Automotive Purposes Research Articles

Experimental Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with Titanium Oxide (TiO2) and Graphite (Gr) Particles Processed by Stir Casting Method

Abstract: In recent trend Aluminium based metal matrix composites are most used in mechanical and automobile component design applications because of their excellent mechanical, Tribological and its physical properties. Also, Aluminium metal matrix composites are used for a variety of applications such as military, aerospace, electrical industries, and automotive purposes. The present work concentrates on the experimental study on the effects of TiO2 and Gr on aluminium alloy. During this investigation, Titanium oxide (TiO2) and Graphite (Gr) particles was reinforced with aluminium and it was prepared using stir casting technique with various weight percentage combinations of TiO2 particles 2% by wt., 4% by wt., and 6% by wt. and 3% of Gr constant for all trials. Mechanical parameters were estimated by selecting the standard test methods.

Techno-Economical Assessment for Combined Production of Hydrogen, Heat, and Power from Residual Lignocellulosic Agricultural Biomass in Huesca Province (Spain)

Nowadays, great emphasis is rightly given in the scientific community to hydrogen production from electrolysis. However, to achieve the politically stated target ambitions, all low-carbon sources for hydrogen production must be considered. The present work proposes a local production system of negative carbon hydrogen from lignocellulosic residual biomass using gasification and gas separation through H2-selective membranes as enabling technologies. The feedstock is pruning. In addition, the system produces heat and power for a Renewable Energy Community (REC) to increase the economic feasibility of hydrogen production via their sale. A modular basic plant is sized, based on a simplified system envisaged for RECs under the current regulatory framework in Spain (electrical renewable output of 100 kW). A network of these modular basic plants in the province of Huesca (Aragón) is simulated to create a system of hydrogen refueling stations for mobility in that area. A Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) is proposed, comprehending the whole production chain from “field to tank”, which is significant in areas where there is no infrastructure for the production and distribution of hydrogen for automotive purposes. The resulting LCOH for the whole system is 8.90 EUR/kg. Sensitivity analysis potentially values a lower LCOH, which unveils that hydrogen mobility can be largely competitive with diesel one.

Delayed Death Due to Methanol Poisoning: An Autopsy Case Report

Methanol is a non-drinking type of alcohol used for industrial and automotive purposes. Methanol itself is not dangerous, but its harmful metabolites may cause the accumulation of acid in the blood, leading to metabolic acidosis, permanent blindness, and death. In this case report study, the case was a 28-year-old Nepalese man who was admitted in a semi-unconscious state to the emergency department. A working diagnosis of methanol poisoning was made. After more than two weeks, he succumbed to death due to a worsening cerebral infarction. At autopsy, extensive hemorrhagic infarction was observed, involving bilateral cerebral hemispheres. Well-defined subcortical hemorrhages leading to laminar necrosis were seen at the frontoparietal lobes. Cystic or lacunar necrosis was present at the basal ganglia. The brainstem showed the presence of duret hemorrhage. The man died approximately three weeks after the methanol ingestion. This case highlights the important pathological changes and accumulating effects of methanol in the brain.

Formulation of a Mechanical Stress Dependent Macroscopic Magnetic Model for Incremental Permeability Simulation

Electromagnetic based systems receive ever-growing interest for on-line assessment of steel strip properties for major manufacturers, especially when Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) products for automotive purposes are considered. Manufacturing AHSS need optimal control of the thermo-mechanical processing using in-line sensors for real time monitoring. IMPOC, 3MA and PropertyMon are some of the well-known electromagnetic sensors. Identification of a mechanical or metallurgical state from a magnetic signal is of great interest, requiring however sophisticated models to mimic the real behaviour and its sensitivity to many influencing parameters. Our paper presents a proposition to add the dependency of mechanical stress to the Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model. Experimental data consist of B(H) curves of carbon steels strips subjected to different levels of mechanical stress applied along the magnetic measurement direction. The JilesAtherton model has then been used to find out a set of stress-dependent coefficients. The variation of coefficients with stress is in close relationship with the variations of coercive field, remanent induction and permeability with stress. A coupled magneto-mechanical approach allows physics-based functions to be proposed to describe the evolution of JilesAtherton coefficients with stress. In this paper, experimental working conditions will be described, as well as the stressdependent Jiles-Atherton model. The model is finally implemented in FEM software, allowing more complex magneto-mechanical situations to be modelled. After matching with measurement, the new model is applied on 3MA modelling where magnetic transient analysis and magnetic AC steady state analysis are linked through incremental permeability.

