Autonomous Regime Research Articles

Interplay between depth and width for interpolation in neural ODEs

Neural ordinary differential equations have emerged as a natural tool for supervised learning from a control perspective, yet a complete understanding of the role played by their architecture remains elusive. In this work, we examine the interplay between the width p and the number of transitions between layers L (corresponding to a depth of L+1). Specifically, we construct explicit controls interpolating either a finite dataset D, comprising N pairs of points in Rd, or two probability measures within a Wasserstein error margin ɛ>0. Our findings reveal a balancing trade-off between p and L, with L scaling as 1+O(N/p) for data interpolation, and as 1+Op−1+(1+p)−1ɛ−d for measures.In the high-dimensional and wide setting where d,p>N, our result can be refined to achieve L=0. This naturally raises the problem of data interpolation in the autonomous regime, characterized by L=0. We adopt two alternative approaches: either controlling in a probabilistic sense, or by relaxing the target condition. In the first case, when p=N we develop an inductive control strategy based on a separability assumption whose probability increases with d. In the second one, we establish an explicit error decay rate with respect to p which results from applying a universal approximation theorem to a custom-built Lipschitz vector field interpolating D.

Цифровые экосистемы: двуликий Янус национального государства

Economic security of the national state is traditionally considered to be implemented only at macro level of the national economy. However, a new reality of the XXI era has shown that the key aspects of the national security are being arisen at micro level of economic activity. Innovations have created not only new factors for prosperity but given birth to specific risks and novel threats for the national state. Digital ecosystems (DESs) that have just come to light have been generating a host of state threatening consequences. Nowadays most if not all of the largest world companies are parts of digital ecosystems. Market capitalization, total sales and total business operations of the digital ecosystems equal or even exceed the gross domestic product of many independent states. A typical profile of a digital ecosystem comprises such characteristics as self-regulation and independent business; vague industry and geographic frontiers; absence of clear inner structural elements within the firm; absence or minimization of material (brick-and-stone) assets. The services of the digital ecosystems lie in a variety of highly different production, transportation, market, and after-market spheres including finance and logistics. The intangible power of DESs is based on ICT technology, e. g., M2M and IoT, which could work in an autonomous regime even off Wi-Fi areas. Cloud computing, fog computing and edge computing allow to storage and manipulate big data over the firms’ boundaries and stay off the government control. Although M2M interactions are good for telemedicine, industrial security, payment systems, etc., smart digital activity of DESs might be harmful for national economic security. Firstly, as digital ecosystems are collecting huge amount of private data, they have access to more subtle behavioral aspects of individuals than government offices. Using their private databases, DESs could influence clients in both economic and political areas. Secondly, digital cartels could implement brand-new types of price discrimination which are out of government regulations. Dynamic pricing in both sides of the digital platforms (for content providers and for consumers) could add to national inflation rates. Thirdly, information that is used to elaborate and implement government economic policy could be easily manipulated within DESs due to low quality of IT operators or because of hacker-driven misinformation. It means that the critically important statistics are in fact in the hands of the digital ecosystems, which have been transforming into tacit co-partners of government economic and social policy. In social sphere DESs have introduced a special business model, that is, worker-on-demand. Like video on demand or car sharing, employees can be hired temporarily with no labour contracts, no social security plans, no any feasible limitations on time, place, and conditions of work. Quantity of labour force, level of wages, and other important elements of working life are in the hands of algorithmic management, a special IT program elaborated by DESs’ specialists in the interests of the DESs. Such practices of labour market undermine the government social policy and increase social tensions. Digital ecosystems have changed labour resources in the direction of cyber wars. In order to defense their own infrastructure and virtual space of their activity, DESs are in the process of establishing their own cyber-army. The DES employees usually act as potential (and actual sometimes) cyber-worriers in detecting and eliminating unsanctioned penetration in digital nets of the company. The problems of digital ecosystems having too much economic power are being under consideration in many countries. For example, in China in 2021 the government replaced its former liberal IT policy for tight IT regulation of DESs. Thus, thinking about national economic security, we should take into account a new digital reality in forms of digital ecosystems and their desire (consciously or unconsciously) to substitute national state in its significant economic and social functions.

