학생의 문화적응 스트레스, 한국어능력 및 학교적응의 종단적 관계 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal relationships among acculturative stress, Korean proficiency, and school adjustment in immigrant elementary school students. Methods To this end, we analyzed the data from 2019(1st) to 2021(3rd) of 327 immigrant elementary school panel of Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (the 2nd term) using autoregressive cross-lagged modeling. Results The findings are as follows: All latent variables including acculturative stress, Korean proficiency, and school adjustment showed significant autoregressive effects across all time points. Additionally, cross-lagged effects consistently exhibited in the same direction across all points, but yielded different findings depending on the variables. Specifically, acculturative stress significantly impacted both Korean proficiency and school adjustment at the subsequent two time points. Across the next two points, Korean proficiency had significant influences on acculturative stress, but not school adjustment. School adjustment significantly influenced both acculturative stress and Korean language proficiency at the subsequent two points. Conclusions We discuss the findings of this study in relation to previous studies and then draw theoretical and practical implications.

When social participation leads adults’ life satisfaction: Moderating role of motivation for social participation

ABSTRACT The current study aimed to investigate the longitudinal reciprocal association of social participation and life satisfaction by considering the motivation for social participation as a moderating variable. The data from 4,007 Korean adults were analyzed. Motivation for social participation was categorized into autonomous motivation or controlled motivation. Multi-group autoregressive cross-lagged modeling revealed that life satisfaction and social participation showed reciprocal relationships only when adults have autonomous motivation during social engagement. Social participation with controlled motivation was associated with later lower life satisfaction. Additionally, prior life satisfaction was not associated with controlled social participation. The results showed that the reason people participate in social activity is critical in understanding the effect of social participation in adulthood. Active social engagement with autonomous motivation and disengagement from controlled social participation may be a critical key for life satisfaction.

Relationship between Self-esteem and Depression among the Elderly : A Longitudinal Study using the Autoregressive Cross-lagged Model

Relationship between Self-esteem and Depression among the Elderly : A Longitudinal Study using the Autoregressive Cross-lagged Model

The development of depression and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents and the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and desire for peer contact.

Adolescence is a dynamic developmental phase in which contact with peers is crucial for socio-emotional development and wellbeing. Depression and social anxiety show patterns of high onset during this period, and more for girls than boys. Here we examine this development among Dutch adolescents, as well as how desire for more peer contact as a result of social distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to this increase. We used a longitudinal three-wave design to examine 406 typically developing Dutch adolescents across two consecutive cohorts; Cohort 1: 2016-2019 (N = 138, 53.6% girls, age at T0 M = 13.00, SD = 0.42), Cohort 2: 2017-2020 (N = 268, 63.1% girls, age at T0 M = 13.05, SD = 0.39), final wave during spring 2020 during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure depression and social anxiety symptoms, desire for change in the amount of peer contact during lockdowns, and emotion regulation. Parallel process dual latent growth models and autoregressive cross-lagged models were used to test the hypotheses. Results showed that symptoms of both depression and social anxiety increase during adolescence. Gender analysis reveal a higher initial level and increase in depression symptoms for girls, while levels for boys decreased. Adolescents exposed to the pandemic showed a steeper increase in depression but not in social anxiety. Desire for more peer contact was related to an increase in depression and social anxiety, though only in girls. No evidence was found for moderation of emotion regulation skills concerning COVID evoked emotions on the association between desire for peer contact and anxiety and depression symptom development. Symptoms of social anxiety increased during adolescence in boys and girls. Symptoms of depression increased for girls, but decreased for boys. The increase in depression was greater in a cohort who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic. For girls, a desire for more peer contact was associated with an increase of depression and social anxiety symptoms in times of social restrictions.

노인의 근로활동 특성, 우울, 주관적 건강상태 간 종단적 관계 분석: 자기회귀교차지연모형 활용

The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal reciprocal relationships between depression and subjective health status according to the characteristics of employment activities(monthly average wage, weekly working hours) among the elderly, using the autoregressive cross-lagged model. For this purpose, data from 2,188 individuals aged 60 and above, collected from the 6th to 9th waves (2016-2022) of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), were analyzed. The measurement tools used include the CES-D-10 for depression and a reverse-scored item for subjective health status. The results are as follows: Firstly, average monthly wage (t) had a negative effect on depression (t+1) and subjective health status (t+1). Secondly, working hours (t) had a negative effect on subjective health status (t+1), but did not have a statistically significant effect on depression (t+1). This study highlights the necessity of elderly employment and provides policy recommendations to reduce depression and improve health status through active work activities at the time of retirement.