Design and Application of Led Driver Based on Isolated DC-DC Cuk Converter by Comparing Power Led Models

Design and application of led driver with isolated cuk converter for 10W is realized in this paper especially for automotive purposes. The advantage of isolated cuk topology than conventional Cuk topology is to have electrical isolation with supply and load and providing same polarity output. Besides, power led model including constant voltage and exponential models is obtained and employed in simulation study for comparison. Furthermore, maximum current limitation of power led is provided via dsPIC30f4011 microcontroller. Also, power switch is operated by 100 kHz switching frequency, and connection of the power led driver to the source provided by LC with parallel damping filter, whose noise reduction shown by application as well. With experimental set up, proving the desired results achieved by the converter, led current-voltage, input voltage-current are measured. Simulation results also verifies application. Moreover, exponential power led model provides more accurate results than constant voltage model.

Microstructural, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties of AZXX Magnesium Alloy: A Review of Processing Methods

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are considered an ideal material for aerospace, medical, energy, and automotive purposes, because of their low density and high specific strength. Researchers are interested in AZ alloys because of their superior flow characteristics. This review makes an effort to summarise the numerous processing methods that have been adapted for use with AZXX alloy. One of the main obstacles to Mg alloys being used in their intended context is the difficulty of processing Mg and its alloys. Curiously, the homogenization process is often used in tandem with extrusion and rolling. It also gives an insight into the microstructure, mechanical (hardness, tensile, impact, fatigue, and creep), and electrochemical corrosion properties of AZXX alloys. The improvement of AZXX alloy can be attributed to the grain boundary strengthening and the second phase strengthening mechanisms. The effects of Al content and phases on properties are extensively discussed. This article summarises what has recently happened with AZXX wrought Mg alloy and offers some predictions for its future.

Microstructural Analysis and Mechanical Properties of a Hybrid Al/Fe2O3/Ag Nano-Composite

This work aims to define the microstructure and to study the mechanical properties of an Al matrix incorporated with various amounts of Fe2O3 (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 wt.%) with a constant amount of Ag at 1 wt.%. Al/Fe2O3 + Ag hybrid nano-composite samples are manufactured using powder metallurgy. An aluminum matrix is considered an important alloy, owing to its properties such as being lightweight, strong and corrosion and wear resistant, which enable it to be used in many applications, such as electronics, aerospace and automotive purposes. Various examinations have been performed for the samples of this work, such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis to estimate the microstructure and phases of manufactured nano-composites. Mechanical testing is also carried out, such as micro-hardness testing, compressive testing and wear testing, to estimate the mechanical properties of the hybrid nano-composites. The results of FESEM and XRD demonstrate that Fe2O3 and Ag nanoparticles are uniformly distributed and dispersed into the Al matrix, whereas the mechanical tests show that enhancement t micro-hardness, compressive strength of 12 wt.% Fe2O3 + 1Ag and wear rate decrease to a minimum value of 12 wt.% of Fe2O3 + 1Ag.

Deep-Learning-Based Velocity Estimation for FMCW Radar With Random Pulse Position Modulation

As autonomous driving technology progresses forward, frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar is projected to be used more widely for automotive purposes. Due to the expected rapid growth of road vehicles equipped with radars, more attention is paid to finding ways of reducing mutual interference among automotive radars. In this letter, a novel scheme is proposed to solve the issue of velocity estimation for FMCW radar with random pulse position modulation, which is a promising technique to drastically mitigate mutual interference. The proposed scheme uses a two-dimensional convolutional neural network working on covariance matrices of signals extracted from the region of interest as well as the information of chirp positions. Analysis of its performance, in particular comparison with that of orthogonal matching pursuit, with simulation and experimental data demonstrate the potential of the approach.

