Autoregressive Cross-lagged Models Research Articles

기본심리욕구 충족, 수업참여, 학업성취의 종단관계: 행동적, 인지적, 정서적, 주도적 참여에 따른 차이

Purpose: In this study, we examined the longitudinal reciprocal relationships between basic
 psychological need satisfaction, classroom engagement, and academic achievement. In particular, we
 sought to identify the differences in the reciprocal interaction patterns between basic psychological
 need satisfaction and classroom engagement depending on behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and agentic
 aspects of classroom engagement.
 Methods: We analyzed the data of 142 sixth graders, which was collected five times in six weeks
 during Science classes. Using the autoregressive cross-lagged panel model, we separately tested the
 reciprocal relationships between basic psychological need satisfaction, classroom engagement, and quiz
 scores for the four engagement aspects.
 Results: The longitudinal reciprocal interactions between basic psychological needs and classroom
 engagement showed different patterns depending on four distinct aspects of classroom engagement.
 In terms of the behavioral and cognitive aspects, basic psychological need satisfaction and classroom
 engagement had reciprocal causal effects, which subsequently influenced achievement. Agentic
 engagement only had a longitudinal causal effect on basic psychological need satisfaction, and this
 effect led to achievement. In terms of the emotional aspect, basic psychological need satisfaction only
 had a longitudinal causal effect on classroom engagement, and this effect did not lead to achievement.
 Conclusion: The longitudinal reciprocal interactions of behavioral and cognitive engagement with
 basic psychological need satisfaction were consistent with previous findings. There is a need to design
 classes so that students can experience satisfactions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, thereby
 eliciting behavioral and cognitive engagement. At the same time, students should be encouraged to
 engage more behaviorally and cognitively to enhance their experience of satisfying basic psychological
 needs. Findings related to agentic engagement have educational implications in terms of student agency.
 That is, classes that provide agentic and proactive roles for students can be classes that support students'
 motivation and achievement.

Longitudinal analysis of the mediating role of self-perception of aging in the relationship between frailty and intrinsic capacity: A cross-lagged mediation model

ObjectivesThe causal relationship between intrinsic capacity and frailty in older adults, as well as the underlying temporal mechanisms, remained poorly understood. The study aimed to investigate the causal association between intrinsic capacity and frailty while exploring the potential mediating role of self-perception of aging. MeasurementsA survey was conducted with a sample of 429 participants who completed measures of intrinsic capacity, self-perception of aging, and frailty at baseline and were followed for one year. The relationships between these variables were assessed using an autoregressive cross-lagged model. ResultsThe study found reciprocal associations between intrinsic capacity and frailty (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the results indicated that self-perception of aging partially mediated the effect of frailty at baseline (T1) on intrinsic capacity at one-year follow-up (T2) (β = -0.02, confidence interval: [-0.055, -0.004]). However, the reverse causation was not observed. Conclusions and implicationsThis study demonstrates a bidirectional causal relationship between intrinsic capacity and frailty in older adults. Self-perception of aging plays a significant mediating role in this relationship. Older adults with a worse level of frailty should be made aware of the potentially vicious cycle related to self-perception of aging, which can negatively affect their intrinsic capacity. Maintaining a positive self-perception of aging may help preserve physical and psychological reserves, maintain intrinsic capacity, and slow the decline of frailty.

청소년의 그릿과 학업열의 사이의 자기회귀교차지연모형 검증

Objectives This study was to examine the longitudinal relationship between grit and academic engagement using first, third, and fifth year data of KCYPS 2018 and to verify the difference in causality according to career decision making.&#x0D; Methods To this purpose, after reviewing descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients, the developmental tendency of grit and academic engagement and the causal relationship direction of the two variables were con-firmed through the verification of the autoregressive cross-lagged model, and used the test of the structural model invariance across the groups in the multi-group analysis was conducted to verify whether there is a differ-ence in the causal relationship direction between the two variables depending on the career decision making.&#x0D; Results First, it was confirmed that the level of grit and academic engagement remained stable for five years from the first year of middle school to the second year of high school. Second, while grit has a positive effect on aca-demic engagement, academic engagement has a negative effect on grit. Third, in the case of the career decision group, the level of grit and academic engagement was stable, grit had a positive effect on academic engagement, and academic engagement had a negative effect on grit. However, in the case of the career indecision group, only the level of academic engagement was stable, and there was no causal relationship between grit and academic engagement.&#x0D; Conclusions The developmental tendency of grit and academic engagement and the longitudinal causal relation-ship between the two variables were identified and the importance of career decision in adolescence was clarified.