Household Firearm Ownership and Firearm Mortality

Causal associations between household firearm ownership rates (HFRs) and firearm mortality rates are not well understood. To assess the population-level temporal sequencing of firearm death rates and HFRs. This cohort study used autoregressive cross-lagged models to analyze HFRs, firearm suicide rates, and firearm homicide rates in the US from 1990 to 2018. The suicide analyses included 16 demographic subgroups of adults, defined by study year, state, sex, race and ethnicity, marital status, and urbanicity. The homicide analyses consisted of adult subgroups living in urban or rural areas. Data analysis was conducted from March to December 2023. Firearm mortality rates and HFRs. Firearm homicide and suicide rates with HFRs as the exposure, and HFR with mortality as the exposure. A total of 10 416 observations of 16 demographic subgroups by state and 2-year periods were included in the suicide analyses, while 1302 observations from 2 demographic subgroups by state and 2-year period were included in the homicide analysis. At baseline, the mean (SD) rate per 100 000 population across strata was 7.46 (7.21) for firearm suicides and 3.32 (2.13) for firearm homicides. The mean (SD) baseline HFR was 36.9% (20.2%) for firearm suicides and 36.9% (14.8%) for firearm homicides. Higher HFR preceded increases in suicide rates: demographic strata with equal firearm suicide rates but which differ by 18.6 percentage points on HFR (1 SD) would be expected to have firearm suicide rates that diverged by 0.19 (95% CI, 0.15-0.23) deaths per 100 000 population per period. With these differences accumulated over 8 years, firearm suicide rates in subgroups with the highest decile HFR would be expected to have 1.93 (95% CI, 1.64-2.36) more suicides per 100 000 population than strata with lowest decile HFR, a difference of 25.7% of the overall firearm suicide rate in 2018 and 2019. Firearm suicide rates had a smaller magnitude of association with subsequent changes in HFR: strata with equal HFRs but which differ by 1 SD in firearm suicide rates had minimal subsequent change in HFRs (-0.02 [95% CI, -0.04 to 0.01] percentage points). A 1-SD difference in HFRs was associated with little difference in next-period overall firearm homicides rates (0.03 [95% CI, -0.02 to 0.08] per 100 000 population), but a 1-SD difference in homicide rates was associated with a decrease in HFR (-0.09 [95% CI, -0.16 to -0.04] percentage points). This cohort study found an association between high HFRs and subsequent increases in rates of firearm suicide. In contrast, higher firearm homicide rates preceded decreases in HFRs. By demonstrating the temporal sequencing of firearm ownership and mortality, this study may help to rule out some theories of why gun ownership and firearm mortality are associated at the population level.

Association between Dietary Practices and Growth Trajectories in Preschool Children.

To estimate the association of dietary practices with early life weight among children born in 2001 in the U.S. The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B) is a population-based cohort followed from 9 months to Kindergarten entry (n~5000). We employed an auto-regressive cross-lagged model to assess the impacts of dietary practices on weight stability over time. We calculated age- and sex-standardized BMI z-scores using WHO growth curves. BMI z-scores had a stable increase over time. Later age of solid food introduction was associated with lower BMI z-score at age 2y [-0.03(-0.05,-0.004)]; having dinners more times per week with family at age 2y was associated with higher BMI z-score at 4y [0.03(0.01,0.05)]. These changes, of <0.05 BMI z-score, are small. Children with higher birthweight were introduced to solid foods at younger ages [-0.39 months(-0.45,-0.32)] and were breast fed longer [0.13 months(0.04,0.22)]. For girls, having dinner at a regular time at ages 2y and 4y was associated with lower BMI at ages 4y and 5y. Dietary practices in early childhood affect weight trajectories. However, these effects are small and are largely overshadowed by prior weight. Children's weight in infancy is associated with subsequent dietary practices but also small effects.

Exploring the relationship between older adults' online health information seeking, negative emotions and prevention behaviors in the pandemic context: a two-wave longitudinal study.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults were facing more mental health issues that may cause complex impacts on pandemic prevention, and turning to the internet for health information is a double-edged sword for them. This study aimed to investigate the reciprocal relationship between negative emotions and prevention behaviors in older adults, as well as the direct and moderating effects of online health information seeking (OHIS) on negative emotions and prevention behaviors. Based on the common-sense model of self-regulation (CSM) and a sample of more than 20,000 participants from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), this study first used an autoregressive cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) to analyze the longitudinal effect of negative emotions on prevention behaviors. Second, the study used ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to explore the influence of OHIS usage frequency changes on negative emotions and prevention behaviors. Third, the study used multigroup analysis to examine the moderating effect of OHIS usage frequency changes on the CLPM. The findings indicate a significant longitudinal association where initial negative emotions predicted later prevention behaviors (β = 0.038, p < 0.001), and increased OHIS frequency was linked to positive changes in prevention behavior (β = 0.109, p < 0.001). Multigroup analysis revealed that the connection between negative emotions or increased negative emotions and prevention behaviors remained significant for those with no change or an increase in OHIS frequency but not for those with a decrease. This study suggested that negative emotions may drive older adults to engage more in prevention behaviors and that OHIS can augment this effect. These results underscore the importance of addressing mental health and providing reliable online health information to support older adults in managing infectious disease risks.