The Improvement in Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Mechanism of The New Type of Cast Aluminum Alloy with Low Silicon Content for Automotive Purposes

The Improvement in Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Mechanism of The New Type of Cast Aluminum Alloy with Low Silicon Content for Automotive Purposes

Development of thermal insulation coating for automotive application

The required polymers cannot be directly employed for our applications because of lacuna in the multifunctional aspects. These multifunctional aspects are obtained by blending two or more materials or reinforcement in small proportions in a holding matrix, the infusion of some materials as random reinforcement into the holding matrix brings a lot of difference in the properties of the materials. Among the reinforcement micro v/s nanolevel, nano-level makes a great difference in the observed properties, Compared to the micro-level nanoparticles have surface-dominated properties that make them ideal for the reinforcement of the composites. Nature has chosen the best path for the efficiency of all its systems. Even life science makes the best possible usage of nanotechnology. Nanoparticles made up of silicon & calcium are excellent thermal insulators. These combined with the exceptional insulating properties of the polymer matrix will provide us with a great thermal insulation material for automotive purposes. The resulting combination of the polymer matrix and the nanoparticle is transparent and has an affinity towards metals. This makes it suitable for automotive applications. Among the combination of silicon and calcium with silicone sealant in enhancing the thermal resistance of the developed composites, the best combination resulted with the addition of silicon dioxide with the silicone sealant rather than calcium. This could be due to the amplification of the inherent property of thermal resistance of the silicone element by the addition of the silicon dioxide at the nano level. The thermal resistance of the calcium-modified sealant was 159 °C whereas the silicon dioxide modified sealant showed enhanced thermal resistance of 153 °C as compared to the pristine specimen. Based upon the results calcium silicate gains in addressing the observed properties.

A CFD analysis of liquefied gas vessel explosions

Hydrogen is one of the most suitable candidates in replacing fossil fuels. However, storage issues due to its very low density under ambient conditions are encountered in many applications. The liquefaction process can overcome such issues by increasing hydrogen’s density and thus enhancing its storage capacity. A boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE) is a phenomenon in liquefied gas storage systems. It is a physical explosion that might occur after the catastrophic rupture of a vessel containing a liquid with a temperature above its boiling point at atmospheric pressure. Even though it is an atypical accident scenario (low probability), it should be always considered due to its high yield consequences. For all the above-mentioned reasons, the BLEVE phenomenon for liquid hydrogen (LH2) vessels was studied using the CFD methodology. Firstly, the CFD model was validated against a well-documented CO2 BLEVE experiment. Secondly, hydrogen BLEVE cases were simulated based on tests that were conducted in the 1990s on LH2 tanks designed for automotive purposes. The parametric CFD analysis examined different filling degrees, initial pressures and temperatures of the tank content with the aim of comprehending to what extent the initial conditions influence the blast wave. Good agreement was shown between the simulation outcomes and the LH2 bursting scenario tests results.

Investigation of Hybrid Composite Properties Fabricated from Bagasse Fibers Reinforced with Al2O3 and SiC for Light Weight Applications

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate mechanical properties of hybrid composite fabricated from bagasse fibers reinforced with Al2O3 and SiC for automotive purposes. The technique applied was referred to as the hand layup technique for the fabrication of composite. The experiment was conducted based on Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. Data shows that the maximum tensile and flexural strength were 39.9 and 56.1 MPa respectively. Hardness and impact strength were 75.05 HV and 14 J respectively. The results indicated that the increasing Al2O3 and SiC wt.% increase the tensile strength and after bagasse fiber wt.% reaches optimum values the tensile strength decreased. Increasing Al2O3 wt.%, increases flexural strength and after bagasse fiber and SiC wt.% reaches optimum values, flexural strength was decreased. Increasing bagasse fiber wt.% increases the hardness of composite, and increasing Al2O3 and SiC wt.% increases the hardness, then after reaching optimum values the hardness was decreased. Increasing Al2O3 wt.% after the optimum values decrease the impact strength, and increasing bagasse fiber and SiC wt.% increase impact strength. The developed hybrid composite material was found to be improved the properties of composites after addition of Al2O3 and SiC powder as filler materials. This thesis recommends higher institutes, automotive companies, manufacturing companies, the construction sector and the government to conduct on how to utilize this abundant waste of bagasse fiber resource.

