Automation Of Jobs Research Articles

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ГЕНЕРАТИВНОГО ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА НА РЫНКЕ ТРУДА В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН

The purpose and objectives of the study are to identify and evaluate the impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (Generative AI) on the labor market of Kazakhstan. To optimize approaches related to determining the possibilities of automating production processes, the authors developed and applied a methodology that allows assessing the possibility of automation not of the profession as a whole, but only of the basic functions performed, characteristic of a particular profession. As a result of the analysis of the professional structure of employment in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the potential for replacing workers with mechanisms, automatic machines, robots, and Generative AI in the context of industries and regions was determined and assessed, and the most and least vulnerable categories of personnel were identified. The authors conclude that the potential for using Generative AI turned out to be significantly wider than could have been previously assumed. Automation of jobs and replacement of workers with mechanisms Generative AI (according to forecasts - from 33% to 36%) will begin primarily in organizations and enterprises of large cities, as well as industrialized regions. However, for several objective reasons, one should not expect rapid changes. According to forecasts based on the results of the study, this process will take over smoothly, as companies see this as a way to increase profits.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Future Business World

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming businesses, altering the industry dynamics, and opening up new possibilities for development and innovation. In fact, AI is also allowing businesses to enhance choices, increase efficiencies, and improve customer experiences because of its capacity to analyze enormous volumes of data, automate processes, and deliver predictive insights. The automation of jobs and procedures is one of AI's most significant effects on business. AI-powered solutions are rapidly being utilized to automate repetitive jobs like data entry, customer support, and inventory management, freeing up humans to concentrate on higher-value tasks that call for creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities. AI is also transforming how businesses communicate with their customers. AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants are growing, offering customers 24-hour assistance and customized recommendations. In order to assist businesses better understand their consumers' requirements and preferences, AI is being used to examine customer data and generate insights. This allows businesses to better customize their products and services to their target industry's needs. The emergence of AI has raised questions regarding data security and consumers’ privacy, employment displacement, and AI's ethical application, however. As AI-powered technologies grow more prevalent in the workplace, businesses will have to ensure that their employees have the necessary skills to work alongside them. They also need to make sure that they have procedures in place to preserve the data security and privacy of consumer data. Thus, there will be a large and extensive effect of AI on business in the future. The advantages of AI in terms of boosting productivity, enriching consumer experiences, and encouraging creativity and development are apparent, even though there are some challenges that need to be resolved. The businesses organizations who adopt AI and make plans to take its advantages are likely to prosper in the coming years.

TRANSFORMATIVE EDUCATION WITH AGILE PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND PROJECT-BASED LEARNING

The present trend of automation and digitization of jobs has made the skills gap even more pronounced, indicating that graduates are not sufficiently prepared for the challenges they will face in their careers. The educational process needs to adapt quickly to the demands made by employers and the job market. Learning tasks, assignments, and activities should mimic the practice environment as far as possible, to best prepare students for practice. One of the best approaches appears to be the incorporation of agile project management techniques and project-based learning into the educational process. The primary aim of this research is to examine the effects of implementing agile management techniques and project-based learning into education on students' skill sets and performance improvement rates. The activities and results that the students produced throughout the semester were gathered and assessed over two academic years. The course feedback was also gathered to investigate students' opinions about the course and their involvement during the semester. An exploratory study was conducted in order to achieve the results. The influence of implemented innovations on the course was addressed, and the acquired outcomes were contrasted and appraised.

Risk of Automation of Jobs in Colombia

This study analyzes the proportion of workers with occupations at high risk of being replaced by technology in Colombia and explores the personal, occupational and business characteristics that make workers more or less vulnerable to the fourth industrial revolution. We use a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) to show that more than a third of workers have jobs at high risk of automation; however, variables such as educational level, job training, economic sector, among others, are significant characteristics that mitigate the negative impacts of technological progress on employment.