The Longitudinal Relationships Among Adolescent Self-esteem, Positive/Negative Parenting Attitudes, and Smartphone Dependency: An Application of the Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Model

The Longitudinal Relationships Among Adolescent Self-esteem, Positive/Negative Parenting Attitudes, and Smartphone Dependency: An Application of the Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Model

장애노인의 연령대별 자존감과 삶의 만족의 상호인과적 관계

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the reciprocal causal relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction among elderly with disabilities aged 60 and above, as well as to investigate the age-related differences in the latent means of self-esteem and life satisfaction.&#x0D; Method: Using data from the 16th (2021) and 17th (2022) waves of the Korean Welfare Panel Study, the data of 841 disabled elderly who took part in both surveys were analyzed for self-esteem and life satisfaction, and the latent mean of each age group was compared. To explore the reciprocal causal relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction among elderly individuals with disabilities by age group, an autoregressive cross-lagged structural equation model was analyzed. &#x0D; Results: First, a reciprocal causal relationship was observed between the self-esteem and life satisfaction of disabled elderly individuals. Second, there were no significant differences in the reciprocal causal relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction among disabled individuals across different age groups. Third, there were no significant differences in the latent means of self-esteem and life satisfaction among different age groups of disabled elderly.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, suggestions aimed at enhancing the self-esteem and life satisfaction of elderly with disabilities are made.

The mechanisms of nature-based therapy on depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction: examining mindfulness in a two-wave mediation model.

Nature-based therapy (NBT), which centers around engaging in activities within natural surroundings, has consistently demonstrated therapeutic benefits for mental health. While NBT highlights the potential of nature as a therapeutic resource for promoting mental health, there is limited knowledge regarding its underlying mechanisms. Two hundred seventy-six Korean participants (204 women, mean age = 54.99 ± 23.25 years) participated in a 30-session gardening program held twice weekly for 15 weeks. Structural equation modeling with a two-wave autoregressive cross-lagged model was used to investigate the mediating effects of mindfulness. NBT significantly improved the mean scores of all psychological variables. The mediation model was partially confirmed, with mindfulness at post-intervention (T2) mediating the relationship between baseline (T1) depression and anxiety and post-intervention (T2) life satisfaction. However, no significant indirect effect was observed between the path from stress (T1) to life satisfaction (T2). Mindfulness is a crucial component for improving mental health outcomes. This study underscores the need to prioritize and emphasize mindfulness practices in NBT.

Regularized continuous time structural equation models: A network perspective.

Regularized continuous time structural equation models are proposed to address two recent challenges in longitudinal research: Unequally spaced measurement occasions and high model complexity. Unequally spaced measurement occasions are part of most longitudinal studies, sometimes intentionally (e.g., in experience sampling methods) sometimes unintentionally (e.g., due to missing data). Yet, prominent dynamic models, such as the autoregressive cross-lagged model, assume equally spaced measurement occasions. If this assumption is violated parameter estimates can be biased, potentially leading to false conclusions. Continuous time structural equation models (CTSEM) resolve this problem by taking the exact time point of a measurement into account. This allows for any arbitrary measurement scheme. We combine CTSEM with LASSO and adaptive LASSO regularization. Such regularization techniques are especially promising for the increasingly complex models in psychological research, the most prominent example being network models with often dozens or hundreds of parameters. Here, LASSO regularization can reduce the risk of overfitting and simplify the model interpretation. In this article we highlight unique challenges in regularizing continuous time dynamic models, such as standardization or the optimization of the objective function, and offer different solutions. Our approach is implemented in the R (R Core Team, 2022) package regCtsem. We demonstrate the use of regCtsem in a simulation study, showing that the proposed regularization improves the parameter estimates, especially in small samples. The approach correctly eliminates true-zero parameters while retaining true-nonzero parameters. We present two empirical examples and end with a discussion on current limitations and future research directions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Cannabis demand and use among veterans: A prospective examination.

