Autonomous Status Research Articles

Gorno-Badakhshan and Karakalpakstan since 1991: understanding territorial autonomy in Central Asia

ABSTRACT The two Central Asian autonomies of Gorno-Badakhshan and Karakalpakstan have functionally the same competencies as other regions in their respective countries. And yet their autonomous status has persisted. Why? What functions does territorial autonomy carry out in authoritarian states? This paper argues – on the basis of Akchurina’s work of 2019 – that territorial autonomy in Central Asia is a feature of the incomplete state. Namely, territorial autonomy is an institution that sustains informal processes through which state authority is exerted in these challenging territories. The article substantiates this argument by tracing the evolution of centre–region relations in Gorno-Badakhshan and Karakalpakstan since 1991. For Dushanbe, territorial autonomy is a way to symbolically outsource its authority to rebellious local elites, while in Karakalpakstan autonomy allows Tashkent to manage the latent independence claims of the Karakalpaks.

Gender Features of Ressentiment among University Students

Introduction. The relevance of the topic relies on the fact that until now, within the Russian psychological discourse, the problem of gender characteristics of university students’ resentment did not have an autonomous status. The problem of ressentiment in the student environment is poorly developed both at the theoretical and empirical levels. The researchers usually confine themselves to analyzing its individual components (aggression, revenge, resentment, jealousy and envy) and without précising the gender specification of their severity. The purpose of the article is a theoretical and empirical study of the ressentiment constructs characteristic for university students: resentment, revenge, envy, jealousy and aggression, as well as fixing the degree of their manifestation and relationship in the gender projection. Materials and Methods. The empirical part of the article demonstrates the results of a study on measuring the declared constructs of ressentiment among university students (aggression, revenge, resentment, jealousy and envy) using the following standardized methods: “Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI)” (A. Bass, A. Durkee), “Scales of resentment and vindictiveness” (E. P. Ilyin, P. A. Kovalev), “Multidimensional scale of jealousy” (S. Pfeiffer, P. Wong) and “Methodology for the study of personality envy” (T. V. Beskova). Diagnostic procedures covered 93 people. The questionnaire “Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI)” involves the definition of aggression through the following scales: physical aggression, indirect aggression, irritation and verbal aggression. Results. Based on the results of an empirical study, the presence of gender characteristics of ressentiment in university students was revealed by fixing differences in the manifestation of the declared constructs: aggression, revenge, resentment, jealousy and envy. It has been established that the dominant constructs of ressentiment among male students are revenge and aggression; while for female students are resentment, jealousy and envy. Ressentiment among students is ambiguous. On the one hand, it has a detrimental effect on the spiritual dimension of the personality and its creative development; on the other hand, it plays the role of a psychological defense mechanism for the individual. Discussion and Conclusion. The data obtained contribute to the development of scientific ideas about the ressentiment determination in the student environment and the gender characteristics of its manifestation, enrich the psychological and pedagogical knowledge with the methodology for identifying the functional constructs of ressentiment as a destructive form of protecting an individual in an alienated reality. The materials of the article can be useful to specialists in the field of social psychology, preventive pedagogy, deviantology, genderology, enriching them with an understanding of the mechanisms of formation of resentment and gender specificity of its manifestation in the student environment.

메타버스시대 실감미디어의 철학적 일고찰

In this paper, we first examined the development of media from the oral era, through the written and printed media era, to the electronic media era and the current digital media era. In addition, we examined the concepts of image and simulacrum to consider that modern society is an era of simulacrum, which is dominated by image and imitation. Here, we examined the four concepts of image defined by Baudrillard: an image that reflects reality, an image that conceals and degrades reality, an image that conceals the absence of reality, and an image that is completely unrelated to reality or reality. While the image that reflects reality, which can be called the traditional image, is an imitation, the other three images fall into the category of simulacrum. In other words, it is an image that is separated from reality but acquires an autonomous status and goes beyond the stage of original copying, so that the meaning of the body fades and the simulacrum acquires another reality that goes beyond meaning and reality. Virtual reality, also known as VR, has an actuality that belongs to this category of simulacra. We examined the technological genealogy of immersion and interaction to acquire such reality.

