Automotive Control Systems Research Articles

Optimal and Robust Scheduling for Networked Control Systems [Bookshelf

The book under review is unique in that it blends tools known from optimal and robust control theory to design performance-oriented, robust, and reliable NCSs with time-deterministic behavior. The problem of computation complexity of offline optimization is solved through fast stochastic algorithms, while the appropriate network configuration is given through measures of robust performance. The authors also provide practical examples driven mainly from the automotive field to show the effectiveness of their approaches. The book is organized in ten chapters, and most chapters represent results published by the authors in scientific journals. For readers with a basic grasp of optimal control, robust control, and communication theory, this books presents a foundation for designing reliable, optimal, and robust controllers across networks. The remarkable points of this book include the development of an engineering tool for NCSs with guaranteed performance and robustness and that the design techniques are applied to hardware-in-the-loop automotive control systems. The material is successfully presented in a form that is pleasant to read. Control practitioners and engineers will be motivated by this blend of theory and practice to enhance the results while also dealing with new challenges that will arise, such as developing plug-and-play model-free controllers that self-heal and solve the optimization problems online, while also attenuating any disturbances entering the network. Two flaws of the book are that the authors expect a certain degree of mathematical sophistication from the reader, but, at the same time, some mathematical derivations seem unclear. The authors should have provided more introductory chapters or appendices. Moreover, they should make available the Matlab code that they used to generate the simulations.

Network Optimization of X-by-Wire System Based on FlexRay Bus

X-by-Wire system is a typical automotive network control system. The control of x-by-wire system depends on communication network (like CAN, TTCAN or FlexRay), it must meet not only the control performance, but also the real-time performance and reliability requirement. Network optimization in x-by-wire system is great significant for achieving these targets. In this paper, first task graph was designed for the x-by-wire system, and different control links were distinguished from the task graph. Then the network optimization algorithm was designed to implement message slot arrangement coordinated with task execution time in the control links, and the principle of the network optimization algorithm design is reducing the control link response time for the best effort. Through a typical car x-by-wire control system, we can see that the network optimization algorithm research has important guidance for the optimization of the system message transmission, and can improve the system's real-time performance.

Automobile Sensor Technology Development and Application Research

This paper introduces the developing course of auto sensor and impetus, automotive electronic system in various sensors practical level, gives the best technical index, and the current sensor in the application of automotive electronic control system, and shows the development trend of the automotive sensors and the forecast, points out the development direction of modern sensor technology is integrated and intelligent, likely has a huge market share in the future several kinds of new sensors, and finally the development of the automotive sensors are described briefly and the market forecast.

Systematization of Integrated Motion Control of Ground Vehicles

This paper gives an extended analysis of automotive control systems as components of the integrated motion control (IMC). The cooperation of various chassis and powertrain systems is discussed from a viewpoint of improvement of vehicle performance in relation to longitudinal, lateral, and vertical motion dynamics. The classification of IMC systems is proposed. Particular attention is placed on the architecture and methods of subsystems integration.

Research on New Energy Automatic Lighting Control System Based on the CAN-Bus

With the continuousdevelopment of modern new energy technologies, Hyundai automation andincreasingly high degree of intelligence, automotive lighting control system isto ensure safe driving is an important part, in order to ensure the safety andconvenience of road lighting, reducing the driver's labor strength, appeared ona variety of new automotive lighting control system, commonly used in daytimerunning auto-dimming, automatic lighting system, the beam adjustment system,delay control. Applications CAN bus can not only simplify the wiring harness toachieve vehicle information sharing, reduce system cost, but also greatlyreduce the failure rate of vehicle lights, and extend lamp life.