Chemically reactive transport of magnetized hybrid nanofluids through Darcian porous medium

Nowadays, nanofluid is the traditional procedure to increase the thermal conductivity of common fluids such as water, glycerin, and motor oil due to the deterioration of thermal aspects. The term “nanoliquid” refers to a liquid created by nanometer-sized particles with diameters less than 100 nm. Nanofluids are utilized in a variety of automotive purposes including fuel combustion, medication delivery, cooling of automobile engines, geothermal force extraction and heat transmission. This research aims to show the MHD transport of hybrid nanofluids with viscous dissipation through porous medium. By using an efficient similarity transformation process, PDEs are converted into system of nonlinear ODEs. The bvp4c (shooting method) is used to solve the complete nonlinear ODEs with suitable boundary conditions. To investigate the thermal transport aspects, hybrid nanoparticles and water as base fluid are used. To determine the flow behavior, several physical flow factors on velocity and thermal profiles are explored by using tables and graphs. The outcomes specify that porosity number and magnetic and slip parameters reduced the velocity profile. The higher estimations of slip parameter and Eckert number lead to stronger thermal profile. The concentration profile is decayed for growing estimations of chemical-reaction number.

Simulation of the Refining Process of Ultra-Low Carbon (ULC) Steel

The standard production route for mild steels for automotive purposes is still based on conventional continuous casting (CC) and hot strip rolling (HSR). The current trend towards the “zero-carbon car” will demand the abating of material emissions in the future. Thin slab casting and direct rolling (e.g., Arvedi endless strip production (ESP)) is an approach to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% compared to CC and HSR. One of the main limitations in applying ESP for the production of ultra-low carbon/interstitial free (ULC/IF) steels is clogging. Clogging is the blockage of the submerged entry nozzle due to the build-up of oxide layers or an oxide network. The high clogging sensitivity of IF steels results most probably from the FeTi addition, and hence, a general change of the deoxidation practice might be an option to overcome these problems. In the present work, the thorough refining process of ULC steel was simulated by addressing the different deoxidation routes and the influence of titanium (Ti) alloying on steel cleanness. The developed ladle furnace (LF) and the Ruhrstahl Heraeus (RH) refining models were applied to perform the simulation. Before the simulations, the models are briefly described and validated by the published industrial data.

Novel Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Membrane Water Electrolysis

AbstractThe production of H2 has aroused considerable attention worldwide as a renewable and sustainable energy source for domestic, industrial, and automotive purposes. Currently, about 95 % of H2 is produced from the steam reforming of methane. However, this process leads to the burning of fossil fuels and emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Water electrolysis is an effective strategy to produce H2 in high purity. Alkaline anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AAEMWE) is preferred to proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) because of the flexibility to be able to use cheaper membranes as separators and non‐noble electrocatalysts. However, the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics in AAEMWE is a bottleneck for water splitting efficiency and decreases the overall performances. Now, a novel nickel and iron graphene‐nanoplatelets‐supported metal‐organic framework‐based electrocatalyst has been developed that shows excellent durability and record‐high current density for alkaline electrolysis that outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art OER electrocatalysts.

Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fiber Reinforced with Basalt and Glass Fiber for Composite Application

In a present development world materials will be made up of light weight, better strength, easily availability and low cost ie. Composite materials are Automotive application, aerospace application, marine, construction and household purposes. In this paper we research a natural fiber ie. Sisal and basalt fiber, we can use also glass fiber. Numerous specialist made on these fiber however we can utilize sisal+basalt+epoxy, sisal+glass+epoxy, glass+basalt+epoxy, sisal+epoxy, basalt+epoxy, glass+epoxy by made on Hand layup followed by vacuum bag technique for contrasting the mechanical properties like ductile, flexural and sway quality which is better one for including filler material in next advancement venture Sisal fiber any place on the planet is effectively accessible for automobile application, agricultural application and etc. so on at low coast, basalt fiber is likewise less expensive contrasted with carbon fiber, better warm safe and these to filaments are biodegradable can makes these blend for improves the properties of composite material.

Effect of position and force tool control in friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum-steel lap joints for automotive applications

Widespread use of aluminum alloys for the fabrication of car body parts is conditional to the use of appropriate welding methods, especially if dissimilar welding must be performed with automotive steel grades. Friction stir welding (FSW) is considered to be a reasonable solution to obtain sound aluminum-steel joints. In this context, this work studies the effects of tool position and force control in dissimilar friction stir welding of AA6061 aluminum alloy on DC05 low carbon steel in lap joint configuration, also assessing proper welding parameter settings. Naked eye and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to detect macroscopic and microscopic defects in joints, as well as to determine the type of intermixture between aluminum and steel. The joint strength of sound joints has been assessed by shear tension test. Results point out that tool force control allows for obtaining joints with better quality and strength in a wider range of process parameters. A process window has been determined for tool force conditions to have joints with adequate strength for automotive purposes.