Federation And Federating Units: A Comparative Analysis Of Pakistan's Neighboring Federal Entities

The broad spectrum of ethnic, administrative, and political problems drives the demand for the creation of new federating units in various countries, particularly Pakistan. Moreover, the neighboring countries of Pakistan had witnessed the re-demarcation of states or provinces on distinct grounds and formed major or minor new federating units several times. However, Pakistan has failed to create any new province on any ground due to its complicated constitutional procedures, unstable political structure, as well as steal power politics. Furthermore, neighboring countries like India have created fifteen new states compared to its thirteen states in 1947. Currently, India has twenty-eight states and eight union territories. Similarly, the other neighboring countries like Iran, have thirty-one provinces and five unions, Afghanistan has thirty-four provinces (Wilayat) and China has thirty-one provinces and five autonomous regimes. Therefore, this present study intends to explore a comparative study of neighboring countries of Pakistan, about the creation of new provinces and thus present the key factors that why Pakistan failed to create any new province on any ground.

Fewer obligations for welfare recipients, more social and economic activities? Results from an experiment with less conditional welfare regimes

AbstractThis article presents results of a Dutch randomised experiment, challenging the ‘workfare’ paradigm, which is dominant in many countries. We study whether social assistance (SA) schemes with fewer conditions and more autonomy for recipients stimulate valuable but often overlooked unpaid socio-economic activities (USEA), which are not classified as work. In the qualitative part of the mixed method study, we generated new hypotheses stating that particularly recipients who are older, higher educated, have a migration background, have relatively poor health, or have young children, will spend more time on USEA in less conditional and more autonomous regimes. The quantitative part of the study, where two experimental conditions are compared with the usual treatment of SA recipients, does not show convincing average treatment effects, but does reveal that a less conditional and more autonomy-oriented SA scheme translates into more USEA for older people, people with a migration background and people with relatively poor mental health.

Why Wait Until After Surgery? The Case for Pre-habilitation in Head and Neck Cancer Care.

The LaryngoscopeEarly View Triological Society Best Practice Why Wait Until After Surgery? The Case for Pre-habilitation in Head and Neck Cancer Care Marna A. List MD, Marna A. List MD orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-7496 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USASearch for more papers by this authorJason P. Calligas MD, Jason P. Calligas MD Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USASearch for more papers by this authorJohn Pang MD, John Pang MD orcid.org/0000-0002-4952-6711 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USASearch for more papers by this authorAmeya A. Asarkar MD, FACS, Ameya A. Asarkar MD, FACS Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USASearch for more papers by this authorCherie-Ann O. Nathan MD, FACS, Corresponding Author Cherie-Ann O. Nathan MD, FACS [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-7386-318X Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA Ochsner LSU Health- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA Send correspondence to Cherie-Ann O. Nathan, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport. 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Marna A. List MD, Marna A. List MD orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-7496 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USASearch for more papers by this authorJason P. Calligas MD, Jason P. Calligas MD Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USASearch for more papers by this authorJohn Pang MD, John Pang MD orcid.org/0000-0002-4952-6711 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USASearch for more papers by this authorAmeya A. Asarkar MD, FACS, Ameya A. Asarkar MD, FACS Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USASearch for more papers by this authorCherie-Ann O. Nathan MD, FACS, Corresponding Author Cherie-Ann O. Nathan MD, FACS [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-7386-318X Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA Ochsner LSU Health- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA Send correspondence to Cherie-Ann O. Nathan, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport. 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 19 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.30827 Editor's Note: This Manuscript was accepted for publication on June 05, 2023. The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1Barberan-Garcia A, Ubré M, Roca J, et al. Personalised prehabilitation in high-risk patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery: a randomized blinded controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2018; 267(1): 50- 56. 2Steegmann J, Bartella AK, Kloss-Brandstätter A, Kamal M, Hölzle F, Lethaus B. A randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of a patient-adapted autonomous exercise regime for patients with head and neck cancer. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2020; 48(3): 187- 192. 3Zhang B, Najarali Z, Ruo L, et al. Effect of perioperative nutritional supplementation on postoperative complications—systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2019; 23: 1682- 1693. 4Gillis C, Fenton TR, Sajobi TT, et al. Trimodal prehabilitation for colorectal surgery attenuates post-surgical losses in lean body mass: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2018; 38: 1053- 1060. 5Nett H, Steegmann J, Tollkühn-Prott B, Hölzle F, Modabber A. A prospective randomized comparative trial evaluating postoperative nutritional intervention in patients with oral cancer. Sci Rep. 2022; 12:14213. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