Relaxing Signal Delay Constraints in Distributed Embedded Controllers

Embedded systems often involve transmitting feedback signals between multiple control tasks that are implemented on different electronic control units communicating via a shared bus. For ensuring stability and control performance, such designs require all control signals to be delivered within a specified deadline, which is ensured through appropriate timing or schedulability analysis. In this brief, we study controller design that allows control feedback signals to occasionally miss their deadlines. In particular, we provide analytical bounds on deadline misses such that the control loop retains its stability and meets its control performance requirements. We argue that such relaxation allows us to 1) use lower quality communication resources (e.g., event-triggered instead of time-triggered communication) and 2) provide more flexibility-e.g., use simulation-in communication timing analysis since analytical worst-case delay bounds for real-life communication protocols are often pessimistic. We illustrate this approach using the FlexRay communication protocol for distributed automotive control systems.

Runtime verification monitoring for automotive embedded systems using the ISO 26262 Functional Safety Standard as a guide for the definition of the monitored properties

The ISO 26262 Road vehicles Functional Safety Standard is intended to guide the derivation of appropriate requirements and processes for avoiding systematic and/or random failures in automotive electrical/electronic equipment. Functional safety statements can be captured in the requirements specifications for automotive embedded control units and systems. However, the process of verifying the behaviour of resulting products continues to be incomplete; because embedded programme verification is unsolvable in general. This study shows that it is possible to monitor some proof obligations in the testing phase, or even in the actual operating phase of a system by the use of an on-chip, real-time runtime verification monitor. In this work, the ISO 26262 standard for functional safety is used to guide the definition of the functional safety requirements for a product, and the specific requirements are mapped to logic formulae, such that the actual runtime behaviour of the system for selected properties can be formally verified throughout the lifetime of a product. A case study example for an automotive gearbox control system is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the scheme. The monitor is constructed as a permanent feature within an integrated circuit that can continuously observe the system's runtime behaviour.

Early Model-Based Design and Verification of Automotive Control System Software Implementations

Verification and validation (V&V) are essential stages in the design cycle of automotive controllers to remove the gap between the designed and implemented controller. In this paper, an early model-based methodology is proposed to reduce the V&V time and improve the robustness of the designed controllers. The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated on a cold start emission control problem in a midsize passenger car. A nonlinear reduced order model-based controller based on singular perturbation approximation (SPA) is designed to reduce cold start hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from a spark ignition (SI) combustion engine. A model-based simulation platform is created to verify the controller robustness against sampling, quantization, and fixed-point arithmetic imprecision. In addition, the results from early model-based verification are used to identify and remove sources of errors causing propagation of numerical imprecision in the controller structure. Thus the structure of the controller is modified to avoid or to reduce the level of numerical noise in the controller design. The performance of the final modified controller is validated in real-time by testing the control algorithm on a real engine control unit. The validation results indicate the modified controller is 17–63% more robust to different implementation imprecision while it requires lower implementation cost. The proposed methodology from this paper is expected to reduce typical V&V efforts in the development of automotive controllers.

Research on New Automotive Drum Bench and Control System

Automobile drum test bench is conducted test car's dynamic economy tests, special test equipment emissions performance evaluation and analysis of the simulated vehicle right road resistance is the key to drum test rig. This paper first describes the electrical simulation theory cars with resistance and inertia, and the establishment of automobile roads resistance electrical simulation mathematical model of the software platform drum bench and control system is analyzed and designed and conducted inertia simulation control mode the test results showed that inertia simulation control and reliable operation.

Comparative Study of the Auto Electronic Control System

Based on mathematical principle of function interpolation we design dominant and recessive auto electronic control system. In order to compare the performance of the two systems, we design a control experiment of automobile electronic signals for these two systems. The system adopts the CAN bus control, the wheel speed and door signal use the 0001-0100 signal channel to control, oil pressure and fault signal use the 0100-1111 signal channel to control. From the testing results of two systems, the dominant auto electronic control system occupies 8 channels, which is far from the theoretical value; and the recessive control occupies only 2 channels, which is accord with the theoretical value. It provides the technical support for the design of automotive electronic control system

HVAC 작동특성에 따른 자동차 실내 공기질 평가에 관한 수치해석적 연구

When using an automotive heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, we can obtain fresh outside air while maintaining the interior vehicle temperature. In this study, a correction equation considering experimental data for automotive indoor air leakage is defined to simulate the ratio of fresh air to recirculated air in the automobile cabin. With this correction equation, numerical results are compared with experimental data and validated. The <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> concentration in the automotive cabin is evaluated by considering various boarding conditions and mass flow rates of the HVAC system. The <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> concentration model derived in this study is expected to be used to control the effective air conditioning and become a basic research tool for automotive air quality control system development.