Indigenous Island Autonomy and Special Economic Zone Status: Developmental tensions of Jeju Free International City, South Korea

Islands are associated with both high levels of autonomous status and sovereign status on the one hand and the creation of exceptional spaces on the other, both linked with the development of distinctive island cultures. This article argues that there is a tension between these tendencies, as is illustrated by the case of Jeju Island, South Korea. Jeju is a self-governing province and subnational island jurisdiction (SNIJ). Its autonomy is rooted in contested understandings of Jeju natives as an Indigenous people, distinct from the people of the Korean Peninsula. In practice, however, Jeju’s autonomy is used as a tool for containing a special economic zone (SEZ) aimed at attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to South Korea as a whole. By taking an island studies approach, this paper shows how Jeju’s ostensible Indigenous autonomy has been compromised by the island’s use as an exceptional space crafted in conscious relation to the mainland. Key governance mechanisms on Jeju do not prioritise Indigenous rights. Studies of island political and economic development require careful analysis of how diverse political and economic processes are influenced by islandness itself.

Osmanlı-Safevi Savaşlarında Kırım Tatarlarının Rolü

From the beginning of the XVI century until the beginning of the XVIII century, The Ottoman-Safavid struggle, which continued for about two centuries, took place in this buffer geography along the North-South directional Caucasus-Iraq-Arab line, which is the natural borders of both powers. These conflicts, which took place in the Southern Caucasus, Tabriz-centered Southern Azerbaijan, and the Iraqi-Arab geography, were largely carried out by the coalition elements of both states. In this context, the Crimean Tatars stand out as the most important coalition element in the Eastern Campaigns of the Ottomans. In this study, the role of the Crimean Tatars, who had an autonomous status in the Ottoman political and administrative system, and the military elements acting with them, in the Ottoman expeditions to the East will be clarified.

Crimea in Ukraine: Smoothing the Edges as Diversity Institutionalization

From the early 1990s, Ukrainian Crimea seemed to face the Russian majority’s separatist inclinations and far-reaching political claims of the formerly deported Crimean Tatars. Nevertheless, the peninsula’s autonomous status secured ethnopolitical stability for about 19 years, and the article considers how the established regime of diversity governance contributed to the autonomy’s endurance. The author concludes that this regime did not fit into an explanatory framework of inter-group balance, such as power-sharing. Among the factors securing durablity were the ambiguity of official narratives, loosely formalized participatory mechanisms encouraging opportunisic behavior and the maintenace of the elites’ and population segments’ expectations.

Digital Techno-Democracy as a Post-non-Classical Praktopia

The analysis of digital, socio-technological projects of the future is carried out in the context of post-non-classical utopian discourse based on a systematic approach, concepts of information society, dynamic information theory, K. Popper's ideas about social engineering. In order to identify the social effects of modern IT innovations, the current situation with universal ChatGPT is considered. It is argued that technology does not have an autonomous moral status, it is a projection of a person on the world. Their ethical burden, as well as the functionality and framework of self-organization are set from the outside. Artificial intelligence is a technology for simulating the reproduction of human reality, including patterns of social deviations. It means that not so much the virtual world as the actual reality needs humanizing correction. Information – technological, communicative mechanisms of overcoming social imperfections can be traced in the conceptually successive projects of "holotechnodemocracy" by M. Bunge, "information democracy" by M. Rocard, in projects of digital, cloud, electronic democracy. It is revealed that the modeling of an ideal digital future is based on a procedural approach, characterized by the authors of the article in the terminology of K. Popper as a "piecemeal" method, that is, "social engineering of private solutions". Therefore, digital techno-democracies are defined as a kind of modern praktopia, which evolutionarily and permanently forms an alternative social reality based on information and communication technologies and socio–network self–organization of a person and neural networks.

Effects of Globalization and Isomorphism on Higher Education Institutions in India – Pathways of Academic Autonomy

Abstract— Globalization has interaction on each and every connection of life, people. Higher education is not an exception from these transformations. Effects of globalization on higher educational institutions (HEIs) include student mobility, faculty exchange, research, rankings, academic collaborations, diverse cohorts and international enrolments. Globalization also brought isomorphic pressures on HEIs to become equivalent and comparable. This paper discusses isomorphism which leads to Indian universities becoming more homogenous and thus consequently loosing autonomy and in turn individual identity. Secondly, it discusses the constraints on academic autonomy of new HEIs due to peer pressure isomorphism. with their academic autonomy. This report is based on university affiliated HEIs which opted autonomous status under the new schemes and policies. In this report two case studies, Government College of Engineering, Pune and MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune, are presented. Keywords : Isomorphism; Higher Education Institutes (HEIs); Academic Autonomy.