Cross-lagged relationships between exposure to intimate partner violence, depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts among adolescent and young married women

BackgroundHigh rates of depression and suicidal ideation are found in women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV), but their temporal relationship is unclear. This study explores the bidirectional causality between IPV victimization, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts among adolescent and young married women in India. MethodsData sourced from the UDAYA longitudinal survey in India, comprising 3,965 women aged 15–22. Employing Pearson's correlation coefficient, we analyzed the relationship between variables. Additionally, a two-wave cross-lagged autoregressive panel model explored the bidirectional link between IPV, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. ResultsApproximately 25 % and 45 % of the participants reported some form of partner violence at baseline and at follow-up after three years, respectively. Exposure to IPV at baseline was significantly associated with depressive symptoms at follow-up [β = 0.10, p < 0.001], and the association between depressive symptoms at baseline and IPV at follow-up was statistically not significant [β = −0.02, 95 % CI: −0.06-0.02]. Similarly, exposure to IPV at baseline was significantly associated with suicidal thoughts at follow-up [β = 0.24, p < 0.001], and the association between suicidal thoughts at baseline and IPV at follow-up was statistically not significant [β = 0.003, 95 % CI: −0.001-006]. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that exposure to IPV is consistently and strongly associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts in adolescent and young married women. However, the reciprocal relationships did not hold true in this study, implying that reducing IPV during adolescence could potentially minimize the prevalence of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts during young adulthood.

A preliminary investigation of longitudinal associations between ethnic-racial identity and critical consciousness among Black and Latinx youth.

In order for parents, educators, and communities to support racially/ethnically minoritized youth to resist and heal from White supremacy, it is important to examine how youths' beliefs about their ethnic-racial identity (ERI) and critical consciousness (CC) around racism inform one another. Despite this need, limited empirical research examines whether these processes are related across adolescence. The present two-wave longitudinal study investigates whether ERI content (i.e., centrality, private regard) and CC (i.e., critical social analysis, interpersonal antiracism actions) are associated with one another among Black and Latinx youth N = 233; young women (55.6%); young men (44.4%); M = 14.96 years old, SD = 1.46. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel models suggested that youths' centrality at W1 was positively and significantly associated with a critical social analysis at W2, and critical social analysis at W1 was positively and significantly associated with private regard at W2 for both groups. Involvement in interpersonal antiracism actions at W1 was positively and significantly associated with private regard at W2 for both groups. Group differences existed in the link between centrality at W1 and interpersonal antiracism actions at W2. Results indicate that ERI and CC may be viable entry points into stimulating youths' capacity to challenge racism, although there is promise in activating antiracism action to further stimulate ERI development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Longitudinal Relationship between L2 Grit and Motivational Regulation Strategy in University Second Language Learning: An Autoregressive Cross-lagged Model Study.

Despite the significance of grit and motivational regulation strategies (MRS) to language learning, limited research has been conducted on their longitudinal interplay. The present study explores the relationship between these two constructs in an English as a second language (L2) learning context through a longitudinal design. This study utilizes repeated measures of L2 grit and MRS at two time points (T1 and T2) to investigate the direction of influence between them and proposes and evaluates four models: an autoregressive model, two unidirectional models, and a bidirectional model. Using questionnaire data from 205 Chinese university students to evaluate the models, results from model assessment revealed that L2 grit at T1 positively predicted L2 grit at T2 and that MRS at T1 positively predicted MRS at T2. While L2 grit showed stability, MRS developed over time. The unidirectional model with L2 grit at T1 as a predictor of MRS at T2 was identified as the model of best fit, indicating that L2 grit at an earlier time unidirectionally influenced MRS at a later time. Based on these findings, we conclude that there is a unidirectional influence between L2 grit and MRS: the former plays an influential role in shaping MRS in L2 learning over time. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics between the two constructs, which in turn impacts language learning persistence and success, offering valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers striving to optimize language learning environments and interventions.