Redes de produccción y dinámica territorial en Guadalajara

This article analyzes the spatial dynamics of Guadalajara taken an alternative theoretical basis related to knowledge network framework as productive ecosystem. The territorial restructuring activities that began to be experienced in the 1980s accelerated in the 2000s, was commanded by global firm subsidiaries specialized in design and product testing mainly in automotive control systems (fireware or embedded software). The central role taken by global firm subsidiaries was pivotal to a new mode of interrelationship between the various business and non-business actors in the region. The new and the previous models of business and territorial organization are briefly compared, stressing the changes in the relationship between firms, universities and government organizations. In order to the new ecosystem to perform its role in essential to satisfy the demand of knowledge workers (engineers on ict) which in turn depends on role plays by universities and the interaction between them and the leading firms. The collective action coming from local and foreigners entrepreneurs supported by the local government, prepared the ground for this process to operate and created several spillovers. The article is based on field research and framed in the literature on international outsourcing, knowledge economy and technological learning.

A co-simulation framework for design of time-triggered automotive cyber physical systems

Designing cyber-physical systems (CPS) is challenging due to the tight interactions between software, network/platform, and physical components. Automotive control system is a typical CPS example and often designed based on a time-triggered paradigm. In this paper, a co-simulation framework that considers interacting CPS components for assisting time-triggered automotive CPS design is proposed. Virtual prototyping of automotive vehicles is the core of this framework, which uses SystemC to model the cyber components and integrates CarSim to model the vehicle dynamics. A network/platform model in SystemC forms the backbone of the virtual prototyping. The network/platform model consists of processing elements abstracted by real-time operating systems, communication systems, sensors, and actuators. The framework is also integrated with a model-based design tool to enable rapid prototyping. The framework is validated by comparing simulation results with the results from a hardware-in-the-loop automotive simulator. The framework is also used for design space exploration (DSE).

Voting Sharing: An Approach to Reducing Computation Time for Fault Diagnosis in Time-Triggered Systems

We propose a lightweight scheme for fault diagnosis in time-triggered (TT) systems. An existing scheme is preferable in its capability but incurs computation time that can be prohibitively large for some real-time systems, such as automotive control systems. Our proposed scheme, which we call voting sharing, can substantially reduce the computation time by sharing the diagnosis result obtained by each node with all nodes in the system. We clarify the properties of the voting sharing scheme with respect to fault tolerance and show some experimental results.

Estimation of in-cylinder mass and AFR by cylinder pressure measurement in automotive Diesel engines

Abstract In the last decades the role of the engine control has became fundamental to improve fuel consumption and comply with the emissions standards. Particularly on automotive Diesel engines sophisticated control systems have been introduced, which are based on both large measurement data sets and complex controllers. Alternatives are needed to simplify and improve the Engine Management System (EMS). To this purpose the in-cylinder signal may be an effective measure to enhance EMS and its reliability, as well as to potentially reduce both costs and development time. The paper deals with the development of two techniques to estimate the Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) and the in-cylinder mass from the in-cylinder pressure signal. These methodologies are intended to be implemented in real-time with the aim of replacing or working jointly with the existing air mass flow and lambda sensors. The techniques were validated vs. experimental data measured at the engine test bench on a Common Rail light-duty Diesel engine. The results show a good accuracy in predicting Air-Fuel Ratio and in-cylinder mass in a wide engine operating range.

Positive display polarity is particularly advantageous for small character sizes: implications for display design.