Особливості еволюції ідеї української національної державності в умовах посилення російсько-імперської інкорпорації козацької Гетьманщини

Issues of the evolution of the idea of Ukrainian national statehood фin the Hetmanate after the so-called "Mazepa's betrayals". It is emphasized that the idea of national statehood in the contemporary conditions of strengthening the incorporation of the Hetmanship by imperial Russia was promoted by the efforts of the educated layers of its nobility and nobility. Monuments of Ukrainian political and legal thought of the 18th century were analyzed, in which the need to preserve the autonomy of the Hetmanship is argued. It is concluded that the main issue of the political life of the Hetmanate, especially from the second half of the 18th century, is the struggle between Russian imperial centralism and the Ukrainian desire for autonomy. It is emphasized that the codification of Cossack law in the 18th century was a hidden attempt to justify the need to preserve the autonomous system of the Hetmanship for the elders. Cossack chronicles are presented as a manifestation of a new type of Ukrainian national identity, based on the political formula of joint service to "our Cossack Little Russian fatherland", but already as a clearly defined territory inhabited by "Cossack people". It is believed that the struggle for the preservation of the autonomous status of the Hetmanate was understood by its apologists as the preservation of Cossack freedoms, while the latter were identified with the protection of national rights. As a conclusion, it is argued that the spread of ideas of the development of the Ukrainian state as an autonomous one resulted in the emergence of the Ukrainian intelligentsia - the bearer of national consciousness. However, it was noted that the Cossack-elderly class sought limited national autonomy within the framework of Tsarist Russia, and at the same time advocated the preservation of the foundations of the system of that time. Finally summarizing, the belief is expressed that the Cossacks of the Hetmanate of the XVIII century. it still could not (with the exception of certain individuals from its environment) realize itself as a full-fledged subject of social and political relations, the owner of its own land, an elite responsible for its people.

China's Hong Kong Affairs Bureaucracy: Factional Politics and Policy Consistency

:From the perspective of factional politics, this article sheds light on the functions and operations of the Central Liaison Office and the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office (the "two Hong Kong offices") throughout the history of the Communist Party of China (CPC), focusing on the 2013–22 period. The authors posit that the stronger the factional relationship between the top leader responsible for Hong Kong affairs and the heads of the two Hong Kong offices, the greater the policy consistency between the two offices and the central authorities on Hong Kong issues. This article uses text mining techniques to measure the degree of policy consistency between Chinese President Xi Jinping and the two Hong Kong offices from 2013 to 2022. In 2020, Xi appointed his protégés as directors of the two Hong Kong offices, thus regaining absolute control over Hong Kong affairs. Xi may further tighten his hold on Hong Kong in the future, thereby undermining the region's autonomous status.

Constitutional Autonomy and its (Un)making

To grant the Muslim majority princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) a special accommodation in the Indian context via Article 370 had been a novel constitutional experiment. The negotiations between the ruler of the state and the government of India formalized the ‘Accession’ of J&K with India, and Article 370 reflected the conditions of the constitutional relationship between the two. Being an exceptional provision that gave birth to a separate, but not independent, constitution (of Jammu and Kashmir), why has not Article 370 of the Indian constitution, or more precisely Jammu and Kashmir’s autonomous status, stood the test of time? Was the unmaking ingrained in the very making of Article 370 or an outcome of its antithetical use by successive Indian governments? What concerns, motivations, and ambitions influenced the J&K leadership during this constitutional exercise? These are questions that this paper seeks to answer. This paper argues that the repeal of Article 370 was inevitable due to the nature and context of its initial framing as much as its subsequent institutional-political working, and that the guarantee of autonomy was essentially, from the very genesis, meant to lead to a complete integration of J&K with the Indian Union without any special constitutional autonomy.

Pandemic times: impacts on the process of building a relatively autonomous professional status

Resumen: La emergencia de la pandemia covid 19 trajo una explicación impostada a la crisis estructural del capital, que venía siendo administrada en base a una ofensiva del capital contra todas las conquistas del trabajo. En este contexto la extensión sin precedentes de la asistencia, como mecanismo privilegiado para atender la desocialización y riesgo de supervivencia de grandes contingentes expulsados de la relación laboral, cobra nueva legitimidad en tanto su plasticidad la volvió apropiada para atender la sobrevivencia de nuevos contingentes afectados por la pandemia. Este contexto coloca nuevos desafíos a la búsqueda por ampliar la autonomía relativa por parte de la profesión Trabajo Social.