Between Legal Indigeneity and Indigenous Sovereignty in Taiwan: Insights From Critical Race Theory

Taiwan, home to over 580,000 Indigenous people in 16 state‐recognized groups, is one of three Asian countries to recognize the existence of Indigenous peoples in its jurisdiction. Taiwan’s Indigenous peoples remember their pre‐colonial lives as autonomous nations living according to their own laws and political institutions, asserting that they have never ceded territory or sovereignty to any state. As Taiwan democratized, the state dealt with resurgent Indigenous demands for political autonomy through legal indigeneity, including inclusion in the Constitution since 1997 and subsequent legislation. Yet, in an examination of two court rulings, we find that liberal indigeneity protects individuals, while consistently undermining Indigenous sovereignty. In 2021, the Constitutional Court upheld restrictive laws against hunting, seeking to balance wildlife conservation and cultural rights for Indigenous hunters, but ignoring Indigenous demands to create autonomous hunting regimes. In 2022, the Constitutional Court struck down part of the Indigenous Status Act, which stipulated that any child with one Indigenous parent and one Han Taiwanese parent must use an Indigenous name to obtain Indigenous status and benefit from anti‐discrimination measures. Both rulings deepen state control over Indigenous lives while denying Indigenous peoples the sovereign power to regulate these issues according to their own laws. Critical race theory (CRT) is useful in understanding how legislation designed with good intentions to promote anti‐discrimination can undermine Indigenous sovereignty. Simultaneously, studies of Indigenous resurgence highlight an often‐neglected dimension of CRT—the importance of affirming the nation in the face of systemic racism.

Subjective Trusts for the Control of Mobile Robots under Uncertainty.

The paper deals with the methods of handling imperfect information and the control of mobile robots acting under uncertainty. It is assumed that the robots act in autonomous regime and are controlled internally without referring the externally defined probabilities of the states and actions. To control the activity of the robots, we suggest the novel multi-valued logic techniques based on the recently developed measures, known as the subjective trusts. In addition to specification of the robots’ movements, such a technique allows for direct definition of the robots’ swarming using the methods of artificial neural networks with mobile neurons. The suggested methods are verified by numerical simulations and running examples. The resulting framework forms a basis for processing non-probabilistic uncertainties and making individual decisions with imperfect information.

On the Issue of Applying the Civil Law to the Property Relations of Spouses by Analogy

The relationship between the norms of civil and family law in determining the legal status of the property of spouses within the framework of contractual relations is considered. It is noted that due to the novelty of the institution of contractual property relations for Russia, the peculiarities of the Russian citizens’ mentality, expressed in the predominance of the emotional component of marital relations over the rationality of regulating property relations between spouses, the question of the need to establish norms and eliminate gaps, conflicts when choosing a contractual regime of spouses’ relations in Russian law is important. It is argued that the ambiguity in determining the independence of the subject of family law regulation gives rise to contradictions in the implementation of the norms governing contractual relations of family and civil legislation since property disputes between spouses are regulated by family law, which initially follows from the normative prescriptions of Articles 2 and 35 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, whereas the relations of former spouses go beyond family relations and the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation apply to them. It is concluded that the autonomous regime of regulation of property relations of spouses is more preferable and allows to avoid the participation of the law enforcer in the process of legal regulation, which, in turn, eliminates the need to fi ll in the gaps by analogy of the law. The novelty of the work lies in highlighting additional meanings in the interpretation of the studied norms of the Family Code of the Russian Federation and the formation of the author's point of view on the groups of property relations arising from the regulation of relations that give the right to change the property regime. The study is based on modern doctrinal approaches, taking into account the analysis of scientific hypotheses, law enforcement practice and reviews of opposing legal positions of the courts. A systematic analysis of the structure of the contractual regime in Russian Family law is carried out, other legal structures regulating the property relations of spouses are determined in order to identify gaps in the normative regulation of marriage and other contracts, and ways to solve them are developed.