Digitalization and employment in Europe: the role of firm's size and the complementarity of R&D

The empirical research finds a contingent, slightly positive net effect on the relationship between digitalization and employment, resulting from the automation and reinstatement of jobs, the two countervailing forces revealed by the theoretical literature. We dig down at the features of this relationship, using two waves of Innobarometer surveys to capture the innovation investments of a sample of European enterprises in 2015 and 2016. Adding to previous studies, we identify an inverted U‐shape between degrees of digitalization and employment; this effect is more prominent in small companies with fewer than 50 employees. The effect diminishes for very large companies. In addition, we show complementarity links between research and development (R&D) investments and digital ones proxied by investing in software development and acquiring hardware and software. Specifically, we find support for a positive association between employment and investment in information technology (IT) assets and R&D. On average, companies that invest in both IT and R&D have 11.5% more employees than those that embrace just one. While we observe that small companies that invest in either type of IT asset employ more people, at larger enterprises, the positive effect is only found when they invest in both. The study supports the findings using alternative regression methods, quantile, and Lewbel instrumental variables.

Employability Skills

Technology has been responsible for the digitisation and automation of routine jobs. With the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) this trend is likely to continue into more technical or sophisticated work. This gives rise to the question; how can graduates and employees ensure they have a job in the future? A precondition for understanding lifelong learning is to clarify what kind of learning may take place throughout an employee’s career. This paper explores the concepts of employability skills, soft skills, and 21st century skills in an effort to identify where particularly human skills will still be essential. After reviewing research in the area of employability skills, mainly from a labour market perspective, the paper goes on to contextualise the training and development of employability skills in higher education. Following that, reasons for developing and introducing employability skills modules in higher education are discussed and based on the literature, recommendations are made for higher education institutions, tutors, students, and employees.

Super Innovation in Higher Education by Nurturing Business Leaders through Incubationship

Purpose: In the ever-evolving landscape of higher education (HE), the need for academic innovation has never been more apparent. As we stand on the threshold of a new era defined by rapid technological advancements, shifting economic paradigms, and global challenges, it becomes imperative to reimagine the way we prepare our students for the future. With the threat of AI-based automation of jobs and hence tumbling employment, there is a greater demand to create entrepreneurs. In response to this demand, the concept of incubationship has emerged as a super-innovation with the potential to revolutionize higher education. Incubationship, a transformative process that guides students in identifying and nurturing their own business ideas to ultimately launch startups, represents a profound departure from conventional educational models. It signifies a fundamental shift in how we perceive the intersection of education, entrepreneurship, and innovation. Concept: This paper delves into the compelling need for incubationship, recognizing it as a pivotal solution that addresses the shortcomings of traditional higher education systems. By doing so, we aim to illuminate the extraordinary potential it holds for students, universities, and the global economy. Incubationship is not merely an educational method; it is a dynamic catalyst poised to shape a new generation of forward-thinking, problem-solving, and self-reliant individuals who will navigate and contribute to a world that is more dynamic, interconnected, and complex than ever before. In this exploration, we shall uncover how incubationship's innovative approach meets the demands of our evolving society and why it is an indispensable component of the future of higher education. Methodology: This is conceptual research and makes use our own idea and development of the idea as a conceptual model by using the information obtained from various sources like scholarly articles, AI-based GPTs at various stages of this systematic incubationship model development. Results/Analysis: The paper analyses and evaluates the new model of experiential learning called “incubationship” to create an entrepreneur at higher education level by applying various higher-level research skills including design, analysis, comparison, evaluation, interpretation, and creation of new ideas. Originality/Value: The paper suggested a super-innovation in HE by proposing a new model to create innovative entrepreneurs through a semester-long project called incubationship to nurture the business leaders to start their own businesses in the form of a startup company. Type of Research: Conceptual research.