Eating behavior and autonomous nervous system status in overweight and obese women

Eating behavior and autonomous nervous system status in overweight and obese women

Public-Law Entity Reputation and Possibility of Its Unfair Deformation

Intangible benefits that are directly related to the assessment of their owner are traditionally considered in civil studies as objects of the rights of citizens and organizations. The Russian Civil Code does not contain direct references to other carriers of relevant non-property values. Meanwhile, the formation in the public consciousness of the image of public-law entities (states, subjects of the federation, municipalities) inevitably raises the question of the existence of such entities of a special intangible good, not mentioned in paragraph 1 of Article 150 of the Russian Civil Code. The situation of uncertainty in this area appears undesirable and dangerous in the context of mass information attacks, the spread of deliberately false information as a means of harsh unfair confrontation on a global stage. The purpose of this study is to clarify the issue of belonging of image intangible benefits to public-law entities with the identification of the most optimal way to establish the appropriate legal and doctrinal clarity. Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks: delineating the intangible good of public legal entities from the honor, dignity and business reputation known to the legislator and legal science, confirming or refuting the autonomous status of this good; clarification of the specifics of the activities (and hence the civil legal capacity) of public legal entities; selection of the most capacious term for the designation of the intangible good of public legal entities and the formulation of its definition. Research methods: methods of dialectical materialism, formal logic, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, as well as system-structural and technical-legal approaches. The author comes to conclusion that public-law entity has a unique intangible benefit, consisting in a public assessment of any of its characteristics and manifestations of activity formed both within the entity itself and beyond. To designate this legal phenomenon, it is proposed to introduce the category “reputation” (without the clarifying adjective “business”) into the law and doctrine.

ПОДГОТОВКА ПЕРЕВОДА НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК СТАТУТА ВЕЛИКОГО КНЯЖЕСТВА ЛИТОВСКОГО И ЕГО ИЗДАНИЕ В ПЕТЕРБУРГЕ В 1811 ГОДУ

The article aims to answer how and why the Lithuanian Statute was translated into Russian in the first decade of the 19th century. The Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, also widely known as the Lithuanian Statute, remained one of the major sources of valid law in the new provinces of the Russian Empire, received after the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Legal proceedings in the local courts of these provinces were conducted mostly in Polish, only appeal cases that were submitted to the Senate had to be translated into Russian. Therefore, the publication of the Russian translation of the Statute was important for practical purposes. It was aimed primarily at Russian-speaking imperial administrators in the provinces, as well as in St. Petersburg. The Commission for the Compilation of Laws set up in St. Petersburg played the key role in the project, particularly a team led by a legal scholar Adam Powstański. The project under investigation had a strong interconnection with Russia’s external affairs after the peace treaty of Tilsit. The foundation of the Duchy of Warsaw raised new hopes for an imminent re-creation of a sovereign Polish state and intensified rivalry between Napoleon and Alexander I for Polish sympathies. As Russian-French tensions rose, Alexander I deliberated over providing autonomous status to the western provinces. The discontent of the Warsaw elites following the introduction of the Napoleon Code in the Duchy gave Alexander I a good reason to publish the Statute in two languages as a signal to his Polish subjects about the future positive changes in their status.

FORME DI RICEZIONE, PERSISTENZE E RILETTURE DEL WESTERN ALL’ITALIANA: LA TRAIETTORIA DI DJANGO DA SERGIO CORBUCCI A QUENTIN TARANTINO

The Italian western emerges in the mid-1960s and shortly acquires an autonomous status, in the elaborations proposed by Sergio Leone and Sergio Corbucci, who transform its aes- thetics along with its “prosody” and “narrative syntax” (G. P. Brunetta), also intervening in the treatment of time and the hyperbolic cipher. These elements can be identified in scattered form, decades apart, in a number of Quentin Tarantino’s films. Among them, one in particular takes up some essential traits of Corbucci’s cinema, both at the level of narrative writing and aesthetic construction and in the rhythm of the storytelling albeit at a distinct latitude: it is Django Unchained (2012), which – as will be seen – in addition to the explicit homage to the title of one of Corbucci’s films (Django, 1966), establishes a fruitful dialogue with the Italian Western of the 1960s in its various declinations.