A longitudinal model of continued acceptance of conversational artificial intelligence

PurposeThe existing technology acceptance models have not yet investigated functional and motivational factors impacting trust in and use of conversational artificial intelligence (AI) by integrating the feedback and sequential updating mechanisms. This study challenged the existing models and constructed an integrated longitudinal model. Using a territory-wide two-wave survey of a representative sample, this new model examined the effects of hedonic motivation, social motivation, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness on continued trust, intended use, and actual use of conversational AI.Design/methodology/approachAn autoregressive cross-lagged model was adopted to test the structural associations of the seven repeatedly measured constructs.FindingsThe results revealed that trust in conversational AI positively affected continued actual use, hedonic motivation increased continued intended use, and social motivation and perceived ease of use enhanced continued trust in conversational AI. While the original technology acceptance model was unable to explain the continued acceptance of conversational AI, the findings showed positive feedback effects of actual use on continued intended use. Except for trust, the sequential updating effects of all the measured factors were significant.Originality/valueThis study intended to contribute to the technology acceptance and human–AI interaction paradigms by developing a longitudinal model of continued acceptance of conversational AI. This new model adds to the literature by considering the feedback and sequential updating mechanisms in understanding continued conversational AI acceptance.

Maternal Involvement in Education, Bicultural Acceptance, and School Adjustment: An Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Modeling Study among Adolescents from Multicultural Families.

This study examined the associations between maternal involvement in education and bicultural acceptance and school adjustment during the first year of middle school among adolescents from Korean multicultural families as well as the reciprocal relationships between bicultural acceptance and school adjustment during the three years of middle school. The present study used three-wave longitudinal data of 1185 dyads of adolescents (50.8% girls; mean age = 12.96 ± 0.35 years at the first wave) and their immigrant mothers (mean age = 43.54 ± 5.19 years at the first wave), who participated in the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study. An autoregressive cross-lagged modeling analysis revealed that maternal involvement in education was significantly and positively associated with adolescents' bicultural acceptance and school adjustment in the first year of middle school. Individual levels of bicultural acceptance and school adjustment among adolescents remained moderately stable over the three years. Whereas the positive effects of school adjustment on bicultural acceptance were significant over time, the effects of bicultural acceptance on school adjustment were not. Finally, this study highlights the roles of intervention programs (e.g., parent and multicultural education) in facilitating maternal involvement in education and school adjustment as well as in increasing bicultural acceptance among minority youths.

중학생이 지각한 부모의 양육태도와 삶의 만족도 간의 관계

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal mediating effect of teacher relationship perceptions on the relationship between middle school students' perceived parenting attitudes and life satisfaction, i.e., to determine how parenting attitudes affect adolescents' life satisfaction over time through teacher relationship perceptions. This study provides a basis for developing programs for adolescent mental health and highlights the importance of the role of teachers in guiding adolescents' lives.&#x0D; Methods The study utilized three years of data from 2019(middle 1) to 2021(middle 3) from the middle 1 panel of the Korea Child and Youth Panel Survey(KCYPS 2018). The total number of subjects was 2,325, and the data was analyzed using an autoregressive cross-lagged model. This model has the advantage of being able to consider temporal antecedence, which is difficult to reflect in conventional cross-sectional models, verify the size of the auto-regressive coefficient, and estimate the effect after controlling the prior state of the mediator and the dependent variable when estimating the mediating effect.&#x0D; Results Positive parenting attitudes at the earlier time point were found to have a positive effect on teacher relationship perceptions at the later time point, while negative parenting attitudes at the earlier time point had a negative effect on teacher relationship perceptions at the later time point. This suggests that adolescents' perceived parenting attitudes may closely influence the formation of relationships with teachers. In addition, we found that teacher relationship perceptions at the earlier time point influenced life satisfaction at the later time point. This means that the extent to which adolescents perceive their relationships with teachers to be positive affects their subsequent life satisfaction. In other words, teacher relationship perceptions have a longitudinal mediating effect on the relationship between parenting attitudes and life satisfaction.&#x0D; Conclusions These results suggest that the parents’ parenting attitudes at prior time points are influencing middle school students’ life satisfaction at later time points. We can also predict that adolescents' life satisfaction may vary depending on whether they perceive their teacher relationships as positive or negative in this pathway.&#x0D;

재난피해 노인의 사회자본, 회복탄력성 및 삶의 질 간의 관계

This study aims to identify the relationships among social capital, resilience and quality of life for older people who experienced disaster. The autoregressive cross-lagged effect model which included social capital variables affecting resilience and quality of life in baseline was conducted with using the data from ‘long-term survey on the change of life of disaster victim(2016~2019)’. Among the total samples of 3,200, 557 individuals aged 65 and older were selected. Results showed that some variables of social capital were significantly associated with resilience and quality of life. In the case of changes in resilience and quality of life from 2017 to 2019, both variables had auto-regressive effects for their owns. However, cross-lagged effects were only significant when the quality of life predicted resilience over time. Based these results, the study suggests policies and services necessary for the elderly to overcome disasters.