Life Cycle Assessment of a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Electric Vehicle Battery in Second Life Application Scenarios

This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) study that examines a number of scenarios that complement the primary use phase of electric vehicle (EV) batteries with a secondary application in smart buildings in Spain, as a means of extending their useful life under less demanding conditions, when they no longer meet the requirements for automotive purposes. Specifically, it considers a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery to analyze four second life application scenarios by combining the following cases: (i) either reuse of the EV battery or manufacturing of a new battery as energy storage unit in the building; and (ii) either use of the Spanish electricity mix or energy supply by solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. Based on the Eco-indicator 99 and IPCC 2007 GWP 20a methods, the evaluation of the scenario results shows that there is significant environmental benefit from reusing the existing EV battery in the secondary application instead of manufacturing a new battery to be used for the same purpose and time frame. Moreover, the findings of this work exemplify the dependence of the results on the energy source in the smart building application, and thus highlight the importance of PVs on the reduction of the environmental impact.

Simulation and Failure Analysis of Car Bumper Made of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Composite

The bumper car made of the Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Composite (PLFRC) is possible to be produced with the advantage of easy to get, and cheap. Pineapple leaf fiber has chosen as a natural fiber, which the maximum of the strength of 368 MPa. The objective of this study was to determine the maximum capability of front car bumpers using Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Composite materials through the process of simulating stress analysis with Solidworks 2014 software. The aim also to know the distribution of loads that occur on the front car bumper and predict the critical point position on the design of the bumper. The result will use to develop the alternative lightweight, cheap and environmentally friendly materials in general and the development of the use of pineapple fiber for automotive purposes in particular. Simulations and failure analysis have been conducted and showed an increased impact speed in line with increased displacement, strain, and stress that occur on the surface of the bumper. The bumper can withstand collisions at a speed of less than 70 kph.

Tanning methodologies using skins of righteye Pleuronectes neatus, Centropomus undecimalis, Oreocchromis niloticus and Chaetodipterus faber

This study aimed to evaluate the determination of tanning processes with fish skin, using vegetable tannins as tanning agent in righteye Pleuronectes neatus and Centropomus undecimalis. The study also performed a leather resistance analysis for young and adult Oreocchromis niloticus and Chaetodipterus faber. The carried out tanning is divided into two steps: Beamhouse operations – tanning (curing, unhairing, scudding, soaking, liming, deliming and pickling) and finishing operations (neutralising, retanning, drum dyeing, fatliquoring and drying). The use of formic acid, with an initial proportion of 1%, suffered 0.5% reduction at the retanning stage for the four species in the experiment. The high acidification in direct contact with the skins adversely affected the tanning process, causing also the decrease from 2% to 1% of soda ash during the liming process, being noticed the rupture of scales insertion coverslips, damaging the final product. The tanning of Centropomus undecimalis and Pleuronectes neatus resulted in hard leather, which does not provide conditions for the mechanical resistance analysis, thus requiring the development of new methodologies to obtain a soft and easy-to-handle final product. The proof-bodies were made for the following tests: tensile strength (N/mm2), elongation and progressive tearing (N/mm) for tilapia and Chaetodipterus faber leathers, using the EMIC® dynamometer at removal speed of 100 ± 20 mm/mm. Regarding the mechanical resistance analysis results, the leather of young and adult Oreocchromis niloticus respectively presented values of 63.3 N/mm2 and 42.58 for tensile strength, 80.9% and 64.3% for elongation and 32.7 N/mm and 41.9 N/mm for progressive tearing, which proves its superiority over the Chaetodipterus faber. This one presented tensile strength of 56.8 N/mm2 and progressive tearing resistance of 20.9 N/mm. Young and adult Oreocchromis niloticus and Centropomus undecimalis, according to ABNT NBR 13525:2015, can be used for fashion leather. Oreocchromis niloticus, exclusively, can also provide leather for automotive purposes and furniture.