An Ecological Model of Task Disruption: The Impact of Partial Automation of Jobs through AI

An Ecological Model of Task Disruption: The Impact of Partial Automation of Jobs through AI

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ СУЧАСНОГО РИНКУ ПРАЦІ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article is devoted to the study of transformational changes in the labor market under the influence of the spread of the processes of digital transformation of the economy. Scientific approaches to the content of the "digital transformation" category have been analyzed. It was concluded that digital transformation reflects the process of digitization, which is one of the defining trends in the development of human civilization. The main indicators of digitalization of the economy have been determined. Attention is focused on the continuous impact of digital transformations on the sphere of population employment. The effects of digitalization of the economy on the employment of the population at different levels of the economy: at the level of individual companies, at the sectoral level, and at the macro level have been studied. Five new characteristics of the employment system due to the digitalization of the economy are highlighted: the emergence of new forms of competition in the labor market (between high-value employees; between employers for labor); formation of almost unlimited virtual space for labor mobility of employees; high level of innovativeness and dynamism of the labor market; specific demographic structure of the digital labor market; digital employment can be a tool to ensure balance in the labor market. A number of risks in the field of employment of the population as a result of the digital transformation of the economy have been studied, in particular, a possible increase in the level of unemployment, automation of jobs, updating of work skills, difficulty in employment of the population of various age groups, in particular, the elderly. It was concluded that under the influence of digital transformations of the economy, the labor market expands the employment opportunities of the population, transforms the nature and conditions of work, increases the requirements for the qualifications and competencies of employees, and determines the formation of modern regulatory mechanisms of social and labor relations. The expediency of conducting further scientific research on the transformation of the labor market in the conditions of deepening the processes of digital transformation of the economy is substantiated. Keywords: labor market, employment, digital transformation, digital economy, digitalization, digital technologies.

Can MOOCs reskill and upskill the Indian Workforce for the Industrial Revolution 4.0?

Industrial Revolution 4.0 is blurring the boundaries between human intellect and technology. It is characterized by technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Blockchain Technology, Robotics, Internet of Things among others. The much-celebrated Industrial Revolution 4.0 will create massive job losses in developing countries including India due to the automation of jobs and processes. Thus, there is a dire need to reskill a vast majority of the workforce for the Industrial Revolution 4.0 which has already begun to be implemented due to its optimization and efficiency in resource usage. According to an estimate by OECD, the nature of 1/3rd of the jobs will transform due to technological interventions. Whereas World Economic Forum has set an ambitious target of reskilling at least 1 billion people by 2030. It believes that the world is undergoing a reskilling emergency. On the other hand, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) were conceived as an online version of distance learning and are increasingly being seen as a medium for filling the skills gap. Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are relying on the MOOCs courses along with utilizing the tools of Web 2.0 to cater to the demands of quality, affordable and accessible education to all. MOOCs also caters as a platform for the promotion of lifelong learning. COVID 19 has provided a spurt to the acceptability of MOOCs courses with most Edu Tech start-ups and MOOCs websites registering double-digit growth in the recent past. Coursera's 2020 impact report showcases that India has become the second-largest market for MOOCs with 9.84 million learners after the USA which has 14 million learners. The paper investigates the viability of the MOOCs courses in filling the skill gap as well as the reskilling of the Indian Workforce. It will also delve into whether the MOOCs courses can bridge the digital divide with the country having the world's largest unconnected population. It will critically engage with the question of whether Industrial Revolution 4.0 requires only highly specialized technology-based skills or soft skills or a combination of both for future jobs.
 Keywords: Industrial Revolution 4.0, Reskill, Indian Workforce, MOOCs, Youth

Job quality and automation: Do more automatable occupations have less job satisfaction and health?

Social scientists have made predictions about the automation of jobs, as well as the negative consequences that technology has on job quality, but not how these phenomena are connected. Are occupations with a higher susceptibility of automation associated with lower job quality? This study involves an empirical examination of automation-related measures from Frey and Osborne and applies them to job quality variables (job satisfaction and self-rated health) drawn from the US General Social Survey (GSS), Quality of Working Life and Work Orientation Panel from five different waves (2002 to 2018 every 4 years; N = 7240). The finding is that highly automatable occupations have lower level of job satisfaction and health and, hence, less job quality. This has implications on the future of work, which could be but not necessarily characterised by fewer bad quality jobs.