Cannabis demand (i.e., relative value), assessed cross-sectionally via a hypothetical marijuana purchase task (MPT), has been associated with use, problems, and dependence symptoms, among others. However, limited work exists on the prospective stability of the MPT. Furthermore, cannabis demand among veterans endorsing cannabis use, and the prospective cyclical relationship between demand and use over time, have yet to be investigated. Two waves of data from a veteran sample (N = 133) reporting current (past 6-month) cannabis use were analyzed to assess stability in cannabis demand over 6 months. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) assessed the longitudinal associations between demand indices (i.e., intensity, Omax, Pmax, breakpoint) and cannabis use. Baseline cannabis use predicted greater intensity (β = .32, p < .001), Omax (β = .37, p < .001), breakpoint (β = .28, p < .001), and Pmax (β = .21, p = .017) at 6 months. Conversely, baseline intensity (β = .14, p = .028), breakpoint (β = .12, p = .038), and Pmax (β = .12, p = .043), but not Omax, predicted greater use at 6 months. Only intensity demonstrated acceptable prospective reliability. Cannabis demand demonstrated stability over 6 months in CLPM models, varying along with natural changes in cannabis use. Importantly, intensity, Pmax, and breakpoint displayed bidirectional predictive associations with cannabis use, and the prospective pathway from use to demand was consistently stronger. Test-retest reliability ranged from good to poor across indices. Findings highlight the value of assessing cannabis demand longitudinally, particularly among clinical samples, to determine how demand fluctuates in response to experimental manipulation, intervention, and treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The reciprocal relationships between parenting attitudes and emotional problems in adolescence: A longitudinal cross-lagged analysis

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the reciprocal relationship between parenting attitudes (positive and negative) and adolescent emotional problems as indicated by aggression, social withdrawal, and depression.Methods: This study analyzed longitudinal data from 2,325 parents and their children from the Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 at three time points over a three-year period (the first to third grade of middle school). Autoregressive cross-lagged modeling was conducted using AMOS 26.0.Results: The results indicated that both parenting attitudes and adolescents’ emotional problems were relatively stable over time. In other words, the parenting attitude at a previous point affects the parenting attitude at a later point, and the emotional problem at the previous point continues to affect the emotional problem at the later point. There were no significant cross-lagged effects from both positive and negative parenting attitudes to adolescents’ emotional problems. In contrast, adolescents’ emotional problems at previous time points positively predicted negative parenting attitudes at later time points. In other words, if there were many emotional problems of aggression, social withdrawal, and depression in adolescents at a previous time, negative parenting attitudes such as rejection, force, and inconsistency at a later time increased.Conclusion: This study can reflect the characteristics of the development of independence in adolescence. Parents should deal with their children’s emotional problems based on their understanding of the developmental characteristics of adolescence, and this study provides a strategy for parents to establish appropriate parenting attitudes for adolescents with emotional problems.

Considering between- and within-person relations in auto-regressive cross-lagged panel models for developmental data

Longitudinal data can provide inferences at both the between-person and within-person levels of analysis, but only to the extent that the statistical models chosen for data analysis are specified to adequately capture these distinct sources of association. The present work focuses on auto-regressive cross-lagged panel models, which have long been used to examine time-lagged reciprocal relations and mediation among multiple variables measured repeatedly over time. Unfortunately, many common implementations of these models fail to distinguish between-person associations among individual differences in the variables' amounts and changes over time, and thus confound between-person and within-person relations either partially or entirely, leading to inaccurate results. Furthermore, in the increasingly complex model variants that continue to be developed, what is not easily appreciated is how substantial differences in interpretation can be created by what appear to be trivial differences in model specification. In the present work, we aimed to (a) help analysts become better acquainted with the some of the more common model variants that fall under this larger umbrella, and (b) explicate what characteristics of one's data and research questions should be considered in selecting a model. Supplementary Materials include annotated model syntax and output using Mplus, lavaan in R, and sem in Stata to help translate these concepts into practice.

Attachment and Breakup Distress: The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies.

Breakups are common among emerging adults and are associated with elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms, especially in the presence of attachment insecurities. Previous authors have suggested that inadequate coping strategies might explain this association, yet this has not been examined longitudinally. This study examined the mediating role of five coping strategies (self-help, approach, accommodation, avoidance, self-punishment) in the longitudinal associations between attachment insecurities (anxiety, avoidance) and depressive and anxious symptoms in 196 emerging adults experiencing a romantic breakup. Measures of pre-breakup attachment, post-breakup coping strategies (one-month post-breakup), and depressive and anxiety symptoms (one- and three-month post-breakup) were administered. Results from a longitudinal autoregressive cross-lagged model showed that pre-breakup attachment insecurities were related to higher depressive and anxiety post-breakup symptoms through higher use of self-punishment and lower use of accommodation coping strategies. Findings highlight coping strategies as potential intervention targets to promote the recovery of emerging adults experiencing breakup distress.