To test the display luminance hypothesis of the positive polarity advantage and gain insights for display design, the joint effects of display polarity and character size were assessed with a proofreading task Studies have shown that dark characters on light background (positive polarity) lead to better legibility than do light characters on dark background (negative polarity), presumably due to the typically higher display luminance of positive polarity presentations. Participants performed a proofreading task with black text on white background or white text on black background. Texts were presented in four character sizes (8, 10, 12, and 14 pt; corresponding to 0.22 degrees, 0.25 degrees, 0.31 degrees, and 0.34 degrees of vertical visual angle). A positive polarity advantage was observed in proofreading performance. Importantly, the positive polarity advantage linearly increased with decreasing character size. The findings are in line with the assumption that the typically higher luminance of positive polarity displays leads to an improved perception of detail. Application: The implications seem important for the design of text on such displays as those of computers, automotive control and entertainment systems, and smartphones that are increasingly used for the consumption of text-based media and communication. The sizes of these displays are limited, and it is tempting to use small font sizes to convey as much information as possible. Especially with small font sizes, negative polarity displays should be avoided.

The Research of Fault Diagnosis Method for ECU Controllers in Electric Vehicles Based on CAN Bus

With the increasing degree of automotive electronics, automotive electronic control systems continue to increase and a large amount of these complex systems using electronic chips to perform their own function, making them very difficult to repair. For ease of maintenance, automotive electronic control systems are generally designed with self-diagnostic function, which is usually referred to OBD diagnostic feature that can automatically diagnose faults of systems, store the Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) in memory and can be read through the communication port. This article mainly focuses on fault diagnostic method for ECU in electric vehicle based on CAN bus, for electric vehicles are developed very fast in order to solve the energy crisis and environmental pollution. This diagnostic system described in the article has designed a host computer and a lower machine. The development of software in host computer is based on LabVIEW virtual instrument technology and NEC micro-processing chip is used to develop the lower machine, achieving the automatic and controlled ECU test.

Structural Analysis and Design of Pre Heating Automotive Control System Based on AVR

ATmega8 of AVR chip was used in the automobile pre-heating control system. Automotive pre-heated working principle was analyzed. The system of the pre-heater was designed and the hardware composition of the heating system, the structural features and the role of each module was introduced. It was expounded the process control including the heated air intake phase, to the oil phase, ignition phase and work phase. At last, the advantages and disadvantages of the pre-heater were introduced.

Requirements-driven incremental adoption of variability management techniques and tools: an industrial experience report

In theory, software product line engineering has reached a mature state. In practice though, implementing a variability management approach remains a tough case-by-case challenge for any organization. To tame the complexity of this undertaking, it is inevitable to handle variability from multiple perspectives and to manage variability consistently across artifacts, tools, and workflows. Especially, a solid understanding and management of the requirements to be met by the products is an inevitable prerequisite. In this article, we share experiences from the ongoing incremental adoption of explicit variability management at TRW Automotive's department for automotive slip control systems--located in Koblenz, Germany. On the technical side, the three key drivers of this adoption effort are (a) domain modeling and scoping, (b) handling of variability in requirements and (c) tighter integration of software engineering focus areas (e.g., domain modeling, requirements engineering, architectural modeling) to make use of variability-related data. In addition to implementation challenges with using and integrating concrete third-party tools, social and workflow-related issues are covered as well. The lessons learned are presented, discussed, and thoroughly compared with the state of the art in research.

The Research of CAN Bus in the Car Intelligent Lighting Control System

As one of the most important subsystem of automotive control systems, the design of automotive lighting control system is essential. In this article, the automotive intelligent headlight control system based on CAN bus was introduced, and the system hardware structure and software design processes was given. Adopted MC9S08DZ60 microcontroller which integrated the CAN controller as the master chip. While taking advantage of the photoelectric sensor to analyze road lighting conditions, according to light changes in the external environment to achieve automatic dimmer. The circuit has characteristics of simple hardware design, high reliability and real-time. And provided a theoretical basis for the Hyundai Motor intelligent control system.