C-581/20, TOTO

In C-581/20, TOTO, the CJEU was asked about two key aspects of the Brussels I bis Regulation jurisdictional regime for interim proceedings. One is whether it is possible to apply for the same provisional measure before the courts of two Member States. The other is whether access to interim measures throughout Article 35 is subject to a European autonomous regime of prerequisites. To the first point, and against the Advocate General Opinion, the CJEU replies that such practice is allowed. Concerning the second point, the CJEU does not even clarify whether there is an autonomous regime of prerequisites exists or not. The CJEU’s answers are less ambitious than the expectations generated by the preliminary reference. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the judgment TOTO, evaluating its impact on the interpretation of the Brussels I bis Regulation.

Robots in aerospace industry

Robotization is a logical continuation of computerization and automatization of industrial and service processes on previous stage of world-wide economy’s evolution development. Before, automatic machines with computer numerical control and automatic lines have replaced workers with completing many typical production operations by doing it with more speed and accuracy. In development of automatization, industrial and service robots have additional sensors (analogues for human senses’ organs), and they can choose the program of built-in computer, depending on operators’ commands in regime of remote control or sensors’ signals in autonomous regime. Robotization with computerization and automatization is a necessary part of fourth industrial revolution, in which world-wide economy is. Robots are already working everywhere: in industrial workshops, on farmlands, in hospitals and in replacing “labor” resource with “capital” resource, because such replacement has economic value. The goal of this article is analysis the use of robots in world-wide aerospace industry and robotization impact on the labor market.

Combined Method of Flow-Reduced Dump Load for Frequency Control of an Autonomous Micro-Hydropower in AC Microgrids

Nowadays, microgrids (MGs) play a crucial role in modern power systems due to possibility of integrating renewable energies into grid-connected or islanded power systems. The Load Frequency Control (LFC) is an issue of paramount importance to ensure MGs reliable and safe operation. Specifically, in AC MGs, primary frequency control of each energy source can be guaranteed in order to integrate other energy sources. This paper proposes a micro-hydro frequency control scheme, combining the control of a reduced dump load and the nozzle flow control of Pelton turbines operating in autonomous regime. Some works have reported the integration of dump load and flow control methods, but they did not reduce the dump load value and adjust the nozzle flow linearly to the power value demanded by users, causing the inefficient use of water. Simulation results were obtained in Matlab®/Simulink® using models obtained from previous research and proven by means of experimental studies. The simulation of the proposed scheme shows that the frequency control in this plant is done in correspondence with the Cuban NC62-04 norm of power energy quality. In addition, it is possible to increase energy efficiency by reducing the value of the resistive dump load by up to 7.5% in a case study. The validation result shows a 60% reduction of overshoot and settling time of frequency temporal behavior of the autonomous micro-hydro.

Following up the Discussion on the stricto sensu ‘Principles’ in Modern International Law, and Beyond the Same ….

Following up the Discussion on the stricto sensu ‘Principles’ in Modern International Law, and Beyond the Same ….

Rejestr akcjonariuszy niepublicznych spółek akcyjnych i komandytowo-akcyjnych

The Polish legislator continues the process of dematerialisation of securities, including shares. At the next stage of this process, the system is unified by dematerializing the shares of non-public joint-stock companies and limited joint-stock partnerships. A thorough change in the provisions of the Code of Commercial Companies provides the normative basis for dematerialisation of the shares of these companies by creating an autonomous regime. Three regulations are of fundamental importance here – “shares do not have the form of a document”, “are subject to registration in the shareholders’ register” and “the register may take the form of a distributed and decentralized database”. Adequately to such rudiments at work, new regulations were analyzed in terms of the nature of the “register share”, construction of the register, including the possibility of placing the register on the blockchain, registration mode in the register of shareholders, rights and obligations of the entity maintaining the register and the effects of the entry.