COVID-19 and implications for automation

ABSTRACT COVID-19 may accelerate the automation of jobs as employers invest in technology to safeguard against pandemics. We identify occupations that have high automation potential and also exhibit a high risk of viral infection. We examine regional variation in terms of which U.S. local labour markets are most at risk. Next, we outline the differential impacts COVID-19 may have on different demographic groups. We find that the highest-risk occupations in the U.S. are those held by females with mid- to low-wage and education levels. Using comparable data for 25 other countries, we also find that women in this demographic are at the highest risk internationally.

Difficulties in finding middle-skilled jobs under increased automation

AbstractThis study investigates the labor market under increased automation of middle-skilled jobs wherein worker suitability for these jobs is considered. We examine two effects of increased automation on workers. The first effect is the possibility of replacement of middle-skilled workers by machines. The second effect is the diversity in job mismatch probabilities of workers. If machines perform a worker’s suitable jobs more (or less) than the worker’s unsuitable jobs, then the worker’s job mismatch probability rises (or declines). Because workers who have larger job mismatch probabilities remain job seekers, it is more difficult for a firm to find a suitable worker. Due to these two effects, underemployment rises.

Industrial automation and intergenerational income mobility in the United States

This article examines how the automation of jobs has shaped spatial patterns of intergenerational income mobility in the United States over the past three decades. Using data on the spread of industrial robots across 722 local labor markets, we find significantly lower rates of upward mobility in areas more exposed to automation. The erosion of mobility chances is rooted in childhood environments and is particularly evident among males growing up in low-income households. These findings reveal how recent technological advances have contributed to the unequal patterns of economic opportunity in the United States today.

Partial automation and the technology-enabled deskilling of routine jobs

Evidence shows technology automates middle-wage occupations’ routine tasks. I argue technology only partially automates these, simplifying them so that they can be performed by less-skilled workers. Thus, post-automation costs include technology and low-wage workers to use it. The minimum wage raises these costs, lowering the profitability of automation and slowing the adoption of routine-replacing technologies. I test this claim using new cross-state variation in the minimum wage (induced by state price differences) and new cross-industry variation in the importance of low-skilled labor for technology (measuring using the Current Population Survey Computer Use Supplement and the Dictionary of Occupational Titles). Because low-skilled workers are needed alongside technology, I show that a low minimum wage increases the automation of routine jobs.

Социальные вызовы цифровой экономики: Россия в глобальном контексте

The subject of the research is the challenges of the digital economy for the employment sector in Russia. The need to reduce costs in the face of a deteriorating situation in the global economy is a factor in accelerating the digital transformation of employment in the country. The transformation is carried out through the automation of the main business processes, as well as through the development of platform employment formats. Specific features of the process of digital transformation of employment form the shape of the development of the Russian labor market in the post- Soviet period. Its main factor was the country’s entry into the global system of division of labor, which led to the formation of the modern structure of employment. The economy of Russia, recognized as raw material, turned out to be “commercial” in terms of employment, since it was this industry that created the bulk of jobs during that period. The commerce sector, which had high growth potential in the early 1990s in Russia, provided jobs for all those labor resources that were released from the industry. However, at the moment this source has been exhausted. Digitalization threatens the most labor-intensive sectors of the Russian economy. Commerce turns out to be the first industry to undergo automation and digitalization of jobs. At the same time, the most massive professions (accountants, bank employees, HR specialists, salesmen, cashiers, couriers, security guards, secretaries, packers, call center workers, drivers) are under the threat of “disappearance”, while new ones in demand by the market are more likely “unique” and they are mostly associated with robotization, digitalization and biotechnology. The unmet demand for these professions is a reflection of the complexities of training highly qualified interdisciplinary specialists and not a physical shortage of labor resources, and this is a serious challenge for the vocational education system. The study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the processes taking place in the social and labor sphere in Russia, to create a conceptual basis for the development of a socio-economic policy of the state that adequately responds to the challenges of the digitalization of the economy. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the project “Post-crisis world order: challenges and technologies, competition and cooperation” supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation program for research projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Agreement № 075-15-2020-783).