From science motivation to science identity: The mediating effect of science achievement according to gender

Science motivation and identity have been considered important in science education research literature. The role of science achievement between the motivation and identity has rarely been contemplated. Gender issues in science motivation, identity, and achievement have also been considered crucial. Although most studies hypothesized science identity would be a cause of motivation, there seems very few research that quantitatively examined their longitudinal relationship. Data from 186 students in a coeducational general high school in Seoul, Republic of Korea, was collected. Auto-regressive cross-lagged models were fitted without and with science achievement as a mediator. As results, it was shown that science motivation causes identity not the opposite. With science achievement, science motivation showed direct and indirect effects on science identity. By multiple-group analysis, it was shown that male students formulate their science identity indirectly from science motivation through the mediation of science achievement, and female students directly from science motivation.

Longitudinal Analysis of the Reciprocal Relationship between Health-related Quality of Life and Health-risk Behaviors in Older Adults through Autoregressive Cross-lagged Model and Adjusting the Ceiling Effect

Longitudinal Analysis of the Reciprocal Relationship between Health-related Quality of Life and Health-risk Behaviors in Older Adults through Autoregressive Cross-lagged Model and Adjusting the Ceiling Effect

Intergenerational solidarity of adult children with parents from emerging to established adulthood.

Although researchers have focused on adult children's intergenerational solidarity with their parents following the transition to adulthood, less is known about continuity and change in the multiple dimensions of solidarity as children transition from emerging to established adulthood. Therefore, we focused on reciprocal longitudinal associations between dimensions of latent forms of solidarity (normative and affectual solidarity) and manifest forms of solidarity (associational and functional solidarity) as reported by young adults at three stages from emerging to established adulthood. Data were derived from young adult children participating in the Longitudinal Study of Generations who reported about 260 daughter-mother, 214 son-mother, 244 daughter-father, and 205 son-father relationships in 2000 (18-29 years old), 2005 (23-34 years old), and 2016 (34-45 years old). Multigroup autoregressive cross-lagged models prospectively predicted reciprocal influences among the dimensions of solidarity across four parent-child gender groups. Results showed that young adults' perceived intergenerational solidarity with parents was stable across three-time points. In addition, young adults' perceived associational solidarity with parents in emerging adulthood (2000 survey) predicted functional solidarity with parents (receiving support from parents and providing support to parents) in intermediate young adulthood (2005 survey), and in established adulthood (2016 survey). However, parents' and children's gender differences were not identified in the above associations. The study concludes that frequent contact with parents in emerging adulthood is a key factor in establishing intergenerational solidarity with parents from early-to-middle stage of adulthood regardless of parents' and children's gender. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

청소년의 사회적 위축과 친구관계 간 자기회귀교차지연 효과분석

Background/Objectives: This study sought to examine the correlation between peer relationships and social withdrawal, an internalized difficulty, in terms of adolescents' interpersonal relationships for the positive development of adolescents. Methods: To this end, the study analyzed 3-year longitudinal data (N = 2,103) of first-year middle-school students from the 2018 Korean Child and Youth Panel Survey for mutual effects using an autoregressive cross-lagged model. Results: The social withdrawal and peer relationships of adolescents remained notable and stable from the first to third years of middle school. In addition, pre-time social withdrawal exerted a significant negative effect on subsequent peer relationships, whereas pre-time peer relationships exhibited no effect on subsequent social withdrawal. Thus, social withdrawal and peer relationships displayed a self-effect that stabilizes over time in contrast to social withdrawal, which presented a stronger self-effect and was a risk factor from which spontaneous recovery was difficult. Conclusion/Implications: This study is significant in that it reveals the importance of adolescents' psychological relationships by revealing that social withdrawal is a factor with a strong self-effect that is difficult to recover on its own. In addition, by predicting social withdrawal and longitudinal changes in peer relationships, we promoted the healthy development of adolescents and presented basic data necessary for education and counseling.

Stop (to Work) and Go (to Recover) During Mandatory Work From Home: A Three-Wave Study.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many workers have been forced to work from home. In this situation, the boundaries between work and private life have become particularly blurred, and recovering from work was even more difficult than in traditional times, with negative consequences for workers' health. Among the psychological experiences that might underlie the recovery process, mastery played a crucial role as people sought new stimuli and challenging situations. However, there are few articles that have explored the role of this specific recovery experience, its antecedents, and the health consequences under conditions of work from home. Therefore, in this multiwave study, we aimed to investigate the role of mastery as a mediator between supervisor support and insomnia problems. The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and had a three-wave design. A convenience sample of 130 employees (67% women) completed an online questionnaire. Hypotheses were tested using a three-wave autoregressive cross-lagged panel model. According to the results, supervisor support at Time 1 was positively related to mastery at Time 2, which in turn showed a negative association with insomnia at Time 3. The results demonstrated that mastery experiences have played a crucial role during COVID-19 mandatory work from home, which points to some potential implications for workers' health in the adoption of teleworking beyond the emergency situation.

The Longitudinal Causal Relationship between Grit and Smartphone Addiction among Adolescents: The Application of Auto-Regressive Cross-Lagged Model

The Longitudinal Causal Relationship between Grit and Smartphone Addiction among Adolescents: The Application of Auto-Regressive Cross-Lagged Model

Longitudinal relationship between depression and antisocial behaviors in Korean adolescents.

It is well known that depression and delinquency in adolescents are highly correlated, but longitudinal studies on the causal relationship between them are not active in East Asia compared to in Western culture. In addition, even the results of research on causal models and sex differences are inconsistent. This study examines the longitudinal reciprocal effects between depression and delinquent behavior in Korean adolescents based on sex differences. We conducted multiple-group analysis by using an autoregressive cross-lagged model (ACLM). Longitudinal data from 2,075 individuals (2011-2013) were used for analysis. The longitudinal data are from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS), and data were used beginning with students at 14 years old (in the second grade of middle school) and tracked them until they were 16 (in the first grade of high school). Boys' delinquent behaviors at 15 years (the third grade of middle school) affected their depression at 16 years (the first grade of high school). In contrast, girls' depression at 15 years (the third grade of middle school) influenced their delinquent behaviors at 16 years (the first grade of high school). The findings support the failure model (FM) among adolescent boys and the acting-out model (ACM) among girls. The results imply that strategies to effectively prevent and treat delinquency and depression in adolescents must consider sex effects.

중학생의 학업적 자기효능감, 학업무기력, 학업성취의 종단적 관계

This study empirically analyzed the longitudinal interrelationships among academic self-efficacy, academic helplessness, and academic achievement of middle school students using data from the 1st-3rd wave of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. By applying the autoregressive cross-lagged model, academic self-efficacy, academic helplessness, and academic achievement are seen to be stable over time, and the level of academic self-efficacy, academic helplessness, and academic achievement at the previous time point are verified to affect each variable at the later time point. As a result, first, academic self-efficacy, academic helplessness, and academic achievement at the time of the first year remained stable until the second and third year of middle school. Second, academic self-efficacy at the previous time negatively predicted academic helplessness at the later time and positively predicted academic achievement. Third, academic helplessness at the previous time predicted academic self-efficacy and academic achievement at the later time negatively. Fourth, while academic achievement at a previous time point positively predicted academic self-efficacy at a later time point, it was found that academic helplessness did not significantly predict academic self-efficacy. Based on the results, it was suggested that the academic self-efficacy intervention program is needed as a preventive measure to resolve academic helplessness in middle school students.

다문화청소년의 학업성취도와 진로결정성의 관계

Objectives The purposes of this study is verifying the longitudinal mediation effects of social support between academic achievement and career determination in multicultural adolescents. Through verification, this study presents the social discussion in improving the career determination of multicultural adolescents.&#x0D; Methods In this study, the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study(MAPS) from the National Youth Policy Institute was used, and the subjects were 1,068 multicultural adolescents. The Autoregressive Cross-Lagged(ARCL) model was set for the verification of the longitudinal mediation effects. the significance of the longitudinal mediating effect was verified by the Sobel test and Bootstrapping.&#x0D; Results The self-regression effect of academic achievement and career determination was significant, so it was confirmed that attention should be paid to improving career determination by intervention. In addition, teacher support and peer support were found to completely mediate the relationship between academic achievement and career determination.&#x0D; Conclusions It provided social discussions and alternatives for improving career determination of multicultural adolescents by identifying individual variables and environmental variables. In particular, it suggests that teacher support and peer support play an important role in career determination of multicultural adolescents.