Stakeholder participation and engagement in the governance of waste in Wolkite, Ethiopia

Using exploratory case-study, this study sought to explore the institutional and structural components of stakeholders’ participation in the governance of waste in Wolkite Town. It helps to understand the potential and power of stakeholders through establishing autonomous multi-level governance regimes. The study revealed that the top-down and provincial nature of waste governance in Wolkite town is fragile and collapses with limited outcomes, for stakeholders do not take responsibility and accountability that governs and encourages their engagement. Rather, their engagement is limited to working based on government initiatives that do not encourage multi-scale governance programs which could make waste governance broad in content by combining the commercial, health, social, and environmental stakes of stakeholders. The stakeholders are not aware of the impact of their power and how waste cold be governed according to the distinct institutional structures instead of following uniform approaches.Hence, it is imperative to institute different governance centers that have the power and responsibility to organize and transform waste governance practices.

Overcoming the Challenges in Documentary Procedures and Transparency in the Implementation of Effective Rules of Origin for the African Continental Free Trade Area

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (‘UNCTAD’) recently published a report on Economic Development in Africa. The purpose of this article is to consider the part of the report titled ‘Made in Africa: Rules of Origin for Enhanced intra-African Trade’, one of the main findings and make policy recommendations thereof. Preferential rules of origin are applied to goods by members of a contractual or autonomous trade regime in order to determine whether or not they qualify for preferential treatment and therefore beyond the scope of application of the general MFN principle. The ultimate test of effectiveness of rules of origin, therefore, depends on the so-called preference margin. The preference margin is the difference between the applicable most favoured nation tariff and the preferential tariff and the costs of compliance with the rules of origin that apply in terms of the specific free trade or preferential trade agreement area. However, Africa faces unique challenges in this regard. These are geographical, political and technological in nature. This article aims to contribute to the discussion of how, through creative and innovative use of rules of origin, Africa may begin to overcome these challenges to the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Rules of Origin, AfCFTA, Africa, Development, Regional Value Chains

Definite total radical resection in treatment of patients, suffering low-differentiated cancer of the bladder

Objective. To determine the operative volume of surgical treatment in total radical resection of the bladder in autonomous regime and to estimate the survival indices in patients with low-differentiated cancer of the bladder depending on time of conduction of radical total resection of the bladder.
 Materials and methods. Retrospectively 522 histories of the diseases were analyzed in the patients with diagnosis of low-differentiated cancer of the bladder, including 190, in whom radical total resection of the bladder was performed in 1998 - 2016 yrs period. The survival indices were determined. Using Kaplan-Meier method, comparative analysis of the survival indices in patients was done, to whom radical total resection or salvage resection of the bladder performed.
 Results. Total radical resection of the bladder in autonomous regime was done in 24.7% patients with low-differentiated cancer of the bladder or in 67.9% patients, to whom total resection of the bladder was performed. The indices of total 3-, 5- and 10-yr survival of the patients have constituted 96, 93 and 45%, accordingly. The survival indices in the patients after organ-preserving treatment and further salvage total resection of the bladder for locally progression of cancer were better, than in the patients, to whom the treatment consisted of primary radical total resection of the bladder, but the difference have appeared statistically nonsignificant (p=0.286). Average period between conduction of organ-preserving treatment and salvage total resection of the bladder have constituted 34 mo.
 Conclusion. Radical total resection of the bladder in autonomous regime constitutes the extended method of treatment of muscularly-invaded low-differentiated cancer of the bladder (performed in 24.7% of all the patients) and guarantees satisfactory late follow-up results while primary or postponed performance.

Phase Locking of a Gyrotron with Low-Frequency Voltage and Current Fluctuations by an External Monochromatic Signal

We show that during phase locking of the oscillations of a megawatt-level gyrotron by a relatively weak external monochromatic signal, the phase and frequency modulation of the gyrotron radiation due to the low-frequency fluctuations of the accelerating voltage and current decreases severalfold compared to the autonomous regime. The calculations were performed using the example of two megawatt-level gyrotrons, namely, a gyrotron developed at the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and operated at the TE28,12 mode with a frequency of 170 GHz [1] and a gyrotron with twice as high frequency and operation-mode indices (345 GHz and TE56,24), whose ability to generate a megawatt power in the case of frequency and phase locking by an external signal is shown theoretically [2].

The Municipal Regime, the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and the Metropolitan Areas in the Argentine Federation

The Argentine Constitution, especially after the 1994 Constitutional Reform, established a federal structure of four orders of government: Federal, Provinces, the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and Municipal. Also, Provinces have the possibility to create regions for economic and social development. In this first point, some characteristics are highlighted, such as the tendency towards centralization. The autonomous municipal regime is analyzed in the second point. The municipal regime was inserted in the original Constitution of 1853, but throughout the history there has been a debate about its nature, ranging from autarchy to autonomy. In the 1994 Constitutional Reform, municipal autonomy was recognized, with five aspects: institutional, political, administrative, financial, and economic. In the third point, the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires is studied. It is a City-State, with a nature similar to that of the Provinces and is represented in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate of the Nation. Its own Constitution was drafted in 1996. The phenomenon of metropolitan areas of Buenos Aires and Cordoba are briefly considered, in the fourth point. And, finally, in the fifth point, the transcendent relationship between the autonomous municipal regime and the federal republic and the role of cities in the globalized world are reflected.

The Phenomena of Fragmentation in the Legal Relations between the Council of Europe and the European Union

This article presents the current issues in the law of international organizations and contemporary international law in general. It is pointed out that the division of international law into branches and institutions, in order to ensure the effective legal regulation of new spheres of relations, led to the emergence of autonomous legal regimes, even within one region, namely on the European continent. To date, these include European Union law and Council of Europe law. It is emphasized the features of the established legal relations between the Council of Europe and the European Union at the present stage. It is determined that, along with close cooperation between regional organizations, there is a phenomenon of fragmentation, which is accompanied by the creation of two legal regimes within the same regional subsystem, proliferation of the international legal norms, institutions, spheres and conflicts of jurisdiction between the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union. It is revealed that some aspects of fragmentation can be observed from the moment of establishing relations between the Council of Europe and the European Union, up to the modern dynamics of the functioning of the system of law of international organizations, the law of international treaties, law of human rights. Areas and types of fragmentation in relations between international intergovernmental organizations of the European continent are distinguished. One way to overcome the consequences of fragmentation in the field of human rights is highlighted, namely through the accession of the European Union to the Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950. Considerable attention has also been paid to defragmentation, which is partly reflected in the participation of the European Union in the Council of Europe’s conventions by the applying «disconnection clause». It is determined that the legal relations established between an international intergovernmental organization of the traditional type and the integration association sui generis, the CoE and the EU, but with the presence of phenomenon of fragmentation in a close strategic partnership, do not diminish their joint contribution into the development of the law of international organizations and contemporary international law in general. Key words: defragmentation; European Union; European Court of Human Rights; Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950; conflict of jurisdictions; «disconnection clause»; Council of Europe; Court of Justice of the European Union; fragmentation; sui generis.

A randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of a patient-adapted autonomous exercise regime for patients with head and neck cancer

Patients undergoing surgical therapy of head and neck malignancies are known to exhibit a high number of comorbidities and frequently present a high nosocomial morbidity. Physiotherapy (PT) improves the clinical course of patients after extensive surgery. The aim of this study was to establish and then compare an additional individualized autonomous exercise plan with standard physiotherapy. 69 consecutive patients undergoing surgical treatment of head and neck cancer were randomized into two groups. The control group received standard clinical physiotherapy, the intervention group an additional autonomous exercise plan, adapted to the patient's performance profile. The patients randomized to the intervention group showed significantly fewer signs of fatigue (5.5 ± 3.5 vs. 3.7 ± 2.7, p = 0.048) and fewer digestive problems (4.7 ± 3.3 vs. 2.3 ± 2.7; p = 0.009) compared with the patients of the control group. In addition, a significantly shorter hospital stay was observed (17.7 ± 6.3 vs. 13.4 ± 3.4 days, p = 0.005), which was positively influenced by the early start of the exercises (r = 0.623, p = 0.001) and frequent practice (r = 0.432, p = 0.031). Patients with head and neck cancer therapy can benefit from an autonomous, individualized exercise plan. In coordination with the physiotherapists, mobilization should be as early and intensive as possible.