Robotic Process Automation: End from Entrepreneurial Content Editing to Go Live

The invention of Robotic Process Automation (shortened as RPA) may likely disrupt the normal way of handling mundane and boring repetitive tasks. Robotic automation end to end from content editing to go live allows automation of rule-based jobs in business which are repetitive. These processes and jobs are usually carried out manually by humans. Robotic process automation in businesses is meant to reinvent business roles, such as interpreting job applications, processing transactions, dealing with data, and replying to jobs. The robotic process replaces human workers by carrying out mundane tasks in order of importance. This brings efficiency and better quality of results. The article describes RPA, the meaning, advantages, and how RPA may be utilized for entrepreneurship efficiency. Also, the unique similarities and differences between RPA and Artificial Intelligence.

Automation of Jobs in Production and Sales—The Current Status and Transformation Prospects

This article aims to present opinions on problems and consequences of changes in psychophysical strain sustained by employees as a result of the anticipated work automation. Next, theoretical development trends were described, and it was surveyed whether the specific nature of the job, i.e. focusing on the object (production operative) and focusing on the customer (salesperson) is relevant in the context of automation, nowadays and in the short-term horizon of 3–5 years. The analysis applied the criteria for studying strains and risks (occupational risk) as well as work automation parameters, according to the criteria of Frey’s and Osborne’s concept. The survey of the opinions on the present and future occupational risk in production and sales positions has shown a decrease in occupational risk. In the respondents’ opinion, the most desired outcome of the anticipated work automation is decreased mental strain. The last part of the article contains conclusions derived from the analysis.

Institutional changes in labour relations in Poland

Contemporary labour market is subject to profound changes, such as the increase in the importance of short-term relations between employee and employer, transformation in the very nature of the employer, automation of many jobs. Changes in global work require permanent monitoring whether the institutional model of labor relations is adequate to the changing reality. An element of this model are legally sanctioned groups that can consult and negotiate the existing formal framework for cooperation. The aim of the article is to present the direction of institutional changes in the model of labor relations in Poland. Analysis focused on formal definitions of the major players operating in this market. The conducted studies (desk research) were based on ILO formal documents. The article presents proposed changes in the classification of labor market participants. The article highlights the increase in the importance of self-employment, and the increasingly less representative nature of organizations recognized so far as the main actors of labour market – trade unions and employers’ organizations. It has been proved that the definitions and classifications of major players used on the traditional labor market are not sufficient to monitor the current trends of this market.

DevOps Intelligent Networking with Automated Deployment in Linux

DevOps shortly refers to the common intelligent practice of combining the Software Development and Operations to carry out certain set of tasks for automation of jobs. Methodologies in DevOps have become first choice for the system administrators to carry out operations [3]. Deployment of the Operating System, since a big task, can be carried out by many ways, like manual or an automated method [1]. Manual method is a time consuming and prone to errors whereas the automated method is much better in terms of management and repetition. This research paper covers the need of such Automated Deployment method including much needed tasks such as server and client side configurations, centralized monitoring, logging and software patch management. As as addition, the proposed network in itself is self healing at the Operating System level, without compromising security and removing corruption at libraries and binaries level. Use of this optimized method helps reducing administration effort and is prone to no errors. A Self healing service makes sure of no corruption for long term and centralized logging helps monitoring the network as well [5]. The Intelligent Networking for Automated Deployment is a DevOps reference project which can be useful for automation in the Organizations for heavy and uniform deployments along with additional monitoring configurations.