Przemiany gospodarcze i społeczne wyspy Rodrigues (Ocean Indyjski) od zasiedlenia do współczesności

The article periodizes the economic and social development of the island of Rodrigues since its settlement. Important conditions of development and ongoing changes in the context of the concept of sustainable development were presented. The fate of the island is a good example of the sensitivity of island environments and the irreversibility of destruction carried out in isolation from the principles of sustainable development and attempts to restore the state of equilibrium. Almost the entire land area was completely transformed and exploited during two centuries of settlement, despite the small population. A lagoon with a large area, strongly biodiverse remained rich. The depletion of resources has led the population and local authorities to change their development strategy, also thanks to Rodrigues’ autonomous status. Attempts have been made to implement sustainability. The small area of the island and its remoteness further stimulates the rate of this balancing. Rodrigues has become a base for sustainable tourism. Tourist traffic and accommodation base are growing slowly.

ORGANISATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR PREVENTING CORRUPTION IN PUBLIC AUTHORITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING EFFECTIVE REGULATION OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

The article is devoted to the research of the impact of the phenomenon of “corruption” in the state authorities on the functioning of the healthcare system in Ukraine. The article considers not only the impact of corruption on the functioning of the healthcare system in general, but also such issues as state regulation of medical institutions, redistribution of management functions in the healthcare system, granting autonomous status to medical institutions (autonomization), and financing of the healthcare system in general. The article describes the Ukrainian legislative anti-corruption regulators, institutional levers of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, local administrations and executive authorities. The author presents an organizational and economic mechanism for preventing corruption in the healthcare sector. The mechanism is based on the system of institutional and legislative regulators, and also reveals their subordination and sequence of influence. The main elements of the organizational and economic mechanism for preventing corruption in the healthcare sector are anti-corruption legislation, legalization of the healthcare market, decentralization of the healthcare management system, autonomy of healthcare institutions, openness of financial and economic activities, and transparency of information and communication activities. The presented scheme of the mechanism reflects the elements of regulatory prevention of corruption, as well as the subordination and sequence of activation of elements in healthcare management. the proposed mechanism for preventing corruption in healthcare allows for effective and anti-corruption management of healthcare institutions at all levels of subordination to state and local authorities. The author formulates conclusions regarding the possibility of corruption’s impact on the functioning of the healthcare sector. The author analyses the possibility of creating and implementing a rational organizational and economic mechanism for preventing corruption in public authorities in the context of ensuring effective regulation of the healthcare system.

Autonomy Italian Style: Sovereignty in Südtirol/Alto Adige

A critical legal thinking analysis of autonomy in Südtirol/Alto Adige is useful for rethinking Italian sovereignty in the province. Initiating with articles 5, 6, and 116 of the Italian Constitution (1948) and subsequently with two statutes of autonomy (1948 and 1972) with several amendments, a particular system of law was constructed in the context of the Italian regional state.Several historical events have also determined the current Südtirol/Alto Adige autonomous status. Most notably during the aftermath of World War I, it was subject to a change in sovereignty from Austria to Italy. Soon after, during the fascist period, a failed attempt at so-called Italianization dramatically lessened the rights of the Ladin and German-speaking majority. Moreover, following the devastation of World War II autonomy was granted but not fully accepted in its original form by the majority of the population in Südtirol/Alto Adige. As a consequence, the political movement for self-determination became more relevant and terrorist violence emerged. The international community stepped up to the conflict and the Italian government established a new form of autonomy that brought justice and peace.Thereafter, Südtirol/Alto Adige’s autonomy has received support and recognition from the United Nations, the European Union, and other international organizations.

European Social Dialogue: History, Characteristics, and Perspectives

The author examines the role of the European Social Dialogue (ESD) in decision-making on social policy and labor relations at supranational level in the EU. The author looks into the history and distinctive features of the ESD, its formats, procedures, and legal framework. Based on a review of the institutionalization of social dialogue at the national level in the EU-27, the author draws two conclusions. The first is that the development of social dialogue is uneven across the Union because of the particularities of the social models of the member states and their political and socioeconomic development. The second is that, despite national differences, the coverage of workers by collective agreements in the EU as a whole and the entrenchment of social dialogue at the supranational level make it an integral and distinctive feature of the European social model. An analysis of the evolution of the ESD suggests that there has been a continual move towards a more autonomous status for the social partners. However, because of the 2008–2010 crisis, the ESD’s role has significantly weakened. “A New Start for Social Dialogue” announced by the Juncker’s Commission and several further initiatives are largely declarative. The Court of Justice’s 2021 decision limiting the scope for implementing autonomous agreements at the communitarian level could have a negative impact on the further development of the ESD. Finally, the author positively assesses the possible role of the ESD in overcoming the social consequences of internal and external challenges and the negative effects of transformation of